25ième anniversaire de l‘AFPS

History of Earthquake Engineering

Lessons Learned and Outcomes in Today‘s Practice
Perspective from Different Countries

History of Earthquake Engineering

in Switzerland

Thomas Wenk
Zürich

Acropolis, Nice, June 13, 2008

 Overview

• History of earthquake engineering

• Publication „Need for action“
• Seismic hazard
- Seismic hazard
- Historical earthquakes
- Earthquake scenarios

• Development of seismic standards

• Seismic assessment of existing buildings
- Situation after introduction of new seismic standards
- Risk-based seismic assessment

• Examples of seismic retrofit

- lifeline buildings
- schools and administrative buildings
- liquid storage tank

• Influence of pioneering work

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 2

History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland

1878 Swiss Earthquake Commission founded by Francis A. Forel et al.

1882 Rossi-Forel macroseismic intensity scale

1907 Seismograph operational in Davos

1969 First seismically isolated building with rubber bearings

1970 Seismic design standard SIA 160

1977 Probabilistic seismic hazard map

1978 SGEB founded (Swiss Society for EQE and SD)

1998 „Need for Action“ D0150 published by SGEB

2003 Seismic design standards SIA 260 - 267 based on Eurocodes

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 3

 Turning point in
seismic risk mitigation:
„Need for Action“

• SIA-Documentation D0150
published by the Swiss Society
for Earthquake Engineering
and Structural Dynamics SGEB
in 1998.
• 60 measures identified where
action is needed.
• The responsible for each of the
60 measures are named.

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 4

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Seismic Hazard in Switzerland and the Rest of Europe

[Giardini 2005]

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 6

Historical Earthquakes in Switzerland since 1000

[Giardini et al. 2004]

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 7

 Historical Earthquakes in Switzerland
MW = 6,9 Basel Earthquake 1356

Earthquake scenario:
Basel 1356 earthquake repeated today:
50‘000 Mio. CHF building damage

[Sebastian Münster 1545]

[Bachmann 2002] and [Schaad 1988]

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 8

 History of Swiss Seismic Design Standards
• before 1970:
- none
• 1970 - 1989: SIA 160, 1970 edition
- seismic coefficient of 2% (5% in Canton Basel-City, respectively)
- neither response spectra nor ductility factors
• 1989 - 2003: SIA 160, 1989 edition
- zoning map, response spectra for 2 ground classes
- ductility factors in function of structural types and
3 importance categories
• since 2003: SIA 260 - 267
- new zoning map, new response spectra for 5 ground classes
- modern ductility classes corresponding to Eurocode 8
- capacity design rules
• since 2005: SIA 2018
- deformation-based analysis methods
- risk-based seismic assessment

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 9

Historical Development of Lateral Force Coefficient
Importance category I in lowest zone Z1 and soft soil C

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 10

 Seismic Assessment of Existing Buildings

Situation after Introduction of New Standards in 2003/4

• Less than 20% of the buildings had been designed according to

modern seismic regulations since 1990.
• Over 80% of the buildings had not been designed for seismic action at
all or according to obsolete seismic rules.
• Retrofitting existing buildings up to the requirement of the new
Standards for new buildings often leads to disproportionate costs
related to the achieved seismic risk reduction.
• There was an urgent need for risk based seismic regulations
specifically for existing buildings to avoid inefficient spending of
financial means.

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 11

 Seismic Assessment of Existing Buildings
Swiss Approach According to SIA 2018
• Assessment is based on the compliance factor !eff
- force-based analysis
!eff = Rd / Ed
- displacement-based analysis
!eff = wR,d / wd

• Measures up to what level the existing building complies with the

requirements of the seismic design situation for new buildings.

no measures
recommended

proportionate measures required

!min = 0,25

reasonable measures required

12
 Seismic Assessment of Existing Buildings

Efficiency of Retrofitting Measures According to SIA 2018

• The risk reduction "RM is simply estimated as product from the

average occupation PB and the risk factors difference "RF before and
after execution of the considered measures:
"RM = "RF!PB [saved lives per year]
• To determine the safety costs SKM , the investment costs of a remedial
measure SIKM will be amortized over the remaining life of the building
considering a discount rate of 2%:
SKM = DF!SIKM [CHF per year]
• The efficiency RKM of a remedial measure is determined as follows:
RKM = SKM / "RM [CHF per live saved]
• Proportionate costs:
RKM # 10 Mio. CHF per live saved
• Reasonable costs:
RKM # 100 Mio. CHF per live saved.

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 13

 Fire Fighting Station in Basel

• Original state:
- soft-story in 1st floor
- insufficient diaphragm action of very thin RC
slabs
• Retrofit:
- Seismic isolation by high damping rubber
bearings

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 14

 Substation in Basel

• Original state:
- slightly reinforced concrete frame with
masonry infills
• Retrofit:
- all 4 sides strengthened:
3 RC walls and 1 steel truss.

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 15

 EMPA Administrative Building, Dübendorf ZH

• Original state:
- URM walls

• Retrofit:
- vertical post-tensioning by CFK tendons

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 16

 School Building in Monthey VS

• Original state:
- non ductile steel frame
- soft ground floor

• Retrofit:
- 2 new slender RC walls
per principal direction

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 17

 Liquid Gas Tank in Visp VS
• Original state:
- For flood protection tank rests on
slender piles.
- Piles and tank vessel overstrengthed
by seismic action effects.
• Retrofit:
- seismic isolation by rubber bearings
- RC plate on ground level connection
piles

Thomas Wenk, Zurich: History of Earthquake Engineering in Switzerland, 13 June 2008 18

 Influence of Pioneering work

• 3 Phases of EQE can be distinguished in Switzerland:

- early pioneers
- seismic design of high risk structures (dams, NPP)
- present: seismic design and retrofitting of regular buildings and
engineering works

• Little interaction between the early phase and the later phases
• Strong interaction between phases 2 and 3
• The expertise of phase 2 specialists of allowed to implement
phase 3 much more quickly.
• This expertise was essential for the sensitization of the general
public and of the decision makers.
• We would lag behind 10 years or more in seismic risk mitigation
without the experience of phase 2.

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