Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Example 1.1
A rectangular tied braced column is reinforced with 6-28mm bars as
shown in the figure below. Check the adequacy of the column for the
following gravity loads;

- Service dead load = 1050𝑘𝑁

At eccentricity of 40mm
- Service live load = 850 𝑘𝑁
- Service dead load moment = 39 𝑘𝑁-𝑚
- Service live load moment = 27 𝑘𝑁-𝑚
- 𝛹 =𝛹 . = 1.0
- 𝑙 = 5.0𝑚
- 𝑓 = 27.6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 , 𝑓 = 414 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 𝑷
𝑴 40
axis of bending Top
end

40
350𝑚𝑚

500𝑚𝑚

500𝑚𝑚 Bott.
Ties 10mm@300c/c end
𝑴 40
𝑷

𝑷𝒖
Solution: - 𝑴𝒖
Top
end

𝑷𝒖 = 1.2 × 1050 + 1.6 × 850 = 2620 𝑘𝑁

𝑴𝒖 = (1.2 × 39 + 1.6 × 27)
500𝑚𝑚
40
+ 2620 × = 194.8 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚
1000

Bott.
end
𝑴𝒖
𝑷𝒖
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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Check slenderness 𝑷𝒖
𝛹 =𝛹 . = 1.0 , braced column 𝑴𝟏 = 𝑴𝒖
∴ 𝑘 = 0.77 (using the alignment chart)
𝑟 = 0.3ℎ = 0.3 × 500 = 150𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑙 0.77 × 5000
= = 25.7
𝑟 150
𝑀
34 − 12 = 34 − 12(+1) = 22 ≤ 40 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑀
𝑘𝑙
= 25.7 > 22 →→ ∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝒖
𝑟
𝑷𝒖
Moment magnification = 25.7 < 100 → 𝑜𝑘

𝑀
𝐶 = 0.6 + 0.4 ≥ 0.4
𝑀
𝐶 = 0.6 + 0.4(+1) = 1 > 0.4 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑃 (𝐷. 𝐿) 1.2 × 1050
𝐵 = = = 0.48
𝑃 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) 2620 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
350 × 500
0.4 𝐸 𝐼 0.4 × 4700√27.6 ×
𝐸𝐼 = = 12 × 10 = 24286 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚
1+𝐵 1 + 0.48
0.2 𝐸 𝐼 + 𝐸 𝐼
𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝐼 =
1+𝐵 500𝑚𝑚

𝜋𝑑
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 × +𝐴 𝑎
350𝑚𝑚

64
𝜋 (28) 28 𝜋
𝐼 =6× + × (186)
64 4
𝒂 𝒂
small enough to be ignored
500 28
𝐼 = 6 × [30172 + 21302561] 𝒂= − 40 − 10 − = 186𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝐼 ≈ 127,815,000 𝑚𝑚

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
350 × 500
0.2 × 4700√27.6 × + 200,000 × 127,815,000
𝐸𝐼 = 12 × 10
1 + 0.48
= 29415 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 × 29415
𝑃 = = = 19586 𝑘𝑁
(𝑘𝑙 ) (0.77 × 5)
𝐶 1
𝛿 = ≥ 1.0 →→ 𝛿 = = 1.217 > 1.0
𝑃 2620
1− 1−
0.75𝑃 0.75 × 19586

Check 𝑴𝟐(𝒎𝒊𝒏.)
(15 + 0.03 × 500)
𝑀 ( .) = 𝑃 (15 + 0.03ℎ) = 2620 × = 78.6 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚
1000
𝑀 ( .) < 𝑀 (194.8 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚) →→ 𝑜𝑘

𝑀 =𝛿 𝑀 = 1.217 × 194.8 = 237.1 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

Design values

𝑃 = 2620 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑀 = 237.1 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

𝑀 237.1
𝑒= = × 1000 = 90.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 2620
𝑒 90.5
= = 0.181
ℎ 500
𝑃 2620 × 1000
𝐾 = = = 0.835
∅𝑓 𝐴 0.65 × 27.6 × 350 × 500
28
500 − 2 40 + 10 +
𝛾= 2 = 0.75
500

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

By using the interaction diagram with bars on end faces

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.70 →→ 𝜌 = 0.028
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.80 →→ 𝜌 = 0.026
0.026 − 0.028
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.75 →→ 𝜌 = 0.028 + (0.75 − 0.7) = 0.027
0.8 − 0.7

𝐴 ( ) = 0.027 × 500 × 350 = 4725 𝑚𝑚

𝜋 × 28
𝐴 ( ) = 6× = 3694 𝑚𝑚
4
𝐴 ( ) >𝐴 ( )

∴ the column is not adequate for the applied load

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Example 1.2

A square tied column of size 500 × 500 𝑚𝑚 supports a concentric

factored load of 1750 𝑘𝑁 and an eccentric factored load of 1750 𝑘𝑁.
Design suitable longitudinal and lateral reinforcement for this column
using the following data:

- 𝑓 = 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑄 = 0.04, 𝑙 = 3.5𝑚,.

- use bars on all sides,
- hinged-hinged column 1750𝑘𝑁 1750𝑘𝑁
Axis of bending 200 Top
end
500𝑚𝑚

200 500𝑚𝑚

Bott.
500𝑚𝑚
end

3500𝑘𝑁
Solution: - 𝑃
𝑀
𝑃 = 1750 + 1750 = 3500 𝑘𝑁 Top
end
200
𝑀 = 1750 × = 350 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1000
Check for slenderness for hinged-hinged column.
Bott.
𝜓 = 50 , 𝜓 = 50, 𝑘=1 end

𝑟 = 0.3 ℎ = 0.3 × 500 = 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑃

𝑃
𝑘𝑙 1 × 3500 𝑀 =𝑀 𝑀
= = 23.33 𝐻 = 100 𝑘𝑁
𝑟 150
𝑀 0
34 − 12 = 34 − 12 × = 34 3.5𝑚
𝑀 350
𝑘𝑙 350
= 23.33 < 34 →→ ∴ 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑀 =0 𝐻=
3.5
𝑟 = 100 𝑘𝑁

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

𝑀 350 × 1000
𝑒= = = 100𝑚𝑚
𝑃 3500
𝑒 100
= = 0.2
ℎ 500
𝑃 3500 × 10
𝐾 = = = 0.78
∅𝑓 𝐴 0.65 × 27.6 × 500 × 500

Assume 25𝑚𝑚 bars and 10𝑚𝑚 ties

25
500 − 2 40 + 10 +
𝛾= 2 = 0.75
500
By using the interaction diagram with bars all four sides
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.70 →→ 𝜌 = 0.032
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.80 →→ 𝜌 = 0.029
0.029 − 0.032
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.75 →→ 𝜌 = 0.032 + (0.75 − 0.7) = 0.0305
0.8 − 0.7

𝐴 ( ) = 0.0305 × 500 × 500 = 7625 𝑚𝑚

7625
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 15.52 ≈ 16 →→ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 16 − 25𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
491
16 × 491
𝜌 = = 0.0314 0.01 < 𝜌 < 0.08
500 × 500

Selection of tie bars

According to ACI Code, ties for columns must have a minimum

diameter of 10𝑚𝑚 to enclose longitudinal bars.

Spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest of:

 48 times the tie diameter,
 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter, or
 the least dimension of the column.
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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Use ties ∅10 with spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest of:

 48 times the tie diameter, 48 × 10 = 480𝑚𝑚

 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter, 16 × 25 = 400𝑚𝑚
 the least dimension of the column, 500𝑚𝑚
∴ Use ∅10@400mm

500 − 2(40 + 10) − 5 × 25

𝑠 = = 69𝑚𝑚
4
Clear spacing shall be not less than 40𝑚𝑚 nor 1.5 𝑏 (ACI Code 7.6.3)
𝑠 = 69𝑚𝑚 > 40𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 > 1.5 × 25 = 37.5𝑚𝑚 →→ 𝑜𝑘

Check ties Arrangement

𝑠 = 69𝑚𝑚 < 150𝑚𝑚

𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 ∅𝟏𝟎@𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟔 (𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔) 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Example 1.3

A 500 𝑚𝑚 circular spiral column is required to support a concentric

service load 𝑃 and an eccentric service load 𝑃 . The load act at both
ends of the column. Design suitable long and spiral reinforcement for
this column. Use 𝑓 = 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎. 𝑄 = 0.035

- concentric load 𝑃 → 𝐷. 𝐿 = 525 𝑘𝑁 , 𝐿. 𝐿 = 382.5 𝑘𝑁

- eccentric load 𝑃 → 𝐷. 𝐿 = 420 𝑘𝑁 , 𝐿. 𝐿 = 318.75 𝑘𝑁
𝑰𝒈
= 𝟓𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝒍

𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑰𝒈
= 𝟔𝟗𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝒍

𝑰𝒈 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
= 𝟓𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝒍
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒂 𝒂
Section a-a
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑰𝒈
= 𝟖𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝒍 𝑰𝒈
= 𝟓𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝒍
Solution: -

𝑄 = 0.035 < 0.05 →→ braced column

For column use 0.7 𝐼 and for

beam use 0.35 𝐼

(550 + 550) 0.7

Ψ = = 1.6
(690 + 690)0.35
(550 + 550) 0.7
Ψ . = = 1.23
(840 + 840)0.35
∴ 𝑘 = 0.81

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Check slenderness
𝒌𝒍𝒖 0.81 × 5000
= = 32.4
𝒓 0.25 × 500
𝑀
34 − 12 = 34 − 12(+1) = 22
𝑀
𝑘𝑙
= 32.4 > 22 ∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑟

Moment magnification 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝒖
𝑘𝑙 𝑴𝟏 = 𝑴𝒖
= 32.4 < 100 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑟
𝑃 = (1.2 × 525 + 1.6 × 382.5) +
(1.2 × 420 + 1.6 × 318.75) = 2256 𝑘𝑁
250
𝑀 = (1.2 × 420 + 1.6 × 318.75) ×
1000
= 253.5 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚 𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝒖
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝒖

𝑃 (𝐷. 𝐿) 1.2 × 525 + 1.2 × 420

𝐵 = = = 0.503
𝑃 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) 2256 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝜋 × 500
0.4 𝐸 𝐼 0.4 × 4700√27.6 ×
𝐸𝐼 = = 64 × 10 = 20124 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1+𝐵 (1 + 0.503)
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 × 20124
𝑃 = = = 12109 𝑘𝑁
(𝑘𝑙 ) (0.81 × 5)
𝑀
𝐶 = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 (+1) = 1 > 0.4 → 𝑜𝑘
𝑀
𝐶 1
𝛿 = ≥ 1.0 →→ 𝛿 = = 1.33 > 1.0
𝑃 2256
1− 1−
0.75𝑃 0.75 × 12109

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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Check 𝑴𝟐(𝒎𝒊𝒏.)
(15 + 0.03 × 500)
𝑀 ( .) = 𝑃 (15 + 0.03ℎ) = 2256 × = 67.7 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚
1000
𝑀 ( .) < 𝑀 (253.5 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚) →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑀 =𝛿 𝑀 = 1.33 × 253.5 = 337.16 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

Design values

𝑷𝒖 = 2256 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑴𝒄 = 337.16 𝑘𝑁– 𝑚

𝑀 337.16
𝑒= = × 1000 = 149.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 2256
𝑒 149.5
= = 0.3
ℎ 500
𝑃 2256 × 1000
𝐾 = = = 0.595
∅𝑓 𝐴 𝜋 × 500
0.7 × 27.6 ×
4
Assume 25𝑚𝑚 bars and 10𝑚𝑚 spirals
25
500 − 2 40 + 10 + 2
𝛾= = 0.75
500
By using the interaction diagram for circular section
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.70 →→ 𝜌 = 0.044
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.80 →→ 𝜌 = 0.036
0.036 − 0.044
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛾 = 0.75 →→ 𝜌 = 0.044 + (0.75 − 0.7) = 0.04
0.8 − 0.7
𝜋 × 500
𝐴 ( ) = 0.04 × = 7854 𝑚𝑚
4
7854
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 15.99 ≈ 16 →→ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 16 − 25𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
491
16 × 491
𝜌 = = 0.04 →→ 0.01 < 𝜌 < 0.08 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝜋 × 500
4
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Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Design of spiral reinforcement

Spiral reinforcement ratio, 𝜌 , shall be not less than the value given
by:
𝐴 𝑓
𝜌 = 0.45 −1 … … … . 𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒 10.9.3
𝐴 𝑓

where
𝐴 : gross area of section.
𝐴 : area of core of spirally reinforced column measured
to the outside diameter of spiral.
𝑓 : yield strength of spiral reinforcement not more than 400𝑀𝑃𝑎.
𝐷 = 500𝑚𝑚
𝐷 = 500 − 2 × 40 = 420𝑚𝑚
𝟒𝟎 𝒅𝒔
𝜋 × 500
4 27.6
𝜌 = 0.45 −1 = 0.013 𝑫𝒄
𝜋 × 420 400
4 𝑨𝒈 = 𝝅𝑫𝟐 /𝟒
𝑨𝒄 = 𝝅𝑫𝒄 𝟐 /𝟒
𝑫
Volume of spiral in one turn
𝜌 =
Volume of concrete core in one turn
𝐴 𝜋 (𝐷 − 𝑑 )
𝜌 =
𝜋×𝐷
×𝑠 𝒔
4
4𝐴 (𝐷 − 𝑑 )
𝑠=
𝜌 𝐷
where

𝑠 : spiral pitch
𝒔
𝐷 : core diamenter 𝑫𝒄
Spiral
𝑑 : spiral diameter
𝐴 : spiral cross-sectional area

25
Reinforced Concrete Design IV- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

𝜋 × 10
4 × × (420 − 10)
𝑠= 4 = 56.2𝑚𝑚
0.013 × 420

𝑢𝑠𝑒 10𝑚𝑚 @ 55𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ

Clear spacing between spirals should not exceed 80𝑚𝑚 nor less
than 25𝑚𝑚 or 1.33 max. size of aggregate as below (ACI Code
7.10.4.3):

Clear spacing between spirals = 55 − 10 = 45𝑚𝑚 < 80𝑚𝑚 → 𝑜𝑘

> 25𝑚𝑚 → 𝑜𝑘
> 1.33 × 19 = 25.3𝑚𝑚 → 𝑜𝑘

Clear spacing between bars shall be not less than 40𝑚𝑚 nor 1.5 𝑏
(ACI Code 7.6.3)

𝜋(500 − 2 × 40 − 2 × 10 − 25) − 16 × 25
𝑠 = = 48.6𝑚𝑚
16
𝑠 = 48.6𝑚𝑚 > 40𝑚𝑚 → 𝑜𝑘
> 1.5 × 25 = 37.5𝑚𝑚 →→ 𝑜𝑘
𝑠

𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 ∅𝟏𝟎@𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉

500𝑚𝑚

26