Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from

data.

Uses: education, government, business, psychology, economics, medicine, sociology, sports, banks and others.

Statistical quality control – products should be carefully inspected to determine the acceptability of the product.

Two branches of Statistics:

1. Descriptive statistics consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data.
It summarizes and organizes raw data into meaningful information.
Ex. PSA surveys average age, income & other characteristics of Filipinos.

2. Inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and
hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions.

TERMS:

Variable - characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.

Data – the values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assume.

Random variable - variables whose values are determined by chance.

Data set – collection of data value sets.

Data value or a datum - each value in the data set.

Population - consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied.

Sample - a group of subjects selected from a population.

Hypothesis testing - a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population, based on information
obtained from samples.

VARIABLES AND TYPES OF DATA:

Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or
attribute.
Quantitative variables are numerical and can be ordered or ranked

Discrete variables assume values that can be counted.

Continuous variables can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained
by measuring. They often include fractions and decimals.

4 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS / BASIC TYPES OF DATA:

1. The nominal level of measurement classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping), exhausting
categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.
2. The ordinal level of measurement classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise
differences between the ranks do not exist.
3. The interval level of measurement ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist;
however, there is no meaningful zero.
4. The ratio level of measurement possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists
a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of
the population.
SAMPLING METHODS:
1. Random - subjects are selected by random numbers.
2. Systematic - subjects are selected by using every kth number after the first subject is randomly selected
from 1 through k.
3. Stratified - subjects are selected by dividing up the population into groups (strata), and subjects are
randomly selected within groups.
4. Cluster - subjects are selected by using an intact group that is representative of the population.
5. Convinience - comfortable