Name: Resha Anugrah

Student IDN: F041181344

Class: D

LINGUISTICS

The Definition of Linguistics.

Linguistics is study of language.

Linguistics is concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of

human behavior and of the human abilities. Raja T. Nasr (1984).

Linguistics is competence as being a person’s potential to speak a language, and his or her
linguistics performance as the realization of that potential. Monica Crabtree & Joyce
Powers (1994).

The Branches of linguistics

1. General linguistic generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular

language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language.

Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of
particular language explained generally.

2. Micro linguistic is narrower view. It is concerned internal view of language itself

(structure of language systems) without related to other sciences and without related how
to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

a. Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language

b. Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that
distinguish meaning
c. Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified

d. Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences

e. Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word
combinations (phraseology), and how these combines to form the meanings of sentences

f. Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in
communicative acts

g. Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)

h. Applied linguistic is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application of
the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching.

3. Macro linguistic is broadest view of language. It is concerned external view of language

itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro
linguistic:

a. Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.

b. Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability in an

individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.

c. Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change.

d. Language geography, the study of the spatial patterns of languages.

 e. Evolutionary linguistics, the study of the origin and subsequent development of
language.

f. Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying

language use.

g. Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability.

h. Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-Language

Pathology.

i. Neurolinguistics, the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and
communication.

j. Biolinguistics, the study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems in

animals compared to human language.

Computational linguistics, the study of computational implementations of linguistic structures

AFIXIATIONS
. Affixation is the morphological process in by which bound morphemes are attached to a
roots or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or grammatical relationships. Affixes
take on several forms and serve different functions. In this tutorial, we will be looking specifically
at affixation in Standard English.
Affixes
An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a root or stem to form a new word, or a
variant form of the same word. In English we primarily see 2 types. Prefixes precede the root or
stem, e.g., re-cover, while suffixes follow, e.g., hope-ful. A third type of affix known as a
circumfix occurs in the two words en-ligh-en and em-bold-en, where the prefix en/m– and the
suffix –en/m are attached simultaneously to the root.
 There are those who claim that infixation is also used as an emphasis marker in colloquial
English. This occurs when an expletive is inserted into the internal structure of a word, e.g., un-
fricking-believable.
Derivational affixes derive new words by altering the definitional meaning or the grammatical
category of a word, whereas inflectional affixes show grammatical relationships between words
or grammatical contrast. In English, both prefixes and suffixes can be derivational, but only
suffixes can be inflectional.
Prefixes
Prefixes are abundant in English. Some are more commonly used (productive) than others. As
mentioned above, prefixes are only used to derive new meaning or part of speech. Below is a list
of those that are more common.

Suffixes
Suffixes can either be derivational or inflectional. Below is a list of common derivational suffixes.

In English there are 8 inflectional suffixes. As you will see, these are limited to showing some
type of grammatical function.
You may have noticed that -er appears as both a derivational and inflectional
morpheme. Although they share phonological form, they are two separate morphemes, having 2
separate functions and must not be confused. -er attached to a verb causes the derivation:
verb noun, e.g., write writer. -er attached to an adjective that shows inflection, i.e., the
comparative form of an adjective: nice nicer. This is also true for –ing and –en. A verb + -
ing can derive a noun or inflect a verb for past or present progressive.
(1)
set + ing = noun
The setting of the sun was covered by clouds.
set + ing + progressive verb
I was setting the table when the phone rang.
verb + -en = past participle (freeze + en)
The low temperatures had frozen all the crops.
noun + -en = verb (light + en)
Mary decided to lighten her hair.
Infixes
There is question as to whether the limited usage of infixation in English actually a morphological
process since the word being inserted is not itself an infix, as it is free-standing and not a bound
morpheme. Furthermore, there is no resulting derivation or inflection.
Only expletives are used as infixes and in only a limited number of words. For example, infixes
are only permitted when the expletive is flanked by stress. This means that only words with initial
stress (trochees and not iambs) will be candidates for infixation.
(2)
un-expletive-believable but *unbe-expletive-lievable
Derivational and Inflectional Affixes
Derivation is the process of creating new words from existing ones by attaching
affixes. Derivation can change the category of a word. Let's look at an example:

to rate - a verb.
rate-able. By attaching the derivational suffix "-able" to our (former) verb we get an
adjective that no longer describes an action ("to rate sth.") but a feature (the feature of ...
well, "able to get/be rated").
rateable-ity -> rateability. By adding another derivational suffix our former adjective now
becomes a noun!
Derivational affixes do not always change the category of a word. The prefix "mis-" does
not: understand is a verb and so is mis-understand.

Note that derivations are independent lexemes. comparable, for instance, not only means
"something that can be compared (to sth.)" but also "similar to sth.".

Inflection is the process of modifying a word to indicate grammatical information (number,

genus, case etc. for nouns and adjectives, tense, mood etc. for verbs and so on). Inflection
neither creates new words nor changes the category of a word nor changes its meaning. An
example:

to work -> he work-s, he work-ed, he is work-ing. All three are inflection suffixes, all of
them add grammatical informations ('tense' in this case), none changes the category nor the
meaning.
to work -> work-er. "-er" is a derivational suffix which, when combined with a verb, forms
a noun. It changes meaning (to work = act of working/doing something -> work-er =
someone who works) and category. It does not add grammatical information.
worker -> worker-s. In this case "-s" is again an inflection. It forms the plural of our derived
word worker.
ODD WORD FORMATION
Blending

Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create
a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example:
Blended words are also referred to as portmanteaus.
 Situation + comedy : Sitcom
 Motor + hotel = Motel
 Dove + hawk = Dawk
 Urine + analysis = Urinalysis
 High + fidelity = Hi-fi

Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed by the word formation process in which an initialism is pronounced
as a word. For example, HIV is an initialism for Human Immunodeficiency Virus that is spoken
as the three letters H-I-V. However, AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome that is spoken as the word aids. Other examples of acronyms in English include:
 PPC = PAY PER CLICK
 CPM = COST PER MILLE
 DBS = DIGITAL BROADCAST SYSTEM
 RTF = RICH TEXT FORMAT
 CPA = COST PER ACTION
Acronyms are related to the word formation process of abbreviation.
 Abbreviations
Abbreviation is the word formation process in which a word or phrase is shortened.
Initialisms are a type of abbreviation formed by the initial letters of a word or phrase. Although
abbreviation is largely a convention of written language, sometimes abbreviations carry over into
spoken language. For example:
 ARPU = AVERAGE REVENUE PER USER
 HF = HAVE FUN
 GGWP = GOOD GAME WELL PLAYED
 LOL = LAUGHING OUT LOUD
 IDK = I DON’T KNOW
 Abbreviation is related to both the word formation processes of clipping and blending.

Clipping
Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing
the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in that the new word retains the meaning of
the original word. For example:

 Fax - Facsimile
 Gas - Gasoline
 Tick – Ticket
 Ad - Advertisement
 Vet - Veteran
The four types of clipping are back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping, and complex clipping. Back
clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of
a word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from
influenza. Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation
comedy.
Back-Formation
Back-formation is the word formation process in which an actual or supposed derivational affix
detaches from the base form of a word to create a new word. For example, the following list provides
examples of some common back-formations in English:

Original – Back-formation
 Edit - Editor
 Act – Action
 Televise – Television
 Sing – Singer
 Housekeep - Housekeeper
 Dear - Deary

Back-formation is often the result of an overgeneralization of derivation suffixes. For example, the noun
back-formation entered the English lexicon first, but the assumption that the -(at)ion on the end of the word
is the -ion derivational suffix results in the creation of the verb back-form. Back-formation, therefore, is the
opposite of derivation.

ARTICULATION OF MY NAME
Resha: /r e s h ʌ /

[r]: Alveolar, Voiced, Approximant.

[s]: Alveolar, Voiced, Fricative.
[h]: Glottal, Voiceless, Fricative.

Anugrah: / ʌ n ʊ g r ʌ h /

[n]: Alveolar, Vioced, Nasal.

[g]: Velar, Voiced, Stop.

[r]: Alveolar, Voiced, Approximant.

[h]: Glottal, Voiceless, Fricative.

 REFERENCES

/
http://www.linguisticsnetwork.com/affixation-in-english/
http://hadirukiyah.blogspot.com/2009/07/definition-and-branches-of-linguistics.html
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/59679-forming-new-words-compounds-
clipping-and-blends/
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/59338-word-back-formation-list/