Ch. 6 - Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Ionic and Molecular
Compounds
Chapter 6
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Ch. 6 – Ionic and Molecular

Compounds
• 6.1 – Ions: Transfer of Electrons
• 6.2 – Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
• 6.3 – Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
• 6.4 – Polyatomic Ions
• 6.5 – Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
• 6.6 – Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
• 6.7 – Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
• 6.8 – Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
• 6.9 – Attractive Forces in Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
Learning Goal Write the symbols for the simple ions of the
representative elements.
Karen C. Timberlake
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Chemical bonds are formed when atoms lose, gain, or

share valence electrons to completely fill their outermost
electron shell.
• Ionic bonds occur when valence electrons of a metal

atom are transferred to the atom of a nonmetal.
• Covalent bonds occur when nonmetal atoms share

electrons to attain a noble gas arrangement.
Karen C. Timberlake
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Karen C. Timberlake
Positive Ions: Metals Lose Electrons
In ionic bonding, ions form when atoms gain or lose

their valence electrons to form a stable electron
configuration.
Metals:
• have low ionization energies.
• readily lose one or more of their valence electrons
to form ions with a positive charge.
• lose electrons until they have the same number of
valence electrons as the nearest noble gas, usually
eight valence electrons.
Karen C. Timberlake
Positive Ions: Loss of Electrons
When sodium atoms in Group

1 are neutral, they have 11
electrons and 11 protons.
• They lose one electron to
have the same number of
valence electrons as neon
and a filled energy level.
• They will form an ion with
10 electrons, 11 protons,
and an ionic charge of 1+:
Na+.
Karen C. Timberlake
Positive Ions: Loss of Electrons
When magnesium atoms in

Group 2 are neutral, they have
12 electrons and 12 protons.
• They will lose 2 electrons to
have the same number of
valence electrons as neon
and a filled energy level.
• They form an ion with 10
electrons, 12 protons, with
an ionic charge of 2+: Mg2+.
Karen C. Timberlake
Negative Ions: Nonmetals Gain Electrons
Nonmetals
• Have high ionization energies
• readily gain one or more valence electrons to form ions
with a negative charge.
• gain electrons until they have the same number of valence
electrons as the nearest noble gas, usually eight valence
electrons.
Karen C. Timberlake
Negative Ions: Gain of Electrons
When chlorine atoms in

Group 17 are neutral, they
have
17 electrons and 17
protons.
• They will gain one
electron to have the
same number of valence
electrons as argon.
• They form an ion with 18
electrons, 17 protons,
and a charge of 1−: Cl−.
Karen C. Timberlake
Formulas, Names of Common Ions
Karen C. Timberlake
Ionic Charges, Group Numbers
We can use the group numbers in the periodic table to determine the
charges for the ions.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chemistry Link to Health: Important Ions in the
Body
Ions are important in regulating body functions.
Ion Occurrence Function Source

Na+ Principal cation Regulation and control of Salt, cheese,
outside the cell body fluids pickles
K+ Principal cation Regulation of body fluids Bananas, potatoes,
outside the cell and cellular functions orange juice, milk
Ca2+ Cation outside the Major cation in bones, Milk, yogurt,
cell; found in bones needed for muscle cheese, greens,
contractions spinach
Mg2+ Cation outside the Essential for certain Chlorophyll, nuts,
cell; found in bones enzymes, muscles, and grains
nerve control
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Write the formula and symbol of an ion with

16 protons and 18 electrons.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Consider the elements calcium and chlorine.

A. Identify each as a metal or a nonmetal.
B. State the number of valence electrons
for each.
C. State the number of electrons that must be lost or gained for each to acquire
an octet.
D. Write the symbol, including its ionic charge, and name of each resulting ion.
Karen C. Timberlake

Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.2 Writing Formulas for
Ionic Compounds
Learning Goal Using charge balance, write the correct formula for
an ionic compound.
Karen C. Timberlake
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds
• consist of positive and negative ions.
• have attractions called ionic bonds between positively and negatively
charged ions.
• have high melting points.
• are solids at room temperature.
Karen C. Timberlake
NaCl, An Ionic Compound
Sodium chloride is more

commonly known as table
salt. The magnification of
NaCl crystals shows the
arrangement of Na+ and
Cl− ions in an NaCl crystal.
Karen C. Timberlake
Formulas of Ionic Compounds
In a chemical formula,
• the symbols and subscripts are written in the lowest whole-number
ratio of the atoms or ions.
• the sum of ion charges equals zero.
• the total positive charge = total negative charge.
Karen C. Timberlake
Subscripts in Formulas
Karen C. Timberlake
Writing Ionic Formulas from Ion Charges
To balance ionic charge in an ionic compound,

total positive charge = total negative charge
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Write the ionic formula of the compound formed

with Ba2+ and Cl− ions.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Select the correct formula for each of the following ionic compounds.
1. Na+ and O2−
A. NaO B. Na2O C. NaO2
2. Al3+ and Cl−
A. AlCl3 B. AlCl C. Al3Cl
3. Mg2+ and N3−
A. MgN B. Mg2N3 C. Mg3N2
Karen C. Timberlake
Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.3 Naming and Writing

Ionic Compounds
Learning Goal Given the formula of an ionic compound, write the

correct name; given the name of an ionic compound, write the
correct formula.
Karen C. Timberlake
Naming Ionic Compounds
When naming an ionic compound,

• the name of the metal is written first and is the same as
the name of the element.
• the name of the nonmetal is the first syllable
of the nonmetal name + ide ending and is
written second.
• a space is placed between the name of the metal and
nonmetal ion.
Karen C. Timberlake
Names of Some Ionic Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
Naming Ionic Compounds, K2O
Name the ionic compound K2O.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Write the names of the following compounds.

A. CaO
B. Al2O3
C. MgCl2
Karen C. Timberlake
Metals with Variable Charge
Transition metals except for Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ag+ form two
or more positive ions (cations).
A Roman numeral equal to the ion charge is placed in

parentheses immediately after the metal name.
Cu2+ copper(II) Pb2+ lead(II)

Cu+ copper(I) Pb4+ lead(IV)
Fe2+ iron(II) Cr2+ chromium(II)
Fe3+ iron(III) Cr3+ chromium(III)
Karen C. Timberlake
Metals with Variable Charge
Karen C. Timberlake
Determination of Variable Charge
Determine the charge of the metal ion in: MnF2
Karen C. Timberlake
Ion Charges, Periodic Table
Karen C. Timberlake
Naming Ionic Compounds with Variable Charge
Metals, FeCl2
Name the ionic compound FeCl2.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Name the following ionic compound containing a variable charge metal.
SnO2
Karen C. Timberlake
Writing Formulas from the
Name of an Ionic Compound
The formula for an ionic

compound is written from,
• the first part of the name
that describes the metal
ion.
• the second part of the
name that specifies the
nonmetal ion.
Subscripts are added to

balance the charge.
Karen C. Timberlake
Writing Formulas from the

Name of an Ionic Compound
Write the formula for iron(III) chloride.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Write chemical formulas for the following compounds:

A. nickel(II) sulfide
B. aluminum chloride
C. iron(III) oxide
Karen C. Timberlake

Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.4 Polyatomic Ions
Learning Goal Write the name and formula for an ionic

compound containing a polyatomic ion.
Karen C. Timberlake
Polyatomic Ions
An ionic compound may contain a polyatomic ion (many-atom

ion) as one its cations or anions.
• A polyatomic ion is a group of covalently bonded atoms that
has an overall ionic charge.
• Most polyatomic ions are made up of nonmetals (SO , NO , ClO )
• Almost all of them have negative charges (-1, -2, -3, etc)
• NH
Karen C. Timberlake
Polyatomic Ions
Karen C. Timberlake
Polyatomic Ions, Names, and Formulas
Karen C. Timberlake
Names of Polyatomic Ions
1. Names of polyatomic ions end in ate.

SO42− sulfate
PO43− phosphate
NO3−nitrate
2. When a related ion has one less oxygen,

its name ends in ite.
SO32− sulfite
PO33− phosphite
NO2−nitrite
Karen C. Timberlake
Names of Polyatomic Ions
3. Exceptions to these rules are the following:

CN− cyanide
OH− hydroxide
4. Halogens form 4 polyatomic ions with oxygen.

Each has a −1 charge.
ClO4− perchlorate
ClO3− chlorate
ClO2− chlorite
ClO− hypochlorite
Karen C. Timberlake
Writing Formulas for Compounds Containing
Polyatomic Ions
When writing formulas for ionic compounds containing

polyatomic ions, we use the same rules of charge balance as
those for simple ionic compounds.
Magnesium nitrate
Karen C. Timberlake
Writing Formulas with Polyatomic Ions
Write the formula for aluminum nitrite
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Write the formula for sodium phosphate.
Karen C. Timberlake
Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
When naming ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions,

• first write the positive ion, usually a metal.
• write the name of the polyatomic ion second.
Recognizing polyatomic ions in a chemical formula helps to name

it correctly.
Karen C. Timberlake
Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Select the correct formula for each.

1. aluminum nitrate
A. AlNO3 B. Al(NO) 3 C. Al(NO3) 3
2. copper(II) nitrate
A. CuNO3 B. Cu(NO3)2 C. Cu2 (NO3)
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Select the correct formula for each.

3. iron(III) hydroxide
A. FeOH B. Fe3OH C. Fe(OH)3
4. tin(IV) hydroxide
A. Sn(OH)4 B. Sn(OH)2 C. Sn4(OH)
Karen C. Timberlake
Flow Chart, Naming Ionic Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Name the following ionic compounds:

A. Ca(NO3)2
B. FePO4
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Name each of the following compounds containing polyatomic ions.

A. MgSO3
B. MgSO4
C. Pb3(PO3)2
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Name each of the following compounds:

A. Fe2(SO4)3
B. Ba3(PO3)2
C. NiCO3
Karen C. Timberlake

Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.5 Molecular Compounds:
Sharing Electrons
Learning Goal Given the formula of a molecular compound, write

its correct name; given the name of a molecular compound, write
its formula.
Karen C. Timberlake
Covalent Bonds
Molecular compounds form

when
• atoms of two or more
nonmetals share electrons and
form a covalent bond.
• valence electrons are shared
by nonmetal atoms to achieve
stability.
A molecule forms when two or
more atoms share electrons.
Karen C. Timberlake
Names and Formulas, Molecular Compounds
When naming a molecular compound,

the
• first nonmetal in the formula is
named by its element name.
• second nonmetal is named using
the first syllable of the name
followed by ide.
When a subscript indicates two or
more atoms of an element, a prefix is
shown in front of its name.
Karen C. Timberlake
Names and Formulas, Molecular Compounds
Several compounds may be formed from the same two nonmetals:

CO2 = carbon dioxide
CO = carbon monoxide
• The number of oxygen atoms present is indicated by the prefix.

• When the vowels o and o or a and o appear together, the first
vowel is omitted.
NO = nitrogen monoxide,
Karen C. Timberlake
Common Molecular Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
Naming Molecular Compounds, NCl3
Name the molecular compound NCl3.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Name the molecular compound B2O3.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Write the molecular formula for diphosphorus pentoxide.
Karen C. Timberlake
Compounds, Ionic or Covalent?
A compound is ionic if a metal and a nonmetal are

bound together OR the compound begins with
K2O: potassium oxide
NH4NO3: ammonium nitrate
A compound is covalent if 2+ nonmetals are bound

together.
N2O: dinitrogen oxide
Karen C. Timberlake
Flowchart, Naming Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Select the correct name for each compound.

1. SiCl4 A. silicon chloride
B. tetrasilicon chloride
C. silicon tetrachloride
2. P2O5 A. phosphorus oxide

B. phosphorus pentoxide
C. diphosphorus pentoxide
3. Cl2O7 A dichlorine heptoxide

B. dichlorine oxide
C. chlorine heptoxide
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Identify each compound as ionic or covalent and give its correct name.
A. SO3
B. BaCl2
C. (NH4)3PO3
D. Cu2CO3
E. N2O4
Karen C. Timberlake
Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.6 Lewis Structures for

Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
Learning Goal: Draw the Lewis structures for molecular

compounds or polyatomic ions.
Karen C. Timberlake
The Simplest Molecule, H2
When two H atoms are far apart, they feel no attraction or repulsion
to each other.
As they approach each other, the electron on one H is attracted to
the proton (nucleus) of the other. And vice versa.
The attraction is stronger than the repulsion between the two
electrons.
A covalent bond forms from each H sharing its electron with the
other, creating the molecule: H2.
Each H acts as if it has 2 electrons.

This gives it the electron
configuration of He and therefore is
very stable.
Karen C. Timberlake
The Octet Rule

• Atoms are the most stable when they have the
electron configuration of a noble gas.
• For H and He, that’s 2 electrons
• For n=2 and n=3 (Li through Ar) that is 8
electrons
• (n=4 etc is higher. We won’t worry about that
now.)
• The Octet Rule: Most atoms want to have 8

valence electrons.
• Exceptions:
• H, He (2 valence electrons)
• B (can only have 6)
• n=3 can have more than 8
due to access to the 3d orbital.
Karen C. Timberlake
Lewis Structures, Molecules
A molecule is represented by a Lewis structure in which the valence

electrons of all the atoms are arranged to give octets.
• The shared electrons, or bonding pairs, are shown as two dots or a
single line between atoms.
• The nonbonding pairs, or lone pairs, are placed on the outside of
the atoms.
Karen C. Timberlake
Lewis Structures, Molecules
A molecule is represented by a Lewis structure in which the

valence electrons of all the atoms are arranged to give
octets.
Karen C. Timberlake
Elements, Diatomic Molecules
The elements hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and

iodine exist as diatomic molecules.
Karen C. Timberlake
Number of bonds
The number of electrons a nonmetal atom shares and the number of

covalent bonds it forms are equal to the number of electrons it needs to
achieve a stable electron configuration.
# of bonds = 8 – number of valence e’s
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Drawing Lewis Structures
1. Sum the valance electrons from all the atoms.

2. Decide on atom connections and connect with a single bond.
(“central atom” is usually written first in the formula.)
3. Determine the number of valence electrons remaining
• Total valence electrons (step 1) minus # electrons used in bonding.
4. Complete the octets of terminal atoms (except H and He want
2)
5. Place leftover electrons on the central atom.
6. If no unassigned electrons remain, and the central atom
doesn’t have an octet, use multiple bonds.
Karen C. Timberlake
Drawing Lewis Structures
Draw the Lewis structure for methane, CH4

Total valence electrons (step 1) minus # electrons used in bonding.
4. Complete the octets of terminal atoms (except H and He

want 2)
Karen C. Timberlake
Molecules, Lewis Structures
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Draw the Lewis structure for NH4+


want 2)
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Draw the Lewis structure for BF3


want 2)
Karen C. Timberlake
Double and Triple Bonds
A double bond
• occurs when atoms share two pairs of electrons.
• forms when there are not enough electrons to complete
octets.
A triple bond
• occurs when atoms share three pairs of electrons.
• forms when there are not enough electrons to complete
octets.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Draw the Lewis structure for N2.


want 2)
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Draw the Lewis structure for HCN.


want 2)
Karen C. Timberlake
Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.7 Electronegativity and

Bond Polarity
Learning Goal: Use electronegativity to determine the polarity of

a bond.
Karen C. Timberlake
Electronegativity
The electronegativity of an atom is its ability to attract the

shared electrons in a bond.
Karen C. Timberlake
Electronegativity
• When the atoms in the bond are different, the more
electronegative atom will “hog” the shared electrons in
the covalent bond.
• The electrons will spend more time near the more
electronegative atom.
Karen C. Timberlake
Polarity of Bonds
Differences in electronegativity of atoms dictate what kind of bond

forms between the atoms.
ΔEN = 0 a nonpolar covalent bond
ΔEN = between 0 and 2 a polar covalent bond
ΔEN ≥ 2 an ionic bond
Karen C. Timberlake
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A nonpolar covalent bond occurs between nonmetals.

• It is an equal sharing of electrons by the two bonding atoms.
ΔEN = 0 a nonpolar
covalent bondand Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
General, Organic, © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
b d
Polar Covalent Bonds
A polar covalent bond occurs between nonmetal atoms. It

• is an unequal sharing of electrons.
• has a moderate electronegativity difference.
Electronegativity
Atoms Difference Type of Bond
O-Cl 3.5 − 3.0 = 0.5 Polar covalent
Cl-C 3.0 − 2.5 = 0.5 Polar covalent
O-S 3.5 − 2.5 = 1.0 Polar covalent
ΔEN = 0 a nonpolar
Karen C. Timberlake
b d
Dipoles and Bond Polarity
A polar covalent bond becomes more polar as the difference in

electronegativity increases. The separation of charges in a polar bond is
called a dipole.
The positive and negative ends of the dipole are located by using
• the lowercase Greek letter delta with a positive or negative charge.
• an arrow that points from the positive to the negative end of
the dipole.
Karen C. Timberlake
Ionic Bonds
An ionic bond
• occurs between metal and nonmetal ions.
• is a result of electron transfer.
• has a large electronegativity difference (2.0 or more).
Electronegativity
Atoms Difference Type of Bond
Cl-K 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 Ionic
N-Na 3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1 Ionic
ΔEN = 0 a nonpolar
Karen C. Timberlake
b d
Electronegativity and Bond Types
ΔEN = 0 ΔEN = 0 to 2 ΔEN = 2+
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Use the electronegativity difference to identify the type of bond (nonpolar

covalent [NP], polar covalent [P], or ionic [I]) between the following:
A. K—N
B. N—O
C. Cl—Cl
D. H—Cl
Karen C. Timberlake

Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.8 Shapes and Polarity
of Molecules
Learning Goal: Predict the three-dimensional structure of a

molecule, and classify it as polar or nonpolar.
Karen C. Timberlake
VSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)

• describes the orientation of electron groups around the
central atom.
• states that electron groups are arranged as far apart as
possible around the central atom.
• states that the specific shape of a molecule is determined by
the number of atoms attached to the central atom.
Karen C. Timberlake
Linear (2 bond locations)
In a molecule of CO2
• two electron groups are placed around the central atom, carbon.
• the repulsion is minimized by placing the two groups on opposite sides of
the carbon atom, giving this a linear arrangement with bond angles of
180°.
• the shape with two electron groups around the central atom
is linear.
Karen C. Timberlake
Triganol Planar (3 bond locations)
In a molecule of formaldehyde, H2CO3,

• three electron groups are placed around the central atom, carbon.
• the repulsion is minimized by placing the three groups as far apart as
possible at bond angles of 120°.
• the shape with three electron groups around the central atom is trigonal
planar.
Karen C. Timberlake
Bent (2 bond locals + 1 electron pair)
In a molecule of SO2, there are three electron groups around the

central atom S:
• The repulsion is minimized by placing the three electron groups as

far apart as possible.
• The shape with two bonds and a lone pair on the central atom is
bent with a bond angle of 120°.
Karen C. Timberlake
Tetrahedral (4 bond locations)
In a molecule of CH4
• four electron groups are attached to H atoms around the central atom,
carbon.
• the repulsion is minimized by placing the four electron groups at corners
of a tetrahedron with bond angles of 109°.
• the shape with four bonds on the central atom is called tetrahedral.
Karen C. Timberlake
Trigonal Pyrimidal (3 bond locals + 1 electron pair)
In a molecule of NH3
• four electron groups, three bonds to H atoms and one lone pair, are
around the central atom, N.
• the shape with three bonds and a lone pair on the central atom is called
trigonal pyrimidal.
Karen C. Timberlake
Bent (type 2) (2 bond locals + 2 e- pairs)
In a molecule of H2O
• four electron groups, two bonds to H atoms and two lone pairs, are
around the central atom, O.
• the shape with two bonds and two lone pairs on the central atom is called
bent.
Karen C. Timberlake
Molecular Shapes, Electron-Groups
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Predicting Molecular Shape
1. Draw the Lewis structure.

2. Determine electron-group geometry based on total number of electron
locations on the central atom. (bonds and electron pairs)
• Single, double, triple bond all equal one electron location
• Every electron pair equals one electron location.
3. Determine the molecular shape based on how many ATOMS are
bonded to the central atom.
Karen C. Timberlake
Predicting molecular shapes
Predict the shape of a molecule of H2S.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
State the number of electron groups and lone pairs and use VSEPR theory to
determine the shape of the following molecules or ions as tetrahedral, trigonal
pyramidal, or bent.
A. PF3
B. H2O
C. CCl4
Karen C. Timberlake
Karen C. Timberlake
Polarity of Molecules
Nonpolar molecules
• such as H2, Cl2, and O2 are nonpolar because they contain
nonpolar bonds.
• Polar bonds can be nonpolar if the polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a

symmetrical arrangement, such as in CO2 and CF4.
Karen C. Timberlake
Polar molecules such as HCl are polar because

• one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than
the other.
• the polar bonds in the molecule do not cancel each other.
• the electrons are shared unequally in the polar covalent bond.
Karen C. Timberlake
In a polar molecule such as H2O, there

• are two lone pairs and two bonds around the central atom.
• are dipoles that do not cancel since the shape is bent, making
the molecule positive at one end and negative at the other end.
• is a partial negative charge on the central atom.
Karen C. Timberlake
In a polar molecule such as NH3, there

• is one lone pair and three bonds around the central atom.
• are dipoles that do not cancel since the shape is trigonal
pyramidal, making the molecule positive at one end and negative
at the other end.
• is a partial negative charge on the central atom.
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Determining the Polarity of a

Molecule
Karen C. Timberlake
Determination of Polarity
Determine if the molecule OF2 is polar or nonpolar.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Identify each of the following molecules as polar or nonpolar.

A. PBr3
B. HBr
C. CH4
Karen C. Timberlake
Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
6.9 Attractive Forces in

Compounds
Learning Goal: Describe the attractive forces between ionic

compounds, polar covalent molecules, and nonpolar covalent
molecules.
Karen C. Timberlake
Attractive Forces
• Intramolecular forces: attractive forces between atoms within

compounds
• Polar covalent bonds
• Nonpolar covalent bonds
• Ionic bonds
• Intermolecular forces: attractive forces between different molecules.
• London dispersion forces
• Dipole-dipole interactions
• Hydrogen bonds
Karen C. Timberlake
London dispersion Forces
London dispersion forces are

• weak attractions between nonpolar molecules.
• caused by temporary dipoles that develop when molecules bump into
each other.
• weak but make it possible for nonpolar molecules to form liquids and
solids.
Karen C. Timberlake
Dipole-dipole interactions
Dipole-dipole interactions are

• Attractions between polar molecules.
Karen C. Timberlake
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds
• are the strongest intermolecular attraction.
• occur between hydrogen atoms bonded to F, O, or N, and a lone pair on F,
O, or N.
Karen C. Timberlake
Comparison of Bonding and
Attractive Forces
Karen C. Timberlake
Melting Points and Attractive Forces
Melting points of compounds

• are related to the strength of attractive forces between
molecules or compounds.
• are lower due to weak forces such as
dispersion forces.
• are higher due to stronger attractive forces such as
hydrogen bonding.
• are highest in ionic compounds due to the strong
attractive forces between ions in the compound.
Karen C. Timberlake
Melting Points and Attractive Forces
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Identify the main type of attractive forces that are present in liquids of the
following compounds: ionic bonds, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonds, or
London dispersion forces.
A. NCl3
B. H2O
London dispersion – nonpolar molecules

Dipole-dipole – between 2 polar molecules
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Hydrogen bond – X-H --- X © 2016
(X=N, O, or
Pearson F) Inc.
Education,
Karen C. Timberlake Ionic Bond – metal and nonmetal
Study Check
Identify the main type of attractive forces that are present in liquids
of the following compounds: ionic bonds, dipole-dipole, hydrogen
bonds, or London dispersion forces.
C. Br-Br
D. KCl
E. NH3
London dispersion – nonpolar molecules

Dipole-dipole – between 2 polar molecules
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Hydrogen bond – X-H --- X © 2016
(X=N, O, or
Pearson F) Inc.
Education,
Karen C. Timberlake Ionic Bond – metal and nonmetal

Compounds
Karen C. Timberlake
Concept Map
Karen C. Timberlake

Ch. 6 - Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ch. 6 - Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ionic and Molecular

Ch. 6 – Ionic and Molecular

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds are formed when atoms lose, gain, or

• Ionic bonds occur when valence electrons of a metal

• Covalent bonds occur when nonmetal atoms share

Positive Ions: Metals Lose Electrons

In ionic bonding, ions form when atoms gain or lose

When sodium atoms in Group

Positive Ions: Loss of Electrons

When magnesium atoms in

Negative Ions: Gain of Electrons

When chlorine atoms in

Ionic Charges, Group Numbers

Ions are important in regulating body functions.

Ion Occurrence Function Source

Write the formula and symbol of an ion with

Consider the elements calcium and chlorine.

Ch. 6 – Ionic and Molecular

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Sodium chloride is more

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Writing Ionic Formulas from Ion Charges

To balance ionic charge in an ionic compound,

Write the ionic formula of the compound formed

6.3 Naming and Writing

Learning Goal Given the formula of an ionic compound, write the

When naming an ionic compound,

Names of Some Ionic Compounds

Name the ionic compound K2O.

Write the names of the following compounds.

A Roman numeral equal to the ion charge is placed in

Cu2+ copper(II) Pb2+ lead(II)

Metals with Variable Charge

Determine the charge of the metal ion in: MnF2

Ion Charges, Periodic Table

Name the ionic compound FeCl2.

Name the following ionic compound containing a variable charge metal.

The formula for an ionic

Subscripts are added to

Writing Formulas from the

Write the formula for iron(III) chloride.

Write chemical formulas for the following compounds:

Ch. 6 – Ionic and Molecular

Learning Goal Write the name and formula for an ionic

An ionic compound may contain a polyatomic ion (many-atom

Polyatomic Ions, Names, and Formulas

1. Names of polyatomic ions end in ate.

2. When a related ion has one less oxygen,

Names of Polyatomic Ions

3. Exceptions to these rules are the following:

4. Halogens form 4 polyatomic ions with oxygen.

When writing formulas for ionic compounds containing

Writing Formulas with Polyatomic Ions

Write the formula for aluminum nitrite

Write the formula for sodium phosphate.

Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

When naming ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions,

Recognizing polyatomic ions in a chemical formula helps to name

Select the correct formula for each.

Select the correct formula for each.

Flow Chart, Naming Ionic Compounds

Name the following ionic compounds: