5/2/2019 1.

EGYPTIAN - HOA2 Flashcards | Quizlet

Terms in this set (104)

FROM

5000 B. C. - 1st CENTURY A. D.

GEOGRAPHICAL
INFLUENCE

Egypt known as "The Land of Pharaoh " &

"desert Land". The "Nile River" is their means of
communication, highway & lifeline. Egypt's greatest wealth
was its fertile "soil".
GEOLOGICAL
INFLUENCE

• STONE - Soft stone | Hard stone

• SAND DRIED BRICKS
• DATE PALM
• PALM LEAVES
• ACACIA
• SYCAMORE
STONE

abundant building material except on temples & pyramids

Soft stone

limestone, sandstone, alabaster

Hard stone

granite, quartzite, basalt, porphyry

SAND DRIED BRICKS

made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples.

DATE PALM

this set
for roofing's
PALMquickly?
LEAVES
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ACACIA

for their boat

SYCAMORE

mummy cases
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE

Structure have no downspout, drainage, gutters due to

absence of rain. No windows to cut heat penetration &
sandstorm.
RELIGIOUS
INFLUENCE

• Pyramids were built because they believe in "Life after

Death" & for the preservation of the dead body.
• Pharaoh is not only king but also "god" both political &
religious ruler, when he dies he becomes "osiris", god of
dead.
• They're "monotheistic" in theory & "polytheistic" in practice.
DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN
GODS

a) AMUN—RA
b) RAH
c) ATUM
d) OSIRIS
e) ISIS
f) HORUS
g) SET
i) THOT
j) ANUBIS
k) PTAH
l) SERAPIS
AMUN—RA

chief god
RAH

symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life, sun god from
this set
Heliopolis
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ATUM
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OSIRIS

god of the dead

ISIS

wife of osiris
HORUS

sky god, son of osiris, also reincarnation of "Ra" himself

SET

dread god of evil, brother of pleasure

THOT

ibis headed god of wisdom

ANUBIS

jackal headed god of death

PTAH

god of craftsmen
SERAPIS

bull god
HISTORICAL
INFLUENCE

• 30 DYNASTIES - started from 3rd Millennium B.C. to

Roman Period.
• Egypt was part of Persian Empire for 2 Centuries, before
the invasion of "ALEXANDER the Great".
1) ANCIENT KINGDOM

• 1ST - 10TH DYNASTY

• Development of two types of tombs:
a) Mastaba
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b) Pyramid
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2) MIDDLE KINGDOM

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b) SENUSRETS
c) AMENEMHATIII
MENTUHETEP

developed the 3rd type of tomb "Rock-cut Tomb".

SENUSRETS

erected the earliest known "Obelisk" at Heliopolis.

AMENEMHAT I

founded "Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak" Grandest of all

temples
3) NEW EMPIRE

• 18TH - 30TH DYNASTY

• Important Personalities
a) THOTMES 1
b) HATSHEPSUT
c) THOTMES 1V
d) AMENOPHIS III
e) RAMESES I
f) RAMESES II
THOTMES 1

began the additions to the Temple of AMMON, Kharnak.

HATSHEPSUT

queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt. Der-

El-Bahari
THOTMES 1V

the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the
"Sphinx"
AMENOPHIS III

erected the "Colossi of Memnon", one of the wonders of the

world.
RAMESES I

this set
began the construction of the "Great Hypostyle Hall" at
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Kharnak
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Thebes.
4) THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD

Important Personalities
a) PTOLEMY II
b) PTOLEMY III
PTOLEMY II

built the Pharaohs or the "Light House"

PTOLEMY III

founded the "Greatest Serapeum" at Alexandria

SOCIAL & POLITICAL
INFLUENCE

• MONARCHY
• PHARAOH
• SON OF PHARAOH
• VIZIER
• CHANCELOR
• CHIEF STEWARD
MONARCHY

form of government
PHARAOH

King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest in Egypt

SON OF PHARAOH

normal successor to the throne

VIZIER

King's most powerful official

CHANCELOR

he controls the royal treasuries, granaries & supervises the

this set
census
CHIEF STEWARD
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SOCIAL RANKS

1) NOBLE FAMILIES
2) SOLDIERS, VIZIERS, CHANCELLORS,
CHIEF STEWARDS
3) FISHERMEN, FARMERS, CRAFTMENS, MERCHANTS
4) SLAVES
NOBLE FAMILIES

royal throne with his family

SOLDIERS, VIZIERS,
CHANCELLORS,
CHIEF STEWARDS

next to leaders
FISHERMEN,
FARMERS,
CRAFTMENS,
MERCHANTS

ordinary Egyptians
SLAVES

lowest form
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER

1) SIMPLICITY
2) MONUMENTALITY
3) SOLIDITY OR MASSIVENESS
SYSTEMS OF
CONSTRUCTION

POST & LINTEL

COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED.
FEATURES of
EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE

this set
1) BATTERWALL
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2) HIEROGLYPHICS
BATTERWALL
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HIEROGLYPHICS

use as ornaments, pictures & writings from the walls

TYPES of TOMBS

1) MASTABA
2) PYRAMIDS
3) ROCK CUT TOMB OR ROCK HEWN TOMB
MASTABA

• flat top or tapered solid temple

• are Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full
length
e.g. MASTABA of THI

THI - is a royal architect, superintendent of pyramids in

Egypt
IMPORTANT PARTS of
MASTABA

• OUTER CHAMBER
• SERDAB
• SARCOPHAGUS
OUTER CHAMBER

where offerings were placed

SERDAB

inner chamber containing the statues of the deceased

member of the family
SARCOPHAGUS

chamber containing the "coffin" reached by an under ground

shaft
STELE

is the upright stone slab containing the name of the dead

this
found setmastaba
in the
PYRAMIDS
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• evolved from MASTABA; with four sides facing the
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b) Bent or Blunt Pyramid

c) Slope Pyramid
STEP PYRAMID

• evolved from Mastaba

e.g. PYRAMID of KING
ZOSER or ISER

built by IMHOTEP, oldest surviving masonry building

structure in the world
BENT OR BLUNT
PYRAMID

• 2 degrees of inclination of slope

e.g. PYRAMID of SENEFERU
SLOPE PYRAMID

• parts:
king's chamber, Queen's chamber, subterranean chamber,
grand gallery, airshafts
e.g. 3 Famous Pyramid
@ GIZEH

• Great Pyramids of the Cheops was equated to the size of

St. Peter Rome
a) PYRAMID OF THE CHEOPS OR KHUFU
b) PYRAMID OF CHEOPS or "Khafra"
c) PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS or "Menkaura"
PYRAMID OF THE
CHEOPS OR KHUFU

• 146.4 mts. High & 750 sq. ft. in plan two times the area of
the famous "St. Peter Basilica in Rome"
PYRAMID OF CHEOPS
or "Khafra"

• 143.0 mts. high & 705 sq. ft. in plan

PYRAMID OF
MYKERINOS or
"Menkaura"
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• 109.0
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PARTS OF PYRAMID
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• elevated causeway
• Offering chapel
• Mortuary
• Valley bldg
ROCK CUT TOMB OR
ROCK HEWN TOMB

• cut deep into the mountain rock

e. g. Tombs of the kings, Thebes
TYPES of TEMPLES

• they were sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can

penetrate.
a) Montuary
b) Cult
Montuary

• built in honor of the Pharaohs

Cult

built for the worship of the gods, only high priest can enter in
both types of temple
Egyptian architecture

was designed principally for internal effect

PARTS OF AN
EGYPTIAN TEMPLE

• Entrance Pylon
• Hypaethral Court
• Hypostyle Hall
• Sanctuary
• Avenue of Sphinx
Entrance Pylon

• massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as

gateways in Egypt
Hypaethral Court

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• large setcourt open to the sky
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Sanctuary

• usually surrounded by passages & chambers used in

connection with the temple service
Avenue of Sphinx

• where mystical monster were placed

EXAMPLE of TEMPLES

• Great Temple of Abu - Simbel

• Great Temple of Ammon, Khanak
• Temple of Ammon, Der - El - Bahari
• Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
• Temple of Elephantine
• Temple of Hathor, Dendera
• Temple of Horus, Edfu
• Temple of Isis, Philae
• Temple of Khons, kharnak, by Ramesses III
• Temple of Luxor
• Temple of Mamimisi
• Temple of Mentuhetep, Thebes
• Temple of Seti I, Abydos
• Temple of Ramesseum, Thebes
Great Temple of Abu-
Simbel

• entrance forecourt leads to an imposing façade formed by

a pylon carved with 4 Colossal seated statues. (RAMESSES
1-1V)
-

• It is one of the rock - hewn temples at this place

commanded by the indefatigable Rameses II.
• An entrance forecourt leads to the imposing façade, 36 m
(119 ft) wide and 32 m (105 ft) high formed as pylon,
immediately in front of which are four rock-cut seated
colossal statues of Rameses, over 20 m (65 ft) high
Great Temple of Ammon,
Khanak

• most grandest temple in Egyptian planning & was

this setby Amenemhat 1; occupying an area of 1,200 ft
commenced
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-
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• Theand grandest
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A SH C AR D Stemples, was not built uponM AT CH
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magnificence to the work of many Kings

• built from
Temple the XIIth Dynasty to the ptolemaic period
of Queen
HATSHEPSUT,
Mt. Der - El - Bahari

• Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple @ Mt.Der-

El-Bahari
OBELISKS

• are monumental pillars usually in pairs at the temple

entrances considered the symbol of "Heliopolis" the sun
god.
• They are square in plan & stands at the ht. of 9 to 10 times
the diameter of the base.
• The four sides tapers to the top on the form of a small
pyramid
EXAMPLE of
OBELISKS

• e.g. Cleopatra's Needle, Embankment, London

• Piazza of St. John Laterano, Rome
SPHINX

a mystical monster with a:

• body of a lion and head of a man or "androsphinx"
• body of a lion & head of a hawk or
"heiraosphinx"
• body lion & head of a ram or
"criosphinx"
EXAMPLE of SPHINX

e.g. Great Sphinx at Gizeh near the Pyramid of the Cheops

CAPITALS & COLUMNS

a) Bud & Bell Capital

b) Polygonal Columns
c) Papyrus Capital
d) Volute Capital
e) Palm type Capital
f) Square Pillars
g) Hathor - Headed Capital
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MOULDINGS
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ORNAMENTS

a) Lotus Papyrus & Palm

b) Solar Discs & Vutures w/ wings
c) Spiral & feather ornament
d) Scarab or sacred beetle
Lotus Papyrus & Palm

for "fertility"
Solar Discs & Vutures w/
wings

for "protection"
Spiral & feather
ornament

for "eternity"
Scarab or sacred beetle

for "ressurection"

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