ABSTRACT

Day by day, there are different types of intelligent systems are introduced with
the improvement in technology. Everything is getting more intelligible and stylish.
There is a growth in the demand of cutting edge technology and also smart electronic
systems. In the proposed systems, microcontroller plays a vital role in the smart
systems development. Microcontrollers have become an essential part in the present
technologies that are being presented daily. This article discusses temperature based
fan speed control and monitoring system using an Arduino system. This system is
used to control the cooling system automatically based on the room temperature. The
system uses an Arduino board to implement a control system. Since this system is
proposed to control the cooling system and it is very important to know Arduino
controlled system well. The study was conducted with the design and manufacture of
Automatic Fan Control System. Further functional testing tools, as well as
temperature sensor is used.
TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCATION ..............................................................................01
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................. 02
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM .......................................................................... 03
4. HARDWARE REQUIRQMENT ..................................................... 04
5. ARDUINO ............................................................................................... 05
6. LCD ........................................................................................................... 10
7. LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR ................................................ 12
8. 9V DC MOTOR ..................................................................................... 14
9. BD139 NPN POWER TRANSISTOR ............................................ 16
10. DIODE 1N4001 ..................................................................................... 18
11. RESISTORS ........................................................................................... 19
12. POTENTIOMETER - 1K OHM, LINEAR ................................... 20
13. CAPACITOR ......................................................................................... 21
14. 9V BATTERY ....................................................................................... 22
15. LED ........................................................................................................... 23
16. SOFTWARE DESIGN ........................................................................ 24
17. SOURCE CODE ................................................................................... 25
18. TESTING AND RESULT .................................................................. 28
19. APPLICATION ..................................................................................... 30
20. ADVANTAGES .................................................................................... 31
21. CONCLUTION ..................................................................................... 32
22. FUTURE SCOPE .................................................................................. 33
23. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 34
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

FIG – 1 .................................................................................................................... 02
FIG – 2 .................................................................................................................... 03
FIG – 3 .................................................................................................................... 06
FIG – 4 .................................................................................................................... 08
FIG – 5 .................................................................................................................... 10
FIG – 6 .................................................................................................................... 13
FIG – 7 .................................................................................................................... 14
FIG – 8 .................................................................................................................... 15
FIG – 9 .................................................................................................................... 17
FIG – 10 ................................................................................................................. 18
FIG – 11 ................................................................................................................. 19
FIG – 12 ................................................................................................................. 20
FIG – 13 ................................................................................................................. 20
FIG – 14 ................................................................................................................. 21
FIG – 15 ................................................................................................................. 22
FIG – 16 ................................................................................................................. 23
FIG – 17 ................................................................................................................. 28
FIG – 18 ................................................................................................................. 29
 INTRODUCTION

Electric fan is one of the most popular electrical devices due to its cost-
effectiveness and low power consumption advantages. It is a common circuit and
widely used in many Applications. It is also one of the most sensible solutions to offer
a comfortable and energy efficient. In fact, the fan has been long used and still
available in the market. Nowadays, the demand for accurate temperature control and
air freshening control has conquered many of industrial domains such as process heat,
automotive, industrial places or office buildings where the air is cooled in order to
maintain a comfortable environment for its occupants. One of the most important
concerns involved in heat area consist in the desired temperature achievement and
consumption optimization. So, an automatic temperature control system technology is
needed for the controlling purpose in the fan speed according to the temperature
changes. Many researches focusing on automatic temperature control system
application in different fields will gain the benefits. For examples, an automatic
temperature controller for multi element array hyperthermia systems , multi-loop
automatic temperature control system design for fluid dynamics , design of automatic
temperature- control circuit module in tunnel microwave heating system, the
automatic temperature system with Fuzzy self-adaptive Proportional- Integral-
Derivative (PID) control in semiconductor laser .
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

LCD DISPLAY
(16X2)

R
LM35

N FAN
O (9V DC MOT OR)

UNO

Fig 1 - Block Diagram of the Temperature-Based Fan Speed Control & Monitoring using Arduino

Now Arduino board is very progressive among all electronic circuits, thus we
employed Arduino board for fan speed control.The proposed system is designed to
detect the temperature of the room and send that information to the Arduino board.
Then the Arduino board executes the contrast of current temperature and set
temperature based on the inbuilt program of the Arduino. The outcome obtained from
the operation is given through the o/p port of an Arduino board to the LCD display of
related data. The generated pulses from the board which is further fed to the driver
circuit to get the preferred output to the fan.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2 - Circuit Diagram of the Temperature-Based Fan Speed Control & Monitoring using Arduino
 HARDWARE REQUIRQMENTS

Following is the of hardware requirements that are necessary to build the

assembly of the temperature-based fan speed control & monitoring using Arduino.

 Board-Arduino Uno

 Lcd-16x2 Display

 IC-LM35 temperature sensor

 Transistor-BD139

 Diode-1N4007

 LED

 R1-R2-1-kilo-ohm

 Variable resistor-10 kilo-ohm

 Capacitor-10uF,16velectrolicty

 Fan-9v dc

Battery-12 cd for fan
 ARDUINO UNO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning
on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by
sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the
Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of
projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide
community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals -
has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to
an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and
experts alike. Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy
tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and
programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started
changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-
bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to
build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The
software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.
 Features Of The Arduino UNO:

 Microcontroller: ATmega328

 Operating Voltage: 5V

 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

 Analog Input Pins: 6

 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)

 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)

 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

Arduino Technology

A typical example of the Arduino board is Arduino Uno.It includes an ATmega328

microcontroller and it has 28-pins

Fig-3 Arduino UNO Board

The pin configuration of the Arduino Uno board is shown in the above. It consists of
14-digital i/o pins. Wherein 6 pins are used as pulse width modulation o/ps and 6
analog i/ps, a USB connection, a power jack, a 16MHz crystal oscillator, a reset
button, and an ICSP header. Arduino board can be powered either from the personal
computer through a USB or external source like a battery or an adaptor. This board
can operate with an external supply of 7-12V by giving voltage reference through the
IORef pin or through the pin Vin.

Digital I/Ps

It comprises of 14-digital I/O pins, each pin take up and provides 40mA current. Some
of the pins have special functions like pins 0 & 1, which acts as a transmitter and
receiver respectively. For serial communication, pins-2 & 3 are external interrupts, 3,
5,6,9,11 pins delivers PWM o/p and pin-13 is used to connect LED.

Analog i/ps: It has 6-analog I/O pins, each pin provide a 10 bits resolution.
Aref: This pin gives a reference to the analog i/ps.
Reset: When the pin is low, then it resets the microcontroller.
Arduino Architecture

Basically, the processor of the Arduino board uses the Harvard architecture where the
program code and program data have separate memory. It consists of two memories
such as program memory and data memory. Wherein the data is stored in data
memory and the code is stored in the flash program memory. The Atmega328
microcontroller has 32kb of flash memory, 2kb of SRAM 1kb of EPROM and
operates with a 16MHz clock speed.

Fig 4 - Arduino Architecture

 Basic Functions of Arduino Technology

 Digital read pin reads the digital value of the given pin.
 Digital write pin is used to write the digital value of the given pin.
 Pin mode pin is used to set the pin to I/O mode.

 Analog read pin reads and returns the value.
 Analog write pin writes the value of the pin.
Serial. Begins pin sets the beginning of serial communication by setting
the rate of bit.
 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred
over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &
even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of
a LCD.
.

Fig 5 – LCD Pin Diagram

 Features:
 High quality STN 16x2 character LCD

 3.3V power supply

 White LED Backlight

 5x8 dot characters

 ST7066 controller

 1/16 duty cycle

Pin Description:
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register when Register
4
high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the

temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to
oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more
accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not cause
more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature range is from

-55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies by 10mV in response to every oC rise/fall

in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ oC.

Features:

 calibrated directly in degree celsius(centigrade).


 Linear +10.0 mV/ degree Celsius.

 0.5 degree celsius accuracy guaranteeable (at +25degree celsius).

 Rated for full -55 to +150 degree celsius range.

 Suitable for remote applications.

 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming.

 Operates from 4 to 30 volts.

 Less than 60 Micro ampere current drain.

 Low self-heating, 0.08 degree celsius in still air.

 Nonlinearity only +/- 1/4 degree celsius typical.


Low impedance output, 0.1 Ohm for 1mA load.
 Fig 6 – LM35 pin configuration

Pin Description:

Pin No Function Name

1 Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) Vcc

2 Output voltage (+6V to -1V) Output

3 Ground (0V) Ground

 9V DC MOTOR

A DC motor is any motor within a class of electrical machines whereby direct current
electrical power is converted into mechanical power. Most often, this type of motor
relies on forces that magnetic fields produce. Regardless of the type, DC motors have
some kind of internal mechanism, which is electronic or electromechanical. In both
cases, the direction of current flow in part of the motor is changed periodically.
The speed of a DC motor is controlled using a variable supply voltage or by changing
the strength of the current within its field windrings. While smaller DC motors are
commonly used in the making of appliances, tools, toys, and automobile mechanisms,
such as electric car seats, larger DC motors are used in hoists, elevators, and electric
vehicles. A 9v DC motor is small and inexpensive, yet powerful enough to be used for
many applications. Because choosing the right DC motor for a specific application
can be challenging, it is important to work with the right company. A prime example
is METMotors, which has been creating high-quality permanent magnet DC motors
for more than 45 years.

Fig 7 - 9v DC motor
 Features
 Rated voltage:12V.

 No-Load Speed:35000±10% RPM/MIN; No-Load Current: 0.85A.

 Diameter 38.5mm.

 Length 57mm.

 Shaft 3.17mm.

 Weight: 255g(APPROX).

Fig 8 – Symbol of DC Motor

 BD139 NPN POWER TRANSISTOR
There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used
in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A
small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter)
can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter
terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and
drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.
 Features
 Collector-Emitter Volt (Vceo): 80V

 Collector-Base Volt (Vcbo): 100V

 Collector Current (Ic): 1.5A

 hfe: 40-250 @ 150mA

 Power Dissipation (Ptot): 1.25W

 Type: NPN

Fig 9 - BD139 NPN Power Transistor

 DIODE 1N4001

1N4001 is a member of 1N400x diodes. Diode is a rectifying device which

conducts only from anode to cathode. Diode behaves open circuited for the current
flow from cathode to anode. 1N4001 is a 1A diode with low forward voltage drop and
high surge current capability. It comprises of diffused PN junction and has low reverse
leakage current of 5µA. Its DC blocking voltage is 50V.
The cathode (n) is identified by a bar on diode case. The other terminal is the anode
(p).

Fig 10 - Diode 1N4001

Characteristics

 Maximum Recurrent Peak Reverse Voltage - 1000 V


 Maximum Average Forward Output Current - 1 A
 Maximum Forward Voltage Drop per element at 1.0A DC - 1.1 V
 Typical Junction Capacitance 15 pF

 Package - DO-41

 Weight 0.33 grams

Operating and Storage Temperature Range -65...+175 °C
 RESISTORS

Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is

given by the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through
it. Thus a particular value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the current through it.
They are omnipresent in electronic circuits.
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to
pass an electric current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical
conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical
resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction.
The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is
measured in siemens (S).
An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and
length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some
resistance, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.
The resistance (R) of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it (V) to current
through it (I), while the conductance (G) is the inverse:

Fig 11 - Resistor
 POTENTIOMETER - 1K OHM, LINEAR

An adjustable potentiometer can open up many interesting user interfaces. Turn

the pot and the resistance changes. Connect VCC to an outer pin, GND to the
other, and the center pin will have a voltage that varies from 0 to VCC depending
on the rotation of the pot. Hook the center pin to an ADC on a microcontroller
and get a variable input from the user!

Fig 12 - potentiometer

Fig 13 – Symbol of potentiometer

 CAPACITOR

Capacitor is a passive component used to store charge. The charge (q) stored in a
capacitor is the product of its capacitance (C) value and the voltage (V) applied to it.
Capacitors offer infinite reactance to zero frequency so they are used for blocking DC
components or bypassing the AC signals. The capacitor undergoes through a recursive
cycle of charging and discharging in AC circuits where the voltage and current across
it depends on the RC time constant. For this reason, capacitors are used for smoothing
power supply variations. Other uses include, coupling the various stages of audio
system, tuning in radio circuits etc. These are used to store energy like in a camera
flash.

Fig 14 - Capacitor
 9V BATTERY

This is a 9Volt battery. Inside it there are 6 very small cells connected together in series. Each
small cell has a voltage of 1.5 Volts. This type of battery can only produce a small electric
current compared to the ones above but the higher Voltage means that it can be used to make
special types of circuit work.
The symbol consists of 6 single cells connected together.

Fig 15 – 9V Battery
 LED

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from
LEDs varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low
voltage and power. LEDs are one of the most common electronic components and are
mostly used as indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and
optoelectronic applications. Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons when
electrons recombine with holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are
anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be identified by their size. The longer leg is the
positive terminal or anode and shorter one is negative terminal. The forward voltage of
LED (1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it in a circuit. Using
an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n gate.
Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor,
either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation)
is used to drive the LED. Get details about internal structure of a LED.

Fig 16 – Different color of LED

 SOFTWARE DESIGN

15

Temp >= 23 Temp >= 31

Temp >=40
 SOURCE CODE IN C/C++ (avr-g++) LANGUAGE

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(7,6,5,4,3,2);

int tempPin = A0;

int fan = 11;

int led = 8;

int temp;

int tempMin = 15;

int tempMax = 40;

int fanSpeed;

int fanLCD;

void setup()

pinMode(fan, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

pinMode(tempPin, INPUT);

lcd.begin(16,2);

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

temp = readTemp();

Serial.print( temp );

if(temp < tempMin)

{

fanSpeed = 0;

analogWrite(fan, fanSpeed);

fanLCD=0;

digitalWrite(fan, LOW);

if((temp >= tempMin) && (temp <= tempMax))

fanSpeed = temp;//map(temp, tempMin, tempMax, 0,

100); fanSpeed=1.5*fanSpeed;

fanLCD = map(temp, tempMin, tempMax, 0,

100); analogWrite(fan, fanSpeed);

if(temp > tempMax)

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);

else

digitalWrite(led, LOW);

lcd.print("TEMP: ");

lcd.print(temp);

lcd.print("C ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
 lcd.print("FANS: ");

lcd.print(fanLCD);

lcd.print("%");

delay(200);

lcd.clear();

int readTemp()

temp = analogRead(tempPin);

return temp * 0.48828125;

}
 TESTING AND RESULT

Fig – 17 Display the output and fun is running


The input is taken from a temperature sensor.


The output pins are connected to LEDs.


The control pins of the LM35 is connected to the arduino.


The time taken by the Arduino to convert analog data into digital form is
dependent on the frequency of clock source.


different value for temperature representation are selected, which in turn
are provided to display port

Display port includes LCD display devices.


For speed variation we have used PWM concept which in turn stands by duty
cycle variation.


Duty cycle variation needs, different on time and off time duration, which
are generated in program through delay generation logic, where value of
digit is inversely proportional to the delay value selected for off time delay
from the speed lookup table.

 This varying speed controls the running motion of dc motor.

 Fig – 18 Temperature and fan speed is showing


When the temperature of surrounding increases, temperature of thermistor
also increases which causes its resistance to decrease, therefore voltage
divider circuit causes more voltage.


Thus the output voltage increases causing speed of fan to increase.

RESULT

The electric fan operates automatically according to temperature rises in order to

compensate the rise in the temperature fun running full speed when the
temperature returns back to the normal temperature fun running normal speed.
 APPLICATION

Human also mostly demands something that easily to be used without

wasting energy. To minimize or reduce the power usage, this project
developed an Automatic fan system where speed is controlled by the room
temperature.

 Personal computers

 Exhaust fans in large hotels

 Washing machines

 CD and DVD players

 The circuit can be used for Car Engine to reduce the heat.

 This project can be used in Home.

 This project can be used in Industry.

 This will help in saving the energy electricity
 ADVANTAGES

Advantages of Temperature Controlled Fan:

 It is very economical and easy to handle by the user.


 Speed varies automatically, so that it controls the speed without using
it manually.

 It is help full to disabled People.

 It is very easy to install in offices, houses etc.

 Save energy by slowing down its speed in low temperature.
 CONCLUTION

This paper elaborates the design and construction of fan speed control system
to control the room temperature. The temperature sensor was carefully chosen to
gauge the room temperature. Moreover, the fan speed will increase automatically if
the temperature room is increased. As conclusion, the system which designed in this
work was perform very well, for any temperature change and can be classified as
automatic control.
 FUTURE SCOPE

The focus of this research will be on the implementation of sensor that controls the
speed of the fan. Scopes of this research are:

 The project will concentrate on electric standing fan rather than other type of
fan such as ceiling fan

 We can monitor more parameters like humidity, light and at the same
time control them.
 We can send this data to a remote location using mobile or internet.
 We can draw graphs of variations in these parameters using computer.

When temperature exceeds the limit, a call will be dialed to the
respective given number by an automatic Dialer system.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reference Books

 Arduino UNO Wi-Fi Development workshop by Agus Kurniawan


 Building Arduino PLCs by P.Seneviratne

 Encyclopedia of electronics components by C.platt

Reference IEEE Papers

1. Åström K.J. and Wittenmark B., Adaptive Control,Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-

201-55866-1,2nd ed., (1995)
2. Zbvng M. and Atherton D.P., Automatic Tuning of Optimum PID
Contoller, IEEE PROCEEDINGS, 140(3),(1993)
3. Vaibhav Bhatia and Pawan Whig, “A Secured Dual Tone Multifrequency
Based Smart Elevator Control System," International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Advanced Technology, Volume 1, Issue 4, Aug-Sept, 2013.
4. F. Luo, X. Zhao, and Y. Xu, "A new hybrid elevator group control system
scheduling strategy based on particle swarm simulated annealing optimization
algorithm", Intelligent Control and Automatio n (WCICA), 2010, pp. 5121-
5124.

Websites :

www.electroschematics.com

https://www.arduino.cc/

http://fun-engineering.net/

www.gadgetronicx.com.