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We would like to give our special thanks and our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness
to our guide, Prof. Bhagvat Zolapara (civil engineering department, Sal College of
Engineering, Ahmedabad). It would not have been possible without the kind support and help
of sir and many individuals and organizations.
We also would like to thank all the faculty members of civil engineering department, Sal
College of engineering, Ahmedabad, for providing all kinds of possible help throughout for
this project work.
This acknowledgement is a humble attempt to thank all those who were directly or indirectly
involved in our project work and were of immense help to us.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our faculties of Sal College of Engineering
for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project.
Our thanks also go to our colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly
helped us out with their abilities.
With immense pleasure, we present this report on “Application of rice husk and coconut
shell in modern construction”
ABSTRACT
Road Accidents are a global phenomenon which is occurring all over the world but are very
severe in mixed traffic conditions as prevailing in Indian road conditions. Many lives are lost
and a huge amount of property damage occurs due to accidents.
In 2011 only, 121618 people lost their lives in a road accident in India. From 2001 to 2011,
the decade data shows the fatalities has been increased by 5.8% and the number of persons
injured by 2.5%. As per Manual of Road Accidents in India 2011, 39,000 persons are killed
and 1.3 lakh peoples are injured in road accidents occurred on all State Highways in 2011 on
Indian Roads which consists of 27.4% and 26.1% respectively.
This Project represents about Road Safety Audit on SH-41 Covering Study Stretch between
Mehsana-Unjha. Which is one of the major state highways in the state of Gujarat, Which
having high traffic frequency of heavy vehicle.
INDEX
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Methodology
8 Conclusion
9 Remedial Measurement
10 Future Scope
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Road network of any country has a notable role to play for countries economy and growth.
Good road networks are required for fast moving in this era of modernization. Transportation
through road networks satisfies the basic needs of people. Nowadays, due to fast life vehicles
are increasing rapidly. Due to the increase in vehicles and constant road width with changing
environment scenario, the accidents are increasing rapidly day by day. There is a great amount
of economic loss occurring due to accidents and also many lives are lost in it. There is a loss
of productivity and costs to the hospital system and emergency services. Loved ones are lost
in accidents which are most personal to a person. Road safety is the main concern to reduce
road accidents. A Road safety measure prevents accidents to a minimum. Road safety can be
increased by providing safety measures such as traffic calming devices; proper geometric
designs of a location; traffic signs, signals, and markings; street lighting; bridges, culverts, over
bridges and underpasses; ditches along the Roadway; parking regulations; removing sight
obstructions in the roadways; etc. Providing a safe driving environment is indeed not only a
responsibility but also the highest priority for all highway projects.
Road safety audit (RSA) is a formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety
performance in the provision of new road schemes, or for the improvement and maintenance
of existing roads. A road safety audit is an important tool towards a safer and better road
environment. It is an operational tool kit for road safety engineering. Road safety audit reduces
road accidents and increases road safety. Road Safety Audit (RSA) is one of the best-proven
methodologies for ensuring that various safety deficiencies are reviewed at an appropriate stage
in a cost-effective way.
Road safety audit was first developed by England in 1980 as a safety check for new and existing
roads. This RSA system that was used by countries like US, Australia, Malaysia, China, Japan,
and Singapore. Now it is implemented by developing countries such as India, Egypt, South
Africa, Thailand, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
On a National Level, The first RSA guidelines were produced in 2003 by central road research
institute (CRRI) under the ministry of shipping, road transport and highways (MORTH)
sponsored research study. This was revised again in 2009 and was adopted by CRRI in 2010.
1.2 ROAD NETWORK IN INDIA
India has a road network of over 4,245,429 km (2,680,000 mi) in 2011which is second largest
in the world. At 1.25 km of roads per square kilometre of land, the quantitative density of
India’s road network higher to that of the United States (0.67) and far higher than that of China
(0.42) or Brazil (0.20). However, qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modern highways and
narrow, unpaved roads, and are undergoing drastic improvement. As of 2008, 49 per cent about
2.1 million kilometres of Indian roads were paved. Adjusted for its large population, India has
less than 4 kilometres of roads per 1000 people, including all its paved and unpaved roads. In
terms of quality, all season, 4 or more lane highways, India has less than 0.07 kilometres of
highways per 1000 people, as of 2010. These are some of the lowest road and highway densities
in the world. For context, United States has 21 kilometres of roads per 1000 people, while
France about15 kilometres per 1000 people - predominantly paved and high quality in both
cases. In terms of all season, 4 or more lane highways, developed countries such as United
States and France have a highway density per 1000 people that is over 15 times as India.
Up to 2012, India had completed and started using over 18,300 kilometres of recently built 4
or 6-lane highways connecting many of its major manufacturing, industrial, educational
centres, commercial and cultural centres. The rate of new highway construction across India
has accelerated very rapidly in the past few years. Up to October 2011, the country was adding
an average of 11 kilometres of new highways every day. The expected pace of project
initiations and completion suggests that India would add about 600 kilometres of modern
highway per month, on average, through 2014.
Expressway
India's first Expressway, the Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway (also known as National
Expressway 1, or the Mahatma Gandhi Expressway) is an expressway connecting the cities of
Ahmedabad and Vadodara in the state of Gujarat, India. Expressways make up approximately
1,208 km (751 mi) of India's road network, as of 2013. These high-speed roads are four-lane
or six-lane, predominantly access controlled. The 165 kilometer Yamuna Expressway, a six-
laned controlled-access opened on 9 August 2012. On 21 November 2016, India's longest
expressway - the 302 km long six-laned Agra Lucknow Expressway was opened.
National Highway
The main highways running through the length and breadth of the country connecting major
ports, state capitals, large industrial and tourist centers, etc. National Highways in India are
designated as NH followed by the highway number. Indian national highways are further
classified based on the width of the carriageway of the highway. As of March 2016, India had
completed and placed in use 101,011 km of national highways.
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the authority responsible for the
development, maintenance and management of National Highways entrusted to it. The NHAI
is undertaking the developmental activities under the National Highways Development Project
(NHDP) in 5 phases. From 2018, the pending projects under NHDP will be subsumed under
Bharatmala. The NHAI is also responsible for implementing other projects on National
Highways, primarily road connectivity to major ports in India.
State Highway
State Governments have the authority and responsibility to build road networks and state
highways. Most of the state highways are developed by State PWD. The State Highways
provide linkages with the National Highways, district headquarters, important towns, tourist
centers and minor ports and carry the traffic along major centers within the state. As of 31
March 2016, the total length of state highways was 176,166 km. As of 31 March, 2016
Maharashtra has the largest share in the total length of SH roads (22.14%), followed by
Karnataka (11.11%), Gujarat (9.76%), Rajasthan (8.62%) and Tamil Nadu (6.67%).
Independent of the NHDP program, state governments have been implementing a number of
state highway projects since 2000. By 2010, state highway projects worth $1.7 billion had been
completed, and an additional $11.4 billion worth of projects were under implementation.
District Road
These are important roads within a district connecting areas of production with markets and
connecting them with the State Highways & National Highways and are maintained by the Zila
Parishad. District roads are sub-classified into - Major District Roads and Other District Roads.
As per the classification of roads broadly the MDRs are to have a minimum width of 15 meters
with a traffic density of less than 10,000 PCUs but more than 5000 PCUs. It also connects
Taluka headquarters and rural areas to District headquarters within the state. As on 31 March
2016, the total length of district roads was approximately 561,940 km of which 94.93% of the
total length was surfaced.
Village Road
The rural roads in India form a substantial portion of the Indian road network, constituting
70.23 percent of the total roads in India (as of March 2016). As of March 2016, the percentage
of unsurfaced rural roads to the total rural road length (excluding 9 lakh kilometers of JRY)
was 66.15%.
These roads are in poor shape, affecting the rural population's quality of life and Indian farmers'
ability to transfer production to market post-harvest. Over 30 percent of Indian farmers'
harvests spoil post-harvest because of the poor infrastructure. Many rural roads are of poor
quality, potholed, and unable to withstand loads of heavy farm equipment. These roads are also
far from all-season, good quality 2-lane or 4-lane highways, making economic resource flow
slow, and logistical costs between different parts of India one of the highest in the world.
Number of Accidents
Accident
Year Serious Minor Non- Total
Fatal Severity
Injury Injury Injury Accidents
2009 4589 7569 16747 7174 36029 12.73
2010 4478 6629 15394 6322 32823 13.64
2011 4469 6719 14843 5704 31735 14.08
2012 4335 6694 14455 4020 29504 14.69
2013 4671 6727 14754 4478 30630 15.24
2014 4922 6785 14594 4187 30488 16.14
2015 4861 6875 15935 4827 32498 14.95
2016 5197 6946 15384 5322 32849 15.82
2017 5590 6910 14400 4502 31402 17.80
2018 6112 6836 13983 4103 31034 19.69
2.1 GENERAL
Road safety is an important concern for socioeconomic concern in India because nearly 121618
fatalities are occurred per annum (in 2011) and 511394 persons are injured per annum (in 2011).
The road safety audit is one of the newest tools for transportation specialists to address safety
deficiencies and erase it to a minimum. RSA is an efficient, cost-effective and proactive
approach to improve road safety. It is proved that it has the potential to save lives. Road Safety
Audit was first originated in the1960’s in the U.K. In the early ’90s, it was introduced in
Australia and New Zealand. It was not until 1996 the road safety audit was introduced in the
USA. Then it was introduced in developed countries like Sweden, Japan, Singapore and
developing countries like India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Bangladesh. For
evaluating road safety audit methods, policies of the United Kingdom, Australia and New
Zealand make for a good background on the standard procedure.
Road safety audit can be defined as a systematic approach of evaluation of existing or new roads
by an independent audit team at the stages of planning, design, construction, operation, and
maintenance to achieve accident-free roads and to enhance overall safety performance.
OBJECTIVES
Identification of Accident Prone Areas on the Road from the various survey.
Development of Statistical Relationship between Accident Rates and various factors causing
Accident.
INTERFERENCE
The study stretch (SH-87) is analyzed by Babcock's Analysis and found that Accident Rate 1/
Geometric elements (sight Distance, Shoulder Width, etc).
Majority of accidents occurred from 8 am to 12 pm and 4 pm to 6 pm of the day. Audit Team
Recommendation:-
This stretch needs geometric improvement, pavement resurfacing etc.
The study stretch has very low pedestrian safety.
Various Reasons are: Driving vehicles on the footpath, People standing on the road near the bus
station, improper footpaths, Trees on the median.
Source: IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE), (July-August 2012)
2.3.2 ROAD SAFETY AUDIT OF SELECTED STRETCH FROM UMRETH JUNCTION
TO VASAD JUNCTION
(Devang G Patel, F.S. Umrigar, C.B. Mishra, Amit A Vankar)
ABSTRACT
Road Accidents are a global phenomenon which is occurring all over the world but are very
severe in mixed traffic conditions as prevailing in Indian road conditions. Many lives are lost
and a huge amount of property damage occurs due to accidents. In 2011 only, 121618 people
lost their lives in a road accident in India. From 2001 to 2011, the decade data shows the fatalities
has been increased by 5.8% and the number of persons injured by 2.5%. As per Manual of Road
Accidents in India 2011, 39,000 persons are killed and 1.3 lakh peoples are injured in road
accidents occurred on all State Highways in 2011 on Indian Roads which consists of 27.4% and
26.1% respectively. This paper represents about Road Safety Audit on SH-83 and SH-188 which
are one of the major state highways in the state of Gujarat which connects NH-8 having high
traffic frequency of heavy vehicles. Analysis of major accident in recent decades has concluded
that driver’s errors are the major concern for the occurrence of a road accident.
Index Terms: Road Accident, Road Safety Audit, Black Spot, Socio-Economic Cost.
OBJECTIVES
Analysis of the Road Accident in Mixed Traffic condition.
Accident analysis according to Time, Monthwise, Collision Type, vehicle maneuver, location.
Identify the causes of Accident.
Identify Blackspot on the Study Area.
CONCLUSIONS
Accident occurred
Most of Accident Occurs due to ‘Driving Vehicle too Fast’ and ‘Improper Attention’.
RECOMMENDATION
ABSTRACT
Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety
performance of new and existing roads. RSA is an efficient, cost-effective and proactive
approach to improve road safety. It is proved that RSA has the potential to save lives. The RSA
was originated in Great Britain and is well developed in countries like UK, USA, Australia,
NewZealand, Denmark, Canada, Malaysia, and Singapore. It is at varying stages of
implementation in developing nations like India, South Africa, Thailand, and Bangladesh. RSA
appears to be an ideal tool for improving road safety in India, as basic and accurate data on
accidents have yet to be collected. The study aims to evaluate Road Safety Audit of a section of
four-lane National Highway (NH)-58 and will focus on evaluating the benefits of the proposed
actions that have emanated from deficiencies identified through the audit process. After
conducting RSA, it is found that trucks are parked on the highway which reduces the effective
width of the carriageway and creating traffic hazards to high-speed moving traffics.
Unauthorized median openings were found which should be immediately closed. Missing road
and median markings to be done and speed signs should match with speed. Access and service
lanes are also deficient which requires immediate improvement. The most Vulnerable Road User
(VRU) i.e. pedestrians and cyclists facilities near habitation are lacking and needs to be
facilitated on priority.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate geometric elements and safety features on National Highway NH-58.
CONCLUSIONS
From data simulation, it is found that Road Markings, Condition of Shoulder, Traffic Volume,
Spot Speed, Median Opening and Carriageway condition were main parameters for causing
accidents.
Service roads should be provided for the entire length of four-lane roads in order to separate
slow moving traffic from fast-moving traffic.
All undeveloped intersections must be developed with adequate lighting provisions.
Unauthorized median openings were found which should be immediately closed.
Missing road and median markings to be done and speed signs should match with speed.
Trucks are parked on the highway which reduces the effective width of the carriageway and
creating traffic hazards to high-speed moving traffics.
Source: International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation, September 2011, USA
2.3.4 CHECKLISTS JOURNAL: IRC SP 88
OBJECTIVES
It describes the performance and situations that can affect the road safety of the selected type of
project and audit stage.
To identify potential safety problems and cover the solution in the design.
CONCLUSIONS
Checklists have been prepared for stage 1 to stage 6, it covers planning, alignment, cross-section,
junction, link roads, traffic signs, road lighting, road markings, roadside hazard etc. The checklist
is as per IRC SP 88, Annex A.
3.1 GENERAL
The study is divided into two phases for the current project work. The first phase deals with the
Defining of the problem, Scope and Objective selection, Literature Review, Data Collection &
Analysis along with a selection of Study area. The second phase will be carried out in next
semester which involve Road Safety Audit process, Identification of critical parameters, Design
Safety Measures.
3.3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.3.1 STUDIES TO BE PERFORMED ON EXISTING ROAD
Various field studies are done before providing safety measures to the existing roads. Various
studies include Road Inventory, Classified Volume Count, Speed Surveys and Accident Data
from police stations. Road Safety Audit is usually done for all type of road users traveling on
road. Road Safety Audit on the existing road should be done on regular basis as it improves the
geometric design of road and reduces accident to a minimum. As a road is already built, it is
necessary to inspect the road on a regular basis.
Road Inventory
Road Inventory includes the geometric parameters of road surface, traffic control devices,
lighting system of the stretch, composition of traffic, drainage condition, junction layout, parking
facilities, cross drainage structures and adjoining land use pattern of the stretch. Various features
of highways are visible to man.
Speed Surveys
Speed is one of the most important traffic parameters and its measurement is necessary to be
evaluated for traffic problems. Speed studies are necessary for identifying the relationship
between speed and the accident because speed is one of the most important cause due to which
road accidents occur. This is conducted to observe the speed characteristics at selected points of
the stretch to determine the prevailing speed on the selected stretch.
4.1 GENERAL
Study area is the major concern of any project work. Study area characteristics are the major
parameter. Location on which the road to design or evaluate or study is a major concern. It
considers geometric locations, socio-economic variables and transportation infrastructure under
study area. Study Stretch starting from Mehsana to Unjha (Length 27.2km). Study Area consists
of Major Towns/Villages such as Unjha, Mehsana and Unava, Bandhu etc. Study Area has High
volume Traffic because of the Trip Generators.
1. Unjha- World Famous for its APMC Market
2. Unava- Dargah
3. Bhandu - LCIT college
4. Moti Dau- Patel MBA College
5. Mehsana - DudhSagar Dairy etc.
5.1 GENERAL
The data collected for Classified Volume Count, Roadway inventory and of adjoining land use,
roadway geometric and Pavement characteristics and highway crashes have been analyzed.
Accident data for the period 2009-2012 were obtained from different police stations on the study
area corridor. Two major short comings of the recording system are that the cause of the accident
is not properly reported and the exact location of the accident is not specified. The accident
locations are grouped according to the road section. The accident data have been analyzed in
relation to road length and vehicle-km traveled on the study corridor to provide further insight
into the nature of an accident and its extent.
Table 5.1 shows that Accident is more during the year 2014-2018. There is a decrease in the rate
of accidents from the year 2014 to 2015. There are total 428 accidents from 2014 to 2018 in
which fatal, serious and minor are 103, 127 and 198 respectively. Accident occurred on road due
to poor road conditions and no traffic signs on the road for alerting the driver. There was no
speed limit restriction sign on the road. Due to resurfacing, improvement in road condition, there
is a decrease in an accident after 2017.
50
40
No of Accident
30
20
10
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
Pedestrians 25 17 26 68
Cyclists 3 4 7 14
2-Wheeler 18 36 39 93
3-Wheeler 9 21 23 53
4-Wheeler 39 67 92 198
Bus 4 11 9 24
Trucks 30 35 35 100
12%
18%
3%
4%
17%
10%
36%
Table 5.2 shows that 36% of total accidents are occurred due to Four-wheeler which is a
personalized mode of transport and is highly vulnerable to accidents. Rash and negligent driving
have proved to be cause of the serious and fatal accidents. Similarly, poor road geometry and
inadequate street lighting also increase the incidents of accidents on roads. Pedestrian fatalities
account for nearly 12% of total road fatalities. Fatalities due to rickshaw, Two-wheeler and
trucks nearly consist of 10%, 17%, and 18% respectively of total road fatalities. Cyclists and
Bus fatalities are relatively low. Motor cycle and Two-wheeler consists of nearly 50% of traffic
on study stretch as the people residing nearby prefer motor cycle for their daily use. Heavy
vehicles pass through this stretch to transport goods as there are various Market Zones nearby
the study area. Pedestrians and motor cyclists are vulnerable road user on the road. As the land
use pattern nearby study stretch is agricultural land, the people working in farms uses motor
cycles and scooters for moving from one place to other.
40
30
20
10
0
Vehical Type
Table 5.4 shows that 67% of accidents occurred during day time between 8:00 am to 6:00pm
and 33% of accidents have occurred between 6:00 pm to 8:00 am. Accidents are more during
day time compared to night time. During day time visibility is more and numbers of trips are
also more. Drivers have a tendency to take more risk during visibility hours. Also, it is seen that
persons going for working place (morning 8:00 to 9:00, 10:00 am to 12:00 noon) and leaving
working(17:00 pm to 20:00 pm hours) place shows the rise in accidents.
20
No of Accident
15
10
Mounth
2 25-30 27.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 772.5 31969
At Brahmanvada
Speed Group Mid Speed Cumulative
No of Vehicles Frequency %
(kmph) (kmph) Frequency %
5.00-9.99 7.495 30 8.9 8.9
At Khali Junction
Speed Group Mid-Speed Cumulative
No of Vehicle Frequency %
(kmph) (kmph) Frequency %
5.00-9.99 7.495 25 8.62 8.62
10.00-14.99 12.495 28 9.65 18.62
15.00-19.99 17.495 24 8.27 26.54
20.00-24.99 22.495 24 8.27 34.81
25.00-29.99 27.495 47 16.2 51.01
30.00-34.99 32.495 13 4.55 55.56
35.00-39.99 37.495 9 3.1 58.66
40.00-44.99 42.495 32 11.03 69.69
45.00-49.99 47.495 9 10.07 80.39
50.00-54.99 52.495 32 3.1 83.49
55.00-54.99 57.495 31 2.06 85.55
60.00-64.99 62.495 9 3.1 88.658
65.00-69.99 67.495 6 2.75 91.4
70.00-74.99 72.495 9 3.1 94.5
75.00-79.99 77.495 8 2.75 97.25
80.00-84.99 82.495 5 1.72 98.97
85.00-89.99 87.495 3 1.03 100
18
16
14
12
frequency
10
8
6
4
2
0
Series 1
Identification of black-spots
Major 4 junctions and some t-sections are having black spots. In that Bhandu Junction,
Brahmanvada Junction, Unjha Junction.
Type
Type Date Place Reaason Year
FATAL SERIOUS MINOR
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
From the accident analysis, it can be concluded that during day time the accidents are occurring
more in number compared to night hours. This may be attributed due to poor road geometry and
environment, lack of traffic sense and enforcement measures. Policies during rush hours need to
be there. There should be new licensing system incorporating the points allotted for the penalties
to driver’s for violation and the limit of points should be there after which the license should be
cancelled and the driver should again appeared for driver testing for new license. This will reduce
the accidents on black spots considerably. Based on accident analysis we can conclude that:
• Maximum numbers of accidents especially fatal accidents are found to occur on vehicles
moving straight.
• Majority of accidents are occurred at junctions.
• 93% of Accidents are caused due to Driver’s error which is found to be main cause of
accidents.
• Head-on, Rear end, Side swipe and hitting Pedestrians’ collisions are found to be
maximum due to high speed and inattention.
• Pedestrians are most vulnerable victim due to in sufficient pedestrian facilities and poor
knowledge about traffic rules.
• 71% accidents are occurred during day time. Maximum Accidents are recorded during
peak hours between 10:00 am to 12:00 am and 4:00 pm to 6:00 pm.
• Maximum Number of Causalities are occurred to 2- Wheelers, 3- Wheelers and Cars.
• Driver’s with age limit between 20-30 and 30-40 are involved in maximum number of
accidents on study corridor.
• V/C ratio is between 0.22 to 0.25 on study stretch indicates that the traffic on study stretch
is of Level of service B which indicates chances of accidents are medium on study
corridor.
• From spot speed study, we can conclude that speed of cars are maximum i.e. nearly 80
kmph.
• Most of accidents are caused during summer season indicating driver driving very
inattentive during the clear weather.
6.2 Remedial measures
The problem of accident is more active due to mix traffic and complex flow for full realization
of the problems and the factors contributing to road accidents the effective systematic studies
was carried out to reduce the appearance of accidents the statistical analysis of accidents at road
stretches has been carried out to arrive at suitable measures to effectively decrease the accident
rates. Based on the accident analysis, road geometry, environment etc the following measures
are recommended:
1. Bhrahmanvada Junction
• The analysis indicates and physical verification at the site shows that max number of
accident are taken place at Bhrahmanvada which is uncontrolled intersection having 24
number of conflict points out of which 16 crossing conflict point are the measure. The
merging and diverging conflicts are minor measuring 4 each in this case. This calls for
reduction in conflict point considerably the optimum recommendation is the provision
of traffic rotary so that vehicles are force to move in clockwise direction before the weave
out of traffic flow. The crossing of vehicles is avoided by allowing vehicles to merge in
to the streams in clockwise direction around the rotary and then to diverse out to desire
road. The total accident as per police department is 35 in number. By provision of rotary
the crossing conflict is eliminated and converted in to a weaving maneuver or a merging
operation from the right and the diverging operation to the left.
• Proper sign signals marking which is do not evident at the junction needs to be providing
• Efficient lighting system is to be provided from night visibility point of view and also
for reducing glare at the night time. The encroachment with all 4 sides is affecting the
visibility distance along the major roads.
• At the crossing the pedestrian conflicts are also noted at the sight of the crossing the
school is also running but the provisions of foot path and guard rail for the school children
nor is the public provided. This calls the provision 1.5 mt minimum width of foot path at
the junction also the provision of guard rail at the junction as per IRC 103: 1988 could
be provided. The zebra crossing must always the provided and should be accomplished
by stop lines as per IRC 103:1988. The driver’s attentions needs to be focused on the
road for which their speed needs to be reduced by provision of speed barriers (IRC
41:1997). Proper geometry at the intersection needs to be done with the provision of
median.
2. at Straight Roads:
Due to the high speed of vehicles and inattention of drivers maximum accidents have been
occurred on the straight road. To prevent these accidents speed barriers should be provided at
regular intervals to reduce the speed of the vehicles. Speed limit sign should be installed at
regular intervals to warn the drivers about the speed limits. The lane width should be uniform
throughout the study area corridor. It is kept 3.75 m per lane to accommodate heavy vehicles.
The paved shoulder of 1.5 m should be provided.
Various other Remedial Measures are to be taken at Black Spots:
• At Bramanvada Junction, there is need of island at the junction with proper signs and
signals. Speed breaker should be provided to reduce speed on the junctions.
• Most of the Junction, Installation of road signs is also necessary.
• On Study Area Corridor, large Number of accidents are taking place, the so traffic control
and enforcement measure are essentially required.
• A number of places where the sight distance not clearly visible that particular places
traffic signs and speed restriction sign board are required. Installation of uniform, clearly
visible and effective traffic signs (carrying the message in addition to symbol) and their
proper maintenance at the intersection, petrol pump, over bridges, junctions.
• Adequate facilities for pedestrians for safe crossing of highways so Zebra crossing sign
and marking are provided at villages and intersections.
• Adequate street lighting and channelization on major intersections and stretches with
population settlement along the highway.
• Drivers training is the most important requirement for safe driving.
• The police patrolling at night time is required because most of the drivers are having
drugs of any other alcoholic’s drink that may cause accidents.
FUTURE SCOPE
Classified volume count can be carried out at various T-Intersections and Cross Roads on the
study area corridor. Spot speed studies can be done at T-sections and Cross Roads after the road
safety audit has been done. Safety Audit on the study area corridor at other uncontrolled
junctions other than black spots to prevent the accidents at those locations. RSA should be
carried out at all State Highway’s and MDR’s needs to be identified of any aspects in a highway
design that gives rise road safety concern and to suggest amendments in the design that would
enhance safety. The recommendations to improve road signs, road markings, highway lighting,
delineators and intersection design. Road safety Audits provides a socioeconomic balance
between road safety, accessibility, environment and economy at large.
REFERENCES
Papers: