Simulation and Analysis of Single Phase Full

Bridge Diode Rectifier with Different Passive

Power Factor Correction Techniques
 Abstract— It is needless
diode rectifier with
to say that many industrial
capacitive filter and its
applications invariablly
drawbacks are analysed and
demand DC power supply.
techniques used to
As AC power is abduntantly
available it is economical to overcome the problems of
convert it into DC and to capacitive filter are studied
used for industrial loads. and simulated in
Converter circuitary being MATLAB/SIMULINK.
fabricated with solid state
components, the supply gets
distorted with the harmonics II. CONVENTIONAL 1-Φ
injected. This problem can FULL BRIDGE DIODE
be overcome by placing RECTIFIER
proper passive filters in the
input side which is evident Single phase
from simulation analysis diode rectifier with R-Load
carried out in this paper by is shown in Fig-1. It
using different techniques
The entire analysis is carried
consists of 4 diodes D1,
out in MATLAB/SIMULINK D2,D3,D4. During positive
environment. half cycle of supply voltage
the diodes D1, D2
conducts and during
Keywords—single phase negative half cycle the
diode bridge rectifier,
capacitive filter, passive diodes D3,D4 conducts
power factor correction and it’s voltage and current
technique,THD waveforms are shown in
Fig-2. It is observed from
waveforms for both
I. INTRODUCTION positive and negative cycles
For control of electric current flows through load
power it is required to is unidirectional. The
convert power from one ripple frequency is twice
form to other form. As AC the supply frequency. The
power more cheaper than
Peak Inverse Voltage(PIV)
DC power, so available AC of the diode is Vm. The
power is converted to DC output voltage of Rectifier
by using rectifiers. These contains rippled i.e it
rectifiers are part of many contains both AC and DC
industrial applications. At components. These AC
low power levels, the componenets are
application is in the area of undesirable due to which
computers, air-conditioning efficiency reduces. So
etc. At high power levels inorder to minimize ripple
the application is in AC to content filters are used,
DC drives. The output which leaves DC
obtained from these drivers component to appear at
are given as input to output. Some important
inverters. Traditionally filters are capacitor,
single phase AC-DC inductor, combination of
converters are developed by capacitor and inductor. In
using diodes and thyristors most of industrial
to provide controlled and applications single phase
uncontrolled, unidirectional diode rectifier with
and bidirectional DC capacitive filter is used at
power. These rectifiers input stage as it is cost
suffer from problems such effective solution and
as poor power quality in highly reliable in low
terms of current harmonics, power ranges[2]
voltage distortions, poor The average output voltage
power factor, low
2�V m (Volts)
efficiency at input ac Vo = p that capacitor will react to
mains. Various filters are
used at input side and
output side to reduce the
ripple content in DC output,
to improve efficiency, to
reduce harmonics in Line
current[1]
In this paper a
Single-phase full bridge
Instead, energy stored in
capacitor discharges
through load during the
time when rectifier is not
supplying energy. After
capacitor discharges,
rectifier willnot allow
current to pass untill output
voltage of rectifier exceeds
the voltage across the
capacitor. The waveforms
of rectifier with capacitive
filter are shown in Fig-4[2]
Fig-: 1-ϕ Full bridge diode
rectifier without filter
Fig-3 Single phase
diode rectifie with
capacitive filter
Fig-2 waveforms for
rectifier without filter
III.
SINGLE PHASE FULL
BRIDGE DIODE RECTIFIER
WITH CAPACITIVE FILTER
The rectifier
without filter produces
ripples due to which
efficiency and power factor
are low. So inorder to
reduce ripples in the output,
some of the energy is stored
in capacitor and is allowed
to discharges during pulses.
Fig-3 shows the single
phase full bridge diode
rectifier with capacitve
filter.. It is observed from
Fig-3 a large capacitor is
placed directly across the Fig-4 Waveforms of
load terminals. The rectifier with capacitive
pulsating voltage from the filter
rectifie without filter as
shown in Fig 2 is applied to
IV. DERIVATION OF RIPPLE
this capacitor. As we know
VOLTAGE
any changes in circuit
Let us assume,
voltage and the voltage
across capacitor rises as Charge acquired by
fast as the half sinewave capacitor = charge lost by
voltage from rectifier, i.e capacitor during conduction
the RC charging time is too period
short. When rectifier Peak –peak ripple voltage
voltage drops to zero, the VP
capacitor voltage doesnot V rpp =
2×f ×R×C
fall to zero immediately.
Peak ripple voltage
V rpp
VP
V rp = = rectifier does not draw
2 4��f R �C
RMS value of ripple
voltage
V rp VP
V rms = = phase rectifier results in
2 2 ���
4 f R �C
Average output voltage:
T However, the low-order
V o = V p - V rpp = V p[1 -
2�R �Ccurrent harmonics are quite
Average output current
Io
I dc =
R a lowered fundamental
Ripple Factor
V 1
g = rms =
Vo 2(4��f R �C-1) to the large harmonic
Power factor
V rms �I s1
PF = �cos f
V rms�I s
PF =Kd*Kѳ
The distortion factor Kp is
given by the following
equation
I s1
Kd =
Is
The displacement factor Kθ
is given by the following
equation:
K q = cos f
The displacement factor Kθ
can be made unity with
capacitor or inductor, but
making the distortion factor
Kd unity is more difficult
Hence Power Factor=Kd
Total harmonic distortion
topower factor.
1 harmonic reduction and
THD(%) = 100 ×
2
K d -1
The capacitor will
be charged during the peak
of the AC input voltage and
this will result in high peak
input current. This rectifier
draws highly distorted
current from the utility.
According to the harmonic
standards set by USA and
European countries,
guidelines will limit the
amount of current distortion
allowed into the utility.
This is true for all rectified
AC sinusoidal signals with
capacitive filtering. Twice
per cycle every single-
phase rectifier draws a
pulse of current to recharge
its capacitor to the peak
value of the supply voltage.
Between voltage peaks the
capacitor discharges to PFC techniques can be VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
support the load and the categorised as “Passive”
and “Active”. Different
current from the utility. types of PFC techniques are
Therefore, the generation of shown in Fig 5[3]
harmonic currents due to
the behaviour of single-
distorted currents drawn
from the input line.
]
large, close to that of the
fundamental. It is observed
that the waveform contains
frequency component plus Fig-6 MATLAB circuit for
3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and higher Single phase full bridge
of current harmonics. Due Fig: 5 Single phase PFC rectifier without filter
Supply voltage Vs (V)
techniques 400
content single-phase bridge
rectifiers used for Active filter 300
interfacing power operate very well in low
voltage systems, but their
electronic equipment with 200
utility system may exceed cost and complexity when
the limits on the individual operating at medium and 100
current harmonics and THD high voltage systems is
more. On the other hand
Vs(V)
(Total Harmonic Distortion) 0
specified by international passive filters exhibit the
standards[3] best relationship cost -100
benefit ratio among all
The Disadvantages of other techniques. In this -200
having Low power factor paper a single phase diode
are
rectifier with passive filter -300
technique is used to
 Poor voltage improve power factor. The -400
regulation passive filter consists of
9.8 9.82 9.84 9.86 9.88 9.9
Time(sec)
9.92
elements like inductor,
 large voltage drop (a)
capacitor and resistor for
 Low efficiency the filtration purpose. This Supply current Is (A)
0.8
makes the filter
 Penalty from configuration simple and 0.6
electrical easy. The passive filter is a 0.4
department very good choice for
constant loads and is a cost 0.2
 Large line loss effective solution for
0
Is(A)
 Drags more
current power factor improvement. -0.2
In the event of improper
-0.4
V. POWER FACTOR design of filter, it paralyses
CORRECTION TECHNIQUES all the above advantages. -0.6
The filter is connected with
-0.8
The technique the power distribution 9.8 9.82 9.84 9.86 9.88 9.9 9.92
used to improve the value system and is tuned to Time(sec)
of Power factor is called present low impedance to
Power Factor Correction particular harmonics so that
(PFC). The purpose of the these harmonics are (b)
Power Factor Correction diverted from their normal
circuit is to minimize the flow path through the
input current distortion and filter[4]
make the current in phase
with the voltage. When the
power factor is not equal to
1, the current waveform
does not follow the voltage
waveform. This result not
only in power losses, but
also cause harmonics that
travel down the neutral line
and disrupt other devices
connected to the line. The
 300

250 increasing the value of

capacitor the ripples in 50mH 71% 0.05
200 output got reduced but the 500mH 29% 0.01
current harmonics increases
(V)

which leads to reduced So inorder to

Vo

150
efficiency and power factor. reduce input current
100 So capacitive filter alone is harmonics and to improve
not suitable for industrial power factor, filter has to
50 applications. The Fig-9(a) used at input side. In this
shows the input current paper passive power factor
0 waveform for capacitor correction technique in
9.8 9.82 9.84 9.86 9.88 9.9value 9.92 10µF
9.94 9.96
and 9.98 9(b)
Fig 10 which inductor and
Input current Is (A) for C=10 micro Sec
Time(sec) 0.8
shows the current capacitors are used is
waveform
0.6
for capacitor simulated in MATLAB
Input Current Is for input inductive filter of 10mH
value 10mF[4] Fig-104 MATLAB circuit for software. Fig-10 shows
0.4 rectifier with input side the circuit of diode rectifier
3
inductive filter with inductive filter on
) 0.2
2 input side. It is observed
0 from Fig-11(a) and Fig-
Fig-7 Simulation Results
Is(A)

1
11(b) shows the input
without filter (a)Supply -0.2
0 current waveform for

Is(A)
Voltage, (b) Supply L=10mH and L=500mH .
current, (c) Output voltage -0.4 -1
From table-2 it is observed
-0.6 for output capacitor of
It is observed from -2
10mF if we increase the
Fig-6 the single phase -0.8 -3 inductor value on input side
diode rectifier without filter 9.8 9.82 9.84 9.86 9.88 9.9 9.92 9.94 9.96 9.98 10
Time(Sec) -4 the THD in input current
is simulated in 9.8 9.82 9.84 9.86 9.88 9.9 decreses
9.92 9.94 and
9.96 power
9.98 10 factor
MATLAB/SIMULINK Time(sec)
Input Current Is(A) for C= 10mF also improved but the
with input voltage of 230V 80
major drawback of
RMS, 50Hz frequency and Input current for input side inductor for 500mH
1 inductive filter is the output
it is observed from Fig- 60
(a) voltage got reduced[4]
7(a),(b),(c) that input 0.8

volage and current are in

40
0.6
(a)
phase i.e., power factor is 20 0.4
unity but output voltage 0.2
0
contains AC components
Is(A)

0
which are undesirable. So
Is(A)

-20
inorder to reduce ripples in -0.2

output voltage, filter is -40 -0.4

used at output terminals. -60

-0.6

These filters absorbs AC -0.8

component and it allows -80
9.8 9.82 9.84 9.86 9.88 9.9 -1
9.92 9.94 9.96 9.98 10
DC component to flow Time(sec)
9.8 9.82 9.84 9.86 9.88 9.9
Time(sec)
9.92 9.94 9.96 9.98 10

through load[4]

(b) (b) Fig-12 MATLAB Circuit

circuit for rectifier with
Fig-9 Simulation Results Fig-11 Simulation Results input side LC filter
for rectifier with C filter (a) for rectifier with input side
For C=10µF,(b) For inductive filter (a) For
C=10mF L=10mH,(b) For L=500mH
Table-3 Effects of
Table-1 Effects of Filter inputside LC filter on
capacitor on THD, Peak- THD, peak-peak ripple
peak ripple voltage and Table-2 Effects of voltage and power Factor
power Factor inputside inductive filter
on THD, Peak-peak ripple L- Filter C-Filter THD% P
C- Filter THD% voltage and power Factor
Fig-8 MATLAB circuit for v
L- Filter THD%
rectifier with Capacitive 1µF 15% 10mH 220µF 196%
filter
10µF 59% 10µH 316% 10mH 100µF 175%
The MATLAB
circuit of single phase 50µF 124% 50µH 255% 1mH 50µF 150% 0
diode rectifier with
capacitive filter is shown in 100µF 196% 100µH 230% 10mH 1µF 105%
Fig-8, which is commonly
used in many industrial 1mF 335% 1mH 161%
applications. It is observed 10mF 360% 10mH 105% The
from table-1 as we MATLAB/SIMULINK
circuit of diode rectifier
with LC filter on input side
is shown in Fig-12. It is
observed from Table-3
THD value got minimized
and power factor improved
with different combinations
of L and C values[5]

VII. CONCLUSION
A single phase full bridge
diode rectifier without
filter, with capacitive filter
and it’s drawbacks are
studied and simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK
environment. Inorder to
overcome drawbacks of
using capacitive filters,
passive power factor
correction technique in
which capacitor, inductor
and combination of both
are used in present design.
The passive PFC
techniques are simulated in
MATLAB and detailed
analysis is done from each
method

REFERENCES
[1] Ahmed Al Mansur, Abdullah
Al Bashit, A.S.M Mahfuzur
Rahman,Md.Shahinur Alam,
Hasina Begum”Improvement
of input side current of a
single phase rectifier with
variable output voltage range
using Boost converter and
investigation of harmonic
mitigation” ,IJSER,Vol-4,
Issue-3, march-2013

[2] Sudeep PyaKuryal,

Md.Matin, “ Filter design for
AC to DC Converter,IRJES,
Vol-2,Issue-6 ,June-2013,
PP-42-49

[3] H Z Azazi, EL-Kohly, S A

Mahmoud, S S
Shokralla,“Review of Active
and Passive circuits for
power factor correction in
single phase low power DC
Converter”, Proceedings of
14th MEPCON , 2010

[4] Suma Umesh, L Venkatesha,

Usha A, “Active power
factor Correction Technique
for Single phase Full Bridge
Rectifier”,IEEE-ICAECT,
2014

[5] R Balamurugan, Dr.G

Guruswamy, “Harmonic
optimization by Single phase
improved Power quality
AC-DC Power Factor
Corrected Converter “, Vol-1,
Internation Journal on
computer application, 2010