A

Project Report
On

REUSE OF PLASTIC IN PAVER BLOCKS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJSHREE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

(BAREILLY)
Affiliated to

Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW

Under the Guidance of: Submitted by:

MISS NAINCY GUPTA JITENDRA
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of B.Tech final year civil engineering of
2015-2019 batch have carried out the project entitled “Reuse of plastic in paver
blocks” under our supervision.

Jitendra (1547900015)

This project have been completed under the ordinance governing the course leading the
Bachelor degree in Civil Engineering at Rajshree Instute of Management &
Technology, Bareilly affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Miss. Naincy Gupta Mr. Harshit Varshney

(Assistant Professor) (Head of Department)
(Project Guide)

External Examiner
Name:-
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank all the peoples who have contributed in some way to the
work described in this thesis. First and foremost I would like to thank our respected Dean
Mr. Saket Agarwal for providing us a good platform to enhance our knowledge and
skills. I would also like to thank Mr. Harshit Varshney, HOD of Civil Engineering
branch for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge and giving
me valuable guidelines to prepare my project report. This work would never had been
completed without the constant support of our thesis supervisor Miss Naincy Gupta,
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Rajshree Group of
Management & Technology, Bareilly who was always available with us whenever any
problem occurred for his guidance, support and inspiring suggestion and for the
development of thesis at every step. She took keen interest in my report and allowed me
to access facilities of Civil Engineering Department laboratories.

I would also like to thanks Mr. Himanshu Bhatt, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering Department, Rajshree Institute, Bareilly for providing facilities for
completion of the work.

In the end, I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my family, for

supporting and encouraging me at every step of my work. It is the power of their
blessings, which has given me the courage, confidence and zeal for me.

JITENDRA (1547900015)
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that to the best of our
knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published or written by another
person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any
other degree of university learning except where due Acknowledgement has been made
in the text.

Date:- JITENDRA (1547900015)

Place:-
 ABSTRACT

Plastics are rapidly growing segment of the municipal solid waste. Disposal of waste
materials including waste plastic bags has become a serious problem. Amount of waste
plastic bags being accumulated in 21st century has created big challenges for their
disposal. The waste plastics in house hold is large and increases with time. In each
country waste consumption is different, since it is unaffected by socioeconomic
characteristics and waste management programs, but the level of plastics in waste
consumption is high. In order to overcome this issue, we have to use it in effective way.

This project is about recycling waste plastics in to Pavement blocks and studies their
characteristics. Pavement blocks are perfect materials on the pathways and streets for
simple laying and finishing. It will be a boon to modern society and environment. The
main aim is to use the plastic in construction fields with limited additions. It will be
definitely a cost economical and can be applied in different forms.
 CONTENT

TABLEL OF CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION….………………………………………..…….01
1.1 OVERVIEW……………………………………………..….....01
1.2 ADVANTAGES OF PAVER BLOCK………………….…….07
1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF PAVER BLOCK………….………..07
1.4 METHDOLOGY OF PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK……..…..08

2. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………...…….09
2.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………….…09

3. WHAT IS PAVER BLOCK…………………………..………...…16

4. MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY..……........................……...18

4.1 MATERIALS…………………………………………...……...18
4.1.1 WASTE PLASTIC……………………….…...………18
4.1.2 QUARRY DUST…………………………...……………21
4.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE…………………..…..……….24

4.2 EQUIPMENT USED……………………………..….………..27

4.2.1 MOULD……………………………………...…………..27
4.2.2 BURNING FUELS………………………………………28
4.2.3 IRON BARREL LIES…………………………………..30

5. PREPERATION OF TEST SPECIMEN………………...………32

5.1 MIX RATIO……………………………….…………...………32
6. RESULT & DISCUSSION……………………………..................34
6.1 WATER ABSORPTION TEST…………….…………...……34
6.2 OVEN TEST…………………………………….…...................35
6.3 HARDNESS TEST….…………………………….………..….35
6.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST………………………..36

7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK &

CONCRETE PAVER BLOCK………….………………………38

8. CONCLUSION……………………………...……………………..39

9. REFERENCE………………………...……………………………41
 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1. PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK…………..………………………..…04

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF METHODOLOGY OF
PAVER BLOCK………………………..………………………….08
3. PLASTIC WASTE……………………..………………………….18
4. QUARRY DUST………………………..………………………….21
5. COARSE AGGREGATE……………….………………………...24
6. MOULD………………………………….…………………………27
7. BURNING FUEL……………………….…………………………29
8. IRON BARREL LIE……………………..………………………..30
9. METHODOLOGY OF PLASTI PAVER BLOCK…...…………31
10. PREPERATION OF SPECIMEN……………………..…………33
11. COMPRESSION STRENGTH TEST………………...………….36
 LIST OF TABEL

TABEL NAME PAGE NO.

1. PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST………...……….05

2. CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST……….……….06
3. PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF COARSE AGGREGATE.………06
4. BASIS ROPERTY OF PLASTIC………………………………...19
5. PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC POLYTHLENE………….………19
6. PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST…………..……..23
7. CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST…………..……23
8. PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF COARSE AGGREGATE…..…...25
9. WATER ABSORPTION TEST RESULT………………….……34
10. OVEN TEST RESULT………………………………………..…..35
11. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT…………….….37
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Paver block technology has been introduced in India in construction a decade ago
for a specific requirement namely footpath and parking areas etc. Now paver block is
being adopted extensively in different use.

In this investigation various properties such as compressive strength, split tensile

strength and water absorption of paver blocks consisting of plastic wastes,
unconventional materials such as quarry dust and fine aggregate of various percentage
replacement are used. Cement concrete tiles and paving blocks are precast solid products
made out of cement concrete. The product is made in various sizes and shapes viz.
rectangular, square and round blocks of different dimensions with designs for
interlocking of adjacent tiles blocks.

The raw materials required for manufacture of the product are plastics and
aggregates which are available locally in every part of the country. This pavement are
less susceptible to rutting, minimum fatigue or thermal cracking, low stripping due to
moisture and offers great durability, little or no impact on processing and also produces
eco friendly construction and costs less.

Road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area
intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as road or walk way. In the past, gravel
road surfaces, cobble stone and granite sets were extensively used, but these surfaces
have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Road
surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, Paving methods are beginning
tobe used for low impact roadways and walk ways.

Block tiles and paving blocks find applications in pavements, foot paths, gardens,
passenger waiting sheds, bus stops, industry and other public places. The product is
commonly used in urban areas for the above applications. Hence, the unit may be setup
in urban and semi-urban areas, near the market. A lot of face-lift is being given to roads,
footpaths along the roadside. Plastic paving blocks are ideal materials on the footpaths
for easy laying, better look and finish.

1
 Whereas the tiles find extensive use outside the large building and houses, lots of
these materials are also used in flooring in the open areas of public offices and
commercial buildings and residential apartments.

The waste plastic will be large in household time. In many countries the
compositions of waste is different, that it is affected by the socioeconomic characters,
waste management programs and consumption patterns, but generally the level of plastic
in the waste composition is high. One of the largest component of plastic waste is
polyethylene which is followed by polypropylene Polyethylene Terephthalate and
Polystyrene.

The large volume of materials required for construction is potentially a major

area for the reuse of waste materials. Recycling the plastics has advantages since it is
widely used and has a long service life, which means that the waste is being removed
from the waste stream for a long period .Because the amount of clay required to make
bricks is large, the environmental benefits are not only related to the safe disposal of bulk
waste, but also to the reduction of environmental impacts that arise due to burning of
plastics.

Plastics also help to conserve energy at the home furthermore, the U.S.
Department of Energy estimates that use of plastic foam insulation in homes and
buildings each year will ultimately save close to 60 million barrels of oil versus other
kinds of insulation. The same principles apply in appliances such as refrigerators and air
conditioners.

Paver block paving is versatile, aesthetically attractive, functional, and cost

effective and requires little or no maintenance if correctly manufactured and laid. Most
concrete block paving constructed in India also has performed satisfactorily but two
main areas of concern are occasional failure due to excessive surface wear, and
variability in the strength of block. Natural resources are depleting worldwide at the
same time the generated wastes from the industry and residential area are increasing
substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of Non-
conventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to
compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the
environment.

2
 Plastic waste used in this work was brought from the surrounding areas.
Currently about 56 lakh tonnes of plastic waste dumped in India in a year. The dumped
waste pollutes the surrounding environment. As the result it affects both human beings
and animals in direct and indirect ways
Hence it necessary to dispose the Plastic waste properly as per the regulations
provided by our Government. The replacement of plastic waste for cement provides
potential environmental as well as economic benefits.
Pavement in construction is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering. Paving
materials include asphalt concrete, stone such as flag stone ,cobblestone, and sets , artificial
stone ,bricks, tiles, and sometimes wood. Inlands cape architecture pavements are part of the
hard escape and are used on sidewalks, road surfaces, patios, courtyards. Paver block
technology has been introduced in India in construction a decade ago for a specific
requirement namely footpath and parking areas etc.

Now paver block is being adopted extensively in different use. In this investigation
various properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of
paver blocks consisting of plastic wastes, unconventional materials such as quarry dust and
fine aggregate of various percentage replacement are used. Cement concrete tiles and paving
blocks are precast solid products made out of cement concrete. The product is made in
various sizes and shapes viz. rectangular, square and round blocks of different dimensions
with designs for inter locking of adjacent tiles blocks.

The raw materials required for manufacture of the product are Portland cement and
aggregates which are available locally in every part of the country. This pavement are less
susceptible to rutting, minimum fatigue or thermal cracking, low stripping due to moisture
and offers great durability ,little or no impact on processing and also produces eco friendly
construction and costs less. Road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid
down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as road or walk way.

In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobble stone and granite sets were extensively used,
but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base
course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, Paving methods are
beginning to be used for low impact roadways and walk ways. Block tiles and paving blocks
find applications in pavements, foot paths, gardens, passenger waiting sheds, bus-stops,
industry and other public places.

3
 The product is commonly used in urban areas for the above applications. Hence, the
unit may best up in urban and semi-urban areas, near the market .A lot of face-lift is being
given to roads, footpaths along the roadside. Concrete paving blocks are ideal materials on
the foot paths for easy laying, better look and finish.

Whereas the tiles find extensive use outside the large building and houses, lots of
these materials are also used in flooring in the open areas of public offices and commercial
buildings and residential apartments.

Paver block is an attractive engineering and economical alternative to both

flexible and rigid pavement in various countries. Interlocking concrete pavements are
special dry mix precast piece of concrete commonly used in exterior landscaping
pavement applications. For better look, easy laying and finish paver block are ideal
material.

The strength, durability and aesthetically pleasing surfaces have made paving
blocks attractive for many commercial, municipal and industrial applications such as
parking areas, pedestrian walks, traffic intersections, container yards and roads. Stone
sub based and leveling bed of is needed to install interlocking paver block. Concrete
paver blocks are made with concrete basically consisting of cement, fine aggregates,
coarse aggregates (10 mm and below), water, chemical pigments, etc.

Overall performance of concrete paver blocks used are mainly governed by

properties of materials, water cement ratio, mixing process and curing process. For
outdoor flooring versatility in application interlocking paver are modern day solutions.
To suit the imagination of landscape architectures and nature’s paver are having various
shape, size and colour. They are placed in variety of pattern. There are many advantages
of choosing outdoor paving tile to finish off a patio design or to tidy up your garden.
They do not absorbed water when it is placed in places like garden and patio area.

Fig.1.Plastic Paver Block

4
Need of Plastic

Plastic has a number of properties, which exploited alone or together, which fulfill
construction needs.

 Corrosion resistant.
 Good Insulation for cold, heat and sound saving energy.
 It is economical and has a longer life.
 Maintenance free (such as painting is minimized)
 Hygienic and clean
 Ease of processing / installation
 Light weight

Need of Quarry Dust

In concrete production it could be used as a partial or full replacement of natural sand.

Besides, the utilization of quarry waste, which itself is a waste material, will reduce the
cost of concrete production.

The physical and chemical properties of quarry dust obtained by testing the sample as
per the Indian Standards are listed in the below table.

TABEL.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST

PROPERTY QUARRY DUST NATURAL SAND TEST

METHODS
Specific gravity 2.54 – 2.60 2.60 IS2386 (Part III)-
1963
Bulk density 1720 – 1810 1460 IS2386 (Part III)-
(kg/m3) 1963
Absorption 1.20 - 1.50 Nil IS2386 (Part III)-
1963
Moisture Content Nil 1.50 IS2386 (Part III)-
(%) 1963
Fine Particles 12-15 6 IS2386 (Part III)-
>0.075mm (%) 1963
Sieve Analysis Zone – II Zone – II IS 383-1970

5
TABEL.2. CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST

CONSTITUENTS QUARRY DUST NATURAL DUST TEST

(%) (%) METHODS
SiO2 62.48 80.78 IS 4032 – 1968
Al2O3 18.72 10.52 IS 4032 – 1968
Fe2O3 6.54 1.75 IS 4032 – 1968
CaO 4.83 3.21 IS 4032 – 1968
MgO 2.56 0.77 IS 4032 – 1968
Na2O Nil 1.37 IS 4032 – 1968
K2O 3.18 1.23 IS 4032 – 1968
TiO2 1.21 Nil IS 4032 – 1968
Loss of ignition 0.48 0.37 IS 4032 – 1968

Need of Coarse Aggregate

Natural granite aggregate having density of 2700 kg/m2 .The specific gravity was found
to be 2.58.

TABEL.3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

S .NO CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED VALUES

1. Specific Gravity 2.65

2. Water Absorption 0.8%

3. Loose Bulk Density 1.412 Kg/lit

4. Bulk Density 1.532Kg/lit

6
 Interlocking Pavers are the modern day solution to the outdoor flooring versatility
in applications. Paver block is solid, unreinforced pre-cast cement concrete paving units
used in the surface course of pavement. They are high strength concrete moulding in
various shapes, sizes & colors to suit the imagination of landscape architects & nature's
essence. Interlocking pavers are manufactured concrete product that is individually
placed in a variety of patterns. They do not absorb water and can be placed so that excess
water is taken away from the garden and patio area rather than over-saturating it. This
type of pavement will absorb stress such as small earthquakes, freezes and thaws, and
slight ground erosion by flexing. Therefore, they do not easily crack, break or buckle like
pouring asphalt or poured concrete. Polypropylene fibre is used in the construction
industry as a secondary reinforcement which arrests cracks, increases resistance to
impact/abrasion & greatly improves quality of construction.

1.2 ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK:

 They are thinner and lighter, have superb heat insulating properties (5 times more
than standard bricks) and are just as strong as their stony counterparts.
 They are also great at insulating against noise and it only takes 20 bottles on average
to make one brick.
 90% of all waste is Plastics.
 Each brick helps rid the world of discarded plastic and is cheaper and more fuel
efficient to manufacture than conventional bricks.
 It's also less energy intensive than recycling the plastic into other forms.

1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK:

 Lesser fire resisting qualities as compared to the conventional bricks/stones.

 Requires extra inclusion of detail when extra decorative additions are required.

7
1.4 METHODOLOGY OF PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK

Laboratory Experimental Program

Materials

Coarse Aggregate Quarry Dust

Making Paver Block

(Waste plastic + Coarse Aggregate + Quarry Dust)

Tests
1) Water Absorption test
2) Fire Resistance test
3) Compression test
4) Hardness test

Result & Discussion

Conclusion

Fig 2. Block diagram of methodology of paver block

8
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This paper documents existing literature on the subject matter, different material
and add mixer add use in mix design of concrete for making rubber mould Paver Block
so changes in the physical property of Paver Block, Paver Block become eco-friendly,
view of the cost paver block become economic.

Literature published in various national, international, other online and local

journals and other conferences, various reports the various standards published by
various authorities have been studied and their small important contents have been stated
here. Then, major findings have been stated, describing the most important findings of
this literature review stating various factors become beneficially use for make Rubber
Mould Paver Block in the construction industry.

The producing useful shape of stone the various stone wastes are coming out
from the various processes in stone industries. From the preliminary waste named as
stone chips, due to minimum cost it is taken out to replace the natural basaltic coarse
aggregate utilization in concrete.

In current time natural basaltic aggregate are using and as it is costly, so it’s
required to replace by stone waste such as stone chips conserves basaltic aggregate
reduces the impact on landfills and for sustainable development. Decreases energy
consumption and can provide cost savings also. Stone waste as aggregates are the
materials for the future.

Following are some literature reviews on various national and international

papers on the use of industrial waste and fiber into the paver block. This all reviews are
on Paver Block and improvement on the paver block characteristic by various waste
materials in to paver block.

9
REVIEW ON PAPERS RELATED TO PAVER BLOCK:

Muraleedharan (2003), B.Shanmugavalli et. al Noted Past and percent population of

paver block in India. Development and application of precast paver block the seventies
and was continued in the eighties.
During the late eighties and early nineties, high-strength CBP technique was in practice
Concrete Block Pavements (CBPs) in the seventies and eighties suitable for local
conditions, as well as efforts in the nineties for introduction and popularization of small-
element, high-strength, Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement (ICBP) for special
applications, through laboratory studies, construction and monitoring of pavements and
standardization work.

Tapkire et al. (2010) Investigated Recycled plastic used in the concrete paver block
amount of plastic waste more and the problem for their disposal, so waste utilized in the
construction industry, plastic waste like plastic bottles, pallets, carry bags; polypropylene
(PP) and polyethylene Terepthalate (PET) were as alternative replacements of a part of
the conventional aggregates of concrete. 20% Recycled plastic are used in place of
aggregates in concrete, which does not affect the properties of concrete [26]

Gencel et al. (2012) Found that Marble industry produces large amounts of waste marble
they causes environmental problems. There are two types one have cementaceous
property and others have no cementaceous property, we have partly replaced aggregate
with waste marble. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on blocks so
produced. The cement type turns out to be an important factor. Paver block with marble
waste give economical value in Turkey 1 m3 concrete to produce paving block costs
approximately 34 US $. However, when waste marble is used in the ratio of 40%, the
cost goes down to approximately 30 US$.

10
Rai et al. (2012) used plastic pallets as fine aggregate and studied the workability,
compressive strength and flexural strength of waste plastic-mix concrete with and
without using super plasticizer. Rebeiz (1996) investigated the strength properties of
unreinforced polymer concrete using an unsaturated polyester resin based on recycled
polythene terephthalate (PET).

Vaz Aaron et al. (2012) found that cement concrete is second most consumed
commodity in the world someone generated a large amount of carbon dioxide it is
respontibal for global warming effect. Geo polymer concrete used as an option for OPC
in Precast Concrete products. Geo polymer concrete is a eco frendly option for waste
stabilization. GPC paver blocks have high compressive strength compared to OPC. They
also have high early
strength gain curing time 24hours at 60°C and OPC is curing 28 days in water so geo
polymer concrete used Benefitly in the manufacture paver block.

M ravi et al. (2012) This paper analyzed that experimental study on strength
characteristics and water absorption of iron ore tailings based concrete paver blocks
compared with that of conventional concrete paver blocks. Iron ore tailing is obtained
from the mining industry waste handling and disposing them is a problem so used of iron
ore in concrete for their improvement in strength. The use of iron ore tailing from 5% to
15% has shown increases in the compressive strength of the concrete compared to
normal concrete and 15% to 25% has resulted in lower compression strength compared
to that of conventional blocks.

Thakur et al. (2013) Found that Nylon Fiber to increase the compressive strength of
Paver Block. Addition of optimum nylon fiber and fly ash in the construction of paver
block increases its compressive strength up to 13.55% as compared to standard mix.

11
Kashiyani et al. (2013) Investigated Innovative addition of polypropylene fibers only in
the top layer (15 mm) of paver block for determining the change in the compressive
strength of paver blocks and reduces the maintenance cost of paver block, 0.4% fiber in
the top 15 mm of paver block it improves strength up to 40 %, paver block more dense,
more abrasion resistance, more durability and reduce the water absorption percentage.

Kashiyani et al. (2013) Found that The compressive strength and water absorption have
good property obtained with the inclusion of PPF in paver block. The addition of a 0.4%
fiber mixed On The concrete paver block for compressive strength up to 40% and reduce
the water absorption and it makes paver block dense than standard blocks.

Yeole et al. (2014) Noticed Concrete paving blocks are ideal materials on the footpaths
and roads for easy laying, good resist impact value, better look with strength so use
rubber pads and adding various percentages of waste steel aggregates in paver blocks
gives up to 50% more impact strength than ordinary paver blocks

Sarkar et al. (2014) Found that Interlocking concrete block pavement that is laid over a
subbase of grouted single size aggregate with stone dust and confined by plastic cell
made from thin polyethylene. It was shown that the sub-base material undergo
compression before it actually take the stresses from the applied load. The use of jointing
sand in the space between the blocks helps in distributing the load and reduces the
deflection of concrete block pavement by about 14%

12
Navya et al. (2014) Examined in a new era presents concrete paver block fibers are
introduced to increase strength, durability and reduction in crakes, so using fibers in
theconcrete paver block it improves the properties of paver block so polyester fiber
added in paver block top 20mm thickness. Result Shown that polyester fiber by 0.4%
paver block attains maximum compressive, flexural strengths and minimum water
absorption found at 7 and 28 days.

Mall et al. (2014) Analyzed that Paver Block is a better option for road construction as
compared road made of bitumen and gravel in a cost view of the point and better
stability. Paver block by using Cement Concrete mixture of Design Mix M35 made with
use material 10mm Coarse Aggregate, OPC 43 Grade Cement and Fine Aggregate and
paver block are of dimension 200 x 160 x 80 mm. To study this process uses the partial
replacement of Cement with Fly Ash in percentage of 0% to 30% respectively, and
added Gypsum constantly 2% by weight of cement and Super plasticizer is used as an
admixture which is added 2% by weight of cement so find that 25% of fly ash give
higher strength and economic value compare to conventional mix.

Revathi et al. (2015) Noticed that used of concrete paver block in road pavement is
common. Concrete paver block is better option when light weight traffic for that road,
concrete paver block is cheap and low maintenance compared to content bituminous
road. Pre cast concrete block made with m40 concrete mix proportions. Rice husk ash is
waste material use in as alternative in a space of fine aggregate with different percentage
range 0% to 60%. Density of paver blocks is within the range of 1888-2202 kg/m3 and
Density values decreases with increase in Groundnut husk ash. With the use of
Groundnut husk ash is suitable making the water absorption is less than 7%.

13
Ganjian et al. (2015) Found that use of cement in production of conventional paver
block is approximate 210kg/m3. Portland cement is production is it impacts negatively
on the environment due to carbon dioxide emissions. So alternative waste product used
in space of cement, alternative material like such as run-of-station ash (ROSA), basic
oxygen slag (BOS), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), plasterboard gypsum
(PG), and cement bypass dust (BPD) to reduce the amount of cement in paving blocks.
So used of ROSA up to 60%, GGBS up to 55%, BPD up to 25%, and plasterboard
gypsum PG up to 5% by weight can replace Portland cement without having any
substantial impact on the strength or durability of the blocks. So used on different
alternative material can reduce cement content by up to 30% in comparison to the
percent of cement used in factories.

Patel et al. (2013) Found that foundry sand in various engineering applications can solve
the problem of disposing of foundry sand and other purposes. Foundry Sand can be used
as a partial replacement of cement in supplementary addition, to achieve different
properties of concrete. The application of a used foundry sand as a replacement with
cement is feasible for strength in interlocking paver blocks. Used foundry sand can be
used to prepared low cost temporary structure.

Kashiyani et al. (2013) Study said that addition of polypropylene plastic in paver block
to so the change in the result of Abrasion Resistance and Flexural Strength of paver
blocks improved with compare standard paver block and reduces the maintenance cost of
paver block.mix proportion for concrete paver block used in top layer is 1:3 (Cement:
dolomite powder) and polypropylene plastic with the different percentage rate and
1:1:2:3.75 (Fine aggregate: Semi Grit: Quarry dust) in the bottom layer of paver block
and result shown that after 28day percentage of polypropylene 0.3% and 0.4% gives
good results for abrasion resistance and flexural strength.

14
Vaz Aaron et al. (2012) found that cement concrete is second most consumed
commodity in the world someone generated a large amount of carbon dioxide it is
respontibal for global warming effect. Geopolymer concrete used as an option for OPC
in precast concrete products. Geopolymer concrete is a eco frendly option for waste
stabilization. GPC paver blocks have high compressive strength compared to OPC. They
also have high early strength gain curing time 24hours at 60°C and OPC is curing 28
days in water so geopolymer concrete used Benefitly in the manufacture paver block.

Santos et al. (2013) Presents this work was to study the use of coal waste to produce
concrete paving blocks. Analyzed say that coal is used to replace a conventional sand as
a fine aggregate for concrete paving blocks. The demand of conventional sand can be
minimized and a part of coal tailings can be used and reducing the volume in coal waste
deposits

Kashiyani et al. (2013) Found that the compressive strength and water absorption have
good property obtained with the inclusion of PPF in paver block. The addition of a 0.4%
fiber mixed On The concrete paver block for compressive strength up to 40% and reduce
the water absorption and it makes paver block dense than standard blocks.

Reddy et al. (2015) Study said that concrete paver block is made with material of nylon
fiber and risk husk ash give good compression strength. for an optimum dose of nylon
fiber and risk husk ash is 0.3% and 20% give maximum strength for the concrete paver
block.

15
 3. What is Paver Blocks?
Block paving also known as brick paving is a commonly used decorative method
of creating a pavement or hard standing. The main benefit of bricks over other materials
is that individual bricks can later be lifted up and replaced.

All paver blocks shall be sound and free from cracks or other visual defects
which will interfere with the proper paving of the unit or impair the strength or the
performance of the pavement constructed with the paver blocks.

When two layer paver blocks are manufactured there shall be proper bonding
between the layers. Delaminating between the layers shall not be permitted. The
compressive strength of the two layer blocks shall meet specified requirements.

When paver blocks with false joints, surface reliefs or projections are supplied,
the same shall be specified. Also, the surface features shall be well formed and be devoid
of any defects.

Obligatory Requirements

Visual requirements:-

Visual inspection of quality of paver blocks shall be carried out in natural daylight, prior
to the test for other properties. The inspection shall be conducted by the purchaser and
the manufacturer jointly at a location, agreed to between them, normally at the site or
factory.

Dimensions and Tolerances:-

The recommended dimensions and tolerances for paver blocks are measured by steel
calipers and steel ruler

Water Absorption:-

The water absorption, being the average of the three units, and water absorption of paver
block shall not be more than 6% by mass and in individual samples, the water absorption
should restricted to 7 percent.

16
Compressive Strength:-

Compressive strength of paver blocks shall be specified in terms of 28 days compressive

strength. The average 28 days compressive strength of paver blocks shall meet the
specific requirement. Individual paver block strength shall not be less than 85% of the
specified strength.

Advantages of Paver Blocks

 Can be used immediately after laying

 Comfortable to walk on
 Excellent interlocking characteristics
 Very durable
 Great aesthetics

Paver Patterns

 Brick Pavers
 Cambridge Pavers
 Cobblestone
 Concrete Pavers
 Flagstone Pavers
 Rubber Pavers
 Stone Pavers
 Travertine Pavers

Paver Shapes

 Bluestone Pavers
 Brick Pavers
 Cambridge Pavers
 Concrete Pavers
 Flagstone Pavers
 Granite Pavers
 Slate Pavers

17
 4. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 MATERIALS

Following are the materials use in our Pavement block production. They are as follows:

4.1.1 WASTE PLASTIC

A plastic bag, poly bag, or pouch is a type of container made of thin, flexible,
plastic film, nonwoven fabric, or plastic textile. Plastic bags are used for containing and
transporting goods such as foods, produce, powders, ice, magazines, chemicals, and
waste. It is a common form of packaging. Open bags with carrying handles are used in
large numbers. Stores often provide them as a convenience to shoppers. Some stores
charge a nominal fee for a bag. Heavy duty reusable shopping bags are often considered
environmentally better than single use paper or plastic shopping bags. Because of
environmental and litter problems, some locations are working towards a phase out of
light weight plastic bags. Looking to the global issue of environmental pollution by post
consumer plastic waste, research efforts have been focused on consuming this waste on
massive scale in efficient and environmental friendly manner. Researchers planned to
use plastic waste in form of concrete ingredient as the concrete is second most sought
material by human beings after water.

Plastic waste used in making paver block was collected from the surrounding
locality LDPE It includes plastic bags. The plastic bag used is of about 50 microns.

Fig.3.Plastic waste

18
 Plastic waste used in making paver block was collected from the surrounding
locality LDPE is indicated by resin number 4. It includes plastic bags. The plastic bag
used is of about 50 microns. The basic properties are provided below.

TABEL.4. BASIC PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC

SI. NO PARTICULARS VALUE

1. Melting Point 150°
2. Thermal Coefficient of expansion 100-200*10-6
3. Density 0.910-0.940
4. Tensile Strength 0.20-0.40(N/mm2)

TABEL.5. PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC POLYETHYLENE

SI.NO EXPERIMENTS RESULTS

1. Density at 23°C .958
2. Elasticity modulus 9
3. Tensile creep strength 8
4. Bending creep modulus 1
5. Tensile strength at 23oC 2
6. Elongation at break (%) >600
7. Thermal conductivity 0
8. Ignition temperature 3

This result were obtained from official website central institute of plastic engineering
and technology, Chennai, India.

19
 Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) containers are sorted
into different color fractions and baled for onward sale. PET recyclers further sort the
baled bottles and they are washed and flaked (or flaked and then washed). Non-PET
fractions such as caps and labels are removed during this process. The clean flake is
dried. Further treatment can take place e.g. melt filtering and pelletizing or various
treatments to produce food-contact-approved recycled PET (RPET).

RPET has been widely used to produce polyester fibers. This sorted post-
consumer PET waste is crushed, chopped into flakes, pressed into bales, and offered for
sale.

One use for this recycled PET is to create fabrics to be used in the clothing
industry. The fabrics are created by spinning the PET flakes into thread and yarn. This is
done just as easily as creating polyester from brand new PET. The recycled PET thread
or yarn can be used either alone or together with other fibers to create a very wide variety
of fabrics. Traditionally these fabrics are used to create strong, durable, rough products,
such as jackets, coats, shoes, bags, hats, and accessories since they are usually too rough
for direct skin contact and can cause irritation. However, these types of fabrics have
become more popular as a result of the public's growing awareness of environmental
issues. Numerous fabric and clothing manufacturers have capitalized on this trend.

Other major outlets for PET are new Containers (food-contact or non-food-
contact) produced either by (injection stretch blow) molding into bottles and jars or by
thermoforming APET sheet to produce clamshells, blister packs and collation trays.
These applications used 46% of all RPET produced in Europe in 2010. Other
applications, such as strapping tape, injection- molded engineering components and
building materials, account for 13% of the 2010 RPET production.

In the United States, the recycling rate for PET packaging was 31% in 2013, according to
a report from The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) and
The Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers (APR). A total of 1.798 billion
pounds was collected and 475 million pounds of recycled PET used out of a total of
5.764 billion pounds of PET bottles.

20
4.1.2 QUARRY DUST

A quarry is a place from which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate,

riprap, sand, gravel, or slate has been excavated from the ground. A quarry is the same
thing as an open pit mine from which minerals are extracted. The only nontrivial
difference between the two is that open pit mines that produce building materials and
dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries. It can be used as substitute to
sand fully or partially. It offers a comparatively good strength compared to sand with or
without admixtures in concrete. The advantages of quarry dust are cost effective, easily
available, consumption reduces the pollution in environment and effectively used as a
replacement material for river sand.

Fig4.Building loose quarry duct

The present research study mainly deals with the influence of different replacement
proportion of sand with quarry dust on the properties of concrete.

Quarry dust passed by 1.23 mm sieve used in paver blocks.

21
 Sand is obtained from river beds, and is its availability is becoming challenging
at reasonable price. In order not to compromise strength of building during construction,
quarry dust come handy as an equal substitute without threat to quality at the same time
rendering good strength to whatever construction project quarry dust is used for
construction.

The reduction in the sources of sand and the need to reduce the cost of
construction projects has resulted in the increase need to identify alternative construction
materials to sand as fine aggregates in the construction projects. Quarry dust a by-
product from crushing process during quarrying activities is good alternative during
construction projects. It is used as substitute to sand to make quarry dust concrete which
is believed to be stronger and more durable than the regular concrete materials.

In concrete production it could be used as a partial or full replacement of natural

sand. Besides, the utilization of quarry waste, which itself is a waste material, will reduce
the cost of concrete production.

Quarry dust is a byproduct of the crushing process which is a concentrated

material to use as aggregates for concreting purpose, especially as fine aggregates. In
quarrying activities, the rock has been crushed into various sizes; during the process the
dust generated is called quarry dust and it is formed as waste. So it becomes as a useless
material and also results in air pollution. Therefore, quarry dust should be used in
construction works, which will reduce the cost of construction and the construction
material would be saved and the natural resources can be used properly.

Most of the developing countries are under pressure to replace fine aggregate in
concrete by an alternate material also to some extent or totally without compromising the
quality of concrete. Quarry dust has been used for different activities in the construction
industry, such as building materials, road development materials, aggregates, bricks, and
tiles.

The present research work mainly deals with the influence of different
replacement proportion of sand with quarry dust on the properties of concrete. The
present study is planned to study the effects of quarry dust addition in normal concrete
and to assess the rate of compressive strength development.

22
 The physical and chemical properties of quarry dust obtained by testing the
sample as per the Indian Standards are listed in the below table.

TABEL.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST

PROPERTY QUARRY DUST NATURAL SAND TEST METHODS

Specific gravity 2.54 – 2.60 2.60 IS2386 (Part III)-
1963
Bulk density 1720 – 1810 1460 IS2386 (Part III)-
(kg/m3) 1963
Absorption 1.20 - 1.50 Nil IS2386 (Part III)-
1963
Moisture Nil 1.50 IS2386 (Part III)-
Content (%) 1963
Fine Particles 12-15 6 IS2386 (Part III)-
>0.075mm (%) 1963
Sieve Analysis Zone – II Zone - II IS 383-1970

TABEL.7. CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF QUARRY DUST

CONSTITUENTS QUARRY DUST NATURAL DUST TEST

(%) (%) METHODS
SiO2 62.48 80.78 IS 4032 – 1968
Al2O3 18.72 10.52 IS 4032 – 1968
Fe2O3 6.54 1.75 IS 4032 – 1968
CaO 4.83 3.21 IS 4032 – 1968
MgO 2.56 0.77 IS 4032 – 1968
Na2O Nil 1.37 IS 4032 – 1968
K2O 3.18 1.23 IS 4032 – 1968
TiO2 1.21 Nil IS 4032 – 1968
Loss of ignition 0.48 0.37 IS 4032 – 1968

23
4.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate is defined as rock particles with diameter more than 4.75 mm,
usually called gravels. Commonly-used coarse aggregates in concrete are gravels and
pebbles.

Fine aggregate is defined as rock particles with diameter less than 4.75 mm,
usually called sand. The most commonly-used fine aggregate in concrete is natural sand
and man-made sand. Natural sand includes river sand, lake sand, sea sand and mountain
sand. It will be restricted to use natural sand due to the decreasing of natural resources.
Man-made sand includes machine-made sand and blended sand. Machine-made sand is
rock particles made by crushing and screening with machine. The application of man-
made sand effectively utilizes natural resources and simultaneously protects the
environments.

Coarse aggregates are in continuous distribution or intermittent distribution.

Continuous distribution is defined as gravel particles of each size, from small size to big
size, take up a certain proportion in concrete. Such distribution is usually adopted in
construction projects. Intermittent distribution is defined as that gravel particles of some
sizes are taken away purposely from the continuous distribution, then the small sizes are
directly mixed with the big sizes. Such distribution reduces the pores in aggregate, saves
the consumption of cement, but segregation is likely to happen to the concrete mixture,
therefore, it is rarely adopted in construction.

Fig. 5. Coarse Aggregate

24
TABEL.8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

S .NO CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED VALUES

1. Specific Gravity 2.65
2. Water Absorption 0.8%
3. Loose Bulk Density 1.412 Kg/lit
4. Roded Bulk Density 1.532Kg/lit

Coarse aggregate of 6 mm downsize is procured from nearby source and tested for its
physical properties as per IS 383:1970 and the results are tabulated in above table.

Coarse aggregates are in continuous distribution or intermittent distribution.

Continuous distribution is defined as gravel particles of each size, from small size to big
size, take up a certain proportion in concrete. Such distribution is usually adopted in
construction projects. Intermittent distribution is defined as that gravel particles of some
sizes are taken away purposely from the continuous distribution, then the small sizes are
directly mixed with the big sizes. Such distribution reduces the pores in aggregate, saves
the consumption of cement, but segregation is likely to happen to the concrete mixture,
therefore, it is rarely adopted in construction.

When choosing coarse aggregates, on condition of meeting the requirements for

size distribution, aggregates in bigger nominal sizes are preferable so as to reduce the
specific surface area, therefore lessen the consumption of cement. However, the
maximum diameter of coarse aggregates should not be too big.

Coarse aggregate serves as primary material in concrete. In order to secure the

strength of concrete, coarse aggregate must have sufficient strength. The strength of
gravels is represented with the cube compressive strength or crushed index value of rock.

25
SHAPE OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Shape of three dimensional irregular bodies as coarse aggregate is difficult to

describe; but is the vital property affecting the workability of fresh concrete and also its
strength and durability. The characteristics of parent rock from which coarse aggregate
have been produced and also the type of crusher used for crushing influence the shape of
coarse Aggregate. Rounded, Angular, Flaky, Elongated and Irregular and some types on
shapes of Coarse Aggregates. Rounded particles are fully water-worn or completely
shape by attrition. Angular particles possess well-defined edges formed at the
intersection of roughly planer faces. Flaky particles have thickness small relative to the
other two dimension elongated particles are usually angular of which the length is
considerably large than the other two dimension. Irregular particles are naturally, partly
shaped by attrition and heavy rounded edges.

At a given water cement ratio rounded aggregates demands lower cement content
because its least surface area for a given volume which is called “specific surface area”.
The higher cement demand in case of angular aggregates is offset to some extant by the
higher strength and durability because of batter interlocking. Flat surfaced particles such
as “Flaky” and “Elongated” ones having larger specific surface area makes very poor
concrete. Water demand and cement requirement for a given strength is higher for such
particles. Presence of such particles is highly objectionable in a good concrete.

Coarse aggregates are in continuous distribution or intermittent distribution.

Continuous distribution is defined as gravel particles of each size, from small size to big
size, take up a certain proportion in concrete. Such distribution is usually adopted in
construction projects. Intermittent distribution is defined as that gravel particles of some
sizes are taken away purposely from the continuous distribution, then the small sizes are
directly mixed with the big sizes. Such distribution reduces the pores in aggregate, saves
the consumption of cement, but segregation is likely to happen to the concrete mixture,
therefore, it is rarely adopted in construction.

26
 4.2 EQUIPMENT USED

4.2.1 MOULD

The mould used in Plastic Paver Block is in Hexagonal shape because it is the
Most Efficient Shape in Nature, least wasteful shape found in nature.

It tessellates to minimize the amount of wasted space and maximize the available
storage.It is also flexible. It can go in any direction and fit about anywhere.

Steel mould used for mould the paver block because it is a durable metal that can
handle high heats and pressures without any change in the shape of the molds, and it can
be used for millions of parts from the same mold. Steel molds hold up against the
elements without rust and provide good finishes to each product.

Fig.6. Mould

The size of mould is used as follows:

Side of hexagon: 9cm

Height of hexagon: 6cm

27
4.2.2 BURNING FUELS

Coal
There are many varieties of coal being used in combustion processes around the
world; the most widely used are anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite.
When burning coal a considerable amount of carbon dioxide is generated given the
extremely high levels of carbon in coal; since carbon requires more oxygen to burn, more
combustion air is needed to burn coal that other fossil fuels.

In addition to the carbon dioxide emissions, coal burning creates some other
pollutants including NO x, sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), and particle
emissions. Sulfur dioxide chemically combines with water vapor in the air to produce a
weak form of sulfuric acid, one of the main causes of acid rain.

Oil
Oil fuels are mostly a mixture of very heavy hydrocarbons, which have higher
levels of hydrogen than those found in coal. At the same time, oil contains less carbon
than coal and therefore requires less combustion air to achieve complete combustion.
Therefore, burning oil releases less carbon dioxide than burning coal, but more carbon
dioxide than burning natural gas. Most of the pollutants produced when burning coal are
also a byproduct of burning oil.

NaturalGas
Natural gas requires much less air in combustion because of its relatively low
amounts of carbon and high amounts of hydrogen. The burning of natural gas is cleaner
than the burning of oil and coal. When gas is burned with insufficient combustion air
some volatile hydrocarbons can be created, which could become a safety hazard; care
should be taken to avoid dangerous conditions. The burning of natural gas produces less
greenhouse gases, which are believed to be one of the main sources for global warming.
In equivalent amounts, burning natural gas produces about 30% less carbon dioxide than
burning oil and 45% less carbon dioxide than burning coal.

In addition to the carbon dioxide emissions, gas burning creates NOx emissions,
while the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Particles are negligible.

28
Wood

We prefer the wood for melting the plastic for paver blocks, because wood are
easily available and cost of wood is low as compare to other burning fuels.

For melting plastic we are using wood as a burning fuel because it is energy
renewable resource.

Wood is energy from the sun, stored by the tree as it grows. When you burn
wood you are releasing this stored energy.

Burning fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas is like pumping carbon dioxide
from the center of the earth into the atmosphere - a one-way trip. Trees absorb carbon
dioxide as they grow.

When compared to non-standard heating systems there are savings to be had.

Milligan says a wood burning stove is 77 per cent cheaper to run than an electric fire, 29
per cent cheaper per kW than a gas effect fire, and 43 per cent and 40 per cent cheaper
than an oil and LPG fire respectively.

Wood burning is the largest current use of biomass derived energy. Wood can be
used as a solid fuel for cooking or heating, or occasionally for steam engines.

Fig.7. Burning fuel

29
4.2.3 USE OF IRON BARREL LIES FOR MELTING:

Steel barrels are also economical and environmentally friendly. Steel drums are
widely used to store, heating the material and transport materials. While their weight
makes them more expensive to ship than fiber drums, they are easier to reuse, giving you
more for your money.

Fig.8. Iron Barrel lie

Depth of Iron Barrel Lies: 31cm

Area of Iron Barrel Lies: 529 cm square

Perimeter of Iron Barrel Lies: 92 cm

30
 Laboratory Experimental Program

Materials

Coarse Aggregate Quarry Dust

Making Paver Block

(Waste plastic + Coarse Aggregate + Quarry Dust)

Tests
5) Water Absorption test
6) Fire Resistance test
7) Compression test
8) Hardness test

Result & Discussion

Conclusion

Fig. 9.Methodology of plastic paver block

31
 5. PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
Plastic wastes are heated in a iron barrel lies at a temp of above 150 ̊. As a result
of heating the plastic waste melt .The materials quarry dust, aggregate and other
materials as described in previous chapter are added to it in right proportion at molten
state of plastic and well mixed .The metal mould is cleaned through at using waste cloth.
Now this mixture is transferred to the mould. It will be in hot condition and compact it
well to reduce internal pores present in it .Then the blocks are allowed to dry for 6 hours
so that they harden. After drying the paver block is removed from the moulds and ready
for the use.

5.1. Mix Ratio

Specimen 1
Plastic weight - 1kg
Quarry dust – 0.75kg
Coarse Aggregate – 0.75kg

Specimen 2
Plastic weight – 1.5kg
Quarry dust – 1.5kg
Coarse Aggregate – 1.5kg

Specimen 3
Plastic weight – 1.2kg
Quarry dust – 0.75kg
Coarse Aggregate – 0.75kg

These mixtures is then poured in to the brick mould and they are compacted using steel
rod and surface is finished using trowel. Before placing the mixture into the mould, the
sides of the mould are oiled to easy removal of bricks.

32
 In first step we should collect the waste plastic bags and the polyethylene bags
are sorted out and remaining are disposed safely.
Next the collected waste bags are cleaned with water and dried to remove the
water present in it after this the plastics are burned out by using stones and firewood. The
stones are arranged to hold the drum and the firewood is placed in the gap between the
stones and it is ignited. The drum is placed over the above setup and it is heated to
remove the moisture present in it. Then the plastic bags are added to the drum one by one
and the river sand is added to the plastic when it turns into hot liquid.

The sand is added is mixed thoroughly using rod and trowel before it hardens.
The mixture has a very short setting hence mixing process must not consume more time
on the other hand the process should be complete. In case of Paver blocks, Red oxide is
added (less than 10% of the total weight) to impart dark red colour.

Fig.10.Preparation of specimen

33
 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1. WATER ABSORPTION TEST

In this the bricks first weighted in dry condition and they are immersed in water for 24
hours. After that they are taken out from water and they are wipe out with cloth. Then the
difference between the dry and wet bricks percentage are calculated.
The paver blocks after casting were immersed in water for 1 day curing. They were then
weighted and this weight was noted as the wet weight of the paver block. These
specimens were then oven dried at the temperature 110°C until the mass became constant
and again weighed. This weight was noted as the dry weight of the paver block.
They were then weighted and this weight was noted as the wet weight of the paver block.
These specimens were then oven dried at the temperature 110C until the mass became
constant and again weighed. This weight was noted as the dry weight of the paver block.

TABEL.9. WATER ABSORPTION TEST RESULT

SPECIMEN WEIGHT OF DRIED PLASTIC WEIGHT OF PLASTIC

PAVER BLOCK PAVER BLOCK
AFTER 24 HOUR IN
WATER
1. 1.60kg 1.60kg

2. 2.50kg 2.55kg

3. 1.80kg 1.80kg

% Water Absorption = [(WW – DW) / DW] x 100

Where,

WW = Wet Weight of paver block &

DW = Dry Weight of paver block.

RESULT: Water Absorption in Plastic Paver Block is 0.2% by its weight

34
6.2. OVEN TEST

Since the paver block is made of plastic it is required to know its heat resistance, hence
plastic paver block is placed in oven for 2 hours.

The Plastic is highly susceptible to fire but in case of Plastic sand bricks/Paver blocks the
presence of sand imparts insulation. There is no change in the structural properties of
block of bricks up to 180°C above which visible cracks are seen and the blocks/bricks
deteriorate with increase in temperature.

TABEL.10. OVEN TEST RESULT

SPECIMENS TEMPERATURE (°C) REMARKS

50 No change
100 No change
1. 150 Melt
50 No change
100 No change
2. 150 Melt
50 No change
100 No change
3. 150 Melt

6.3. HARDNESS TEST

For this test a scratch is made with steel rod which has difficult to imply the
bricks or blocks were hard. This method is suitable for the countries which has the
difficult to dispose/recycle the plastic waste. The natural resources consumed for the
manufacturing of Plastic sand bricks and paver blocks are very much less when
compared to its counterparts. The manufacturing cost could be reduced further by
replacing the river sand with quarry dust or other waste products. Owing to the numerous
advantages further research would improve the quality and durability of plastic sand
bricks and paver blocks.

35
6.4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

This is done to know the compressive strength of the plastic paver blocks. This is
also called crushing strength of bricks and paver blocks. Generally three specimens of
bricks are taken to laboratory for testing and tested one by one. In this test a plastic paver
block specimen is put on crushing machine and applied pressure till it breaks. The
ultimate pressure at which brick is crushed is taken into account. All three specimens are
tested one by one and average result is taken as paver compressive /crushing strength.
The plastic paver blocks of different ratios are tested one by one and in this the high
compression is found and comparison made between the plastic paver block and concrete
paver block.
The maximum load at failure reading was taken and the average compressive
strength is calculated using the following equation.

Compressive strength (N/mm2) = (Ultimate load in N / Area of cross section (mm2)

Fig.11.Compressive Strength Test

Compression testing is a very common testing method that is used to establish the
compressive force or crush resistance of a material.

Generally few specimens of blocks are taken to laboratory for testing and tested
one by one. In this test a paver block specimen is put on crushing machine and applied
pressure till it breaks. The ultimate pressure at which block is crushed is taken into
account. All five paver block specimens are tested one by one and average result is taken
as paver block’s compressive strength. The plastic sand paver blocks of different ratios
are tested one by one and in this the high compression.

36
TABEL.11. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT

SPECIMEN COMPRESSIVE LOAD

1 250 KN

2 240 KN

3 245 KN

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

In the present investigation it is found that optimum up to 4% by replacing of waste

plastics there is a slight deviation of compressive strength. From the test results it was
observed that the compressive strength value of the concrete mix decreased with the
addition of waste plastics more than 4% of waste plastics. So we can add waste plastics
in concrete paver blocks so this will helps to reuse of plastics in concrete paver blocks.

37
7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK &
CONCRETE PAVER BLOCK:

 The main difference between plastic paver block and concrete paver block is cost.

 Cost of 1 plastic paver block is 12 Rs while the cost of concrete paver block is 20
Rs so Plastic paver block is less costly than concrete paver block.

 Plastic paver block light in weight while concrete paver block have more weight
as compare to plastic paver block in weight.

 The weight of plastic paver block is 2.5kg while the weight of concrete paver
block is 3.8kg.

 Plastic paver block is hygienic and clean than concrete paver block.

 Plastic paver block is economical and has a longer life than concrete paver block.

 Good Insulation for cold, heat and sound saving energy than concrete paver
block.

 Lesser fire resisting qualities as compared to the concrete paver block.

38
 8. CONCLUSION

1) Eco friendly
By using waste plastic in paver block 20 – 40% of plastic may reduce, it is also
dangerous to environment and wildlife.

2) Strength increases up to 30-35%

Strength could be increased by using this plastic in the paver block by 30 to 35%
by normal paver block and also help in reducing waste by 20 to 40%.

3) Economical
As the plasticizer are not used in plastic concrete paver block the cost of
plasticizers is reduces also plastic is zero cost material hence it also reduces the
cost of plastic at some extend. The cost of paver block is reduced when compared
to that of concrete paver block.

4) Traffic
It can be used in Non-traffic and light traffic road. Plastic paver blocks are
mainly used for Light traffic area and also for Path ways, etc.
Plastic paver blocks are used in Gardens, Colonies, Schools, Hospitals etc.

5) LDPE
LDPE water sachets and other sources can be used to form LDPE-bonded sand.
This requires simple processing and produces a durable, relatively lightweight
material. No water is required in the production process.

LDPE-bonded sand has properties suitable for use in a range of applications. It is

currently used to form paving blocks for hard standing areas and pavements. It
has potential to be used in roofing tiles and partitioning walls.

39
The following conclusions were drawn from the experimental investigation such as
follows,

1) The utilization of waste plastic in production of paver block has productive way
of disposal of plastic waste.
2) Paver blocks made using plastic waste, quarry dust, coarse aggregate give better
result.
3) The cost of paver block is reduced when compared to that of concrete paver
block.
4) Paver block made using plastic waste, quarry dust, coarse aggregate and ceramic
waste have shown better result.
5) It also shows good heat resistance.
6) It can be used in Non-traffic and light traffic road.
7) It is computed to use the 20% Recycled plastic aggregate in concrete which does
not affect the properties of concrete.
8) Using plastic in concrete mix reduces the weight of brick by 15%.
9) The cast of paver block is reduced when compare to that of concrete paver
blocks.
10) Both physical and mechanical properties of plastic concrete pavement blocks
were affected when plastic was used as a replacement for sand.
11) Used by various Waste material in The Manufacture of Paver block so
Utilization of Different type of waste so achieves Eco Friendly Condition.
12) Compressive Strength of Paver Block is increased compared to the nominal
Paver Block with used of waste material in optimum mix design.
13) Plastics block drains and gutters and causes floods.
14) LDPE water sachets and other sources can be used to form LDPE-bonded sand.
This requires simple processing and produces a durable, relatively lightweight
material. No water is required in the production process.
15) LDPE-bonded sand behaves as a viscoelastic material similar to asphalt in
compression. It fails in shear, but LDPE-bonded sand samples retain at least 30%
of load after failure.

40
 REFERENCE

[1] Nivetha, C. Rubiya, M. Shobana, S. Vaijayanathi, G. (2016), “Production of Plastic

Paver Block from the Solid Waste”. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Science. 11(2).

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[13] Reddy et al. (2015) Study said that concrete paver block is made with material of
nylon fiber and risk husk ash give good compression strength. for an optimum dose of
nylon fiber and risk husk ash is 0.3% and 20% give maximum strength for the concrete
paver block.

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