Organic Chemistry Laboratory - Distillation is a technique used

Experiment 1|Simple and Fractional to:

Distillation  Separate components in
a liquid mixture which
I. OBJECTIVES: have different boiling
- Differentiate simple from points
fractional distillation  Separate a component
- Separate the components of that is not volatile
an alcoholic beverage  Purify a liquid
- Calculate percentage ethanol  Concentrate alcoholic
in a beverage beverages
- Four distillation methods:
II. NOTES:  Simple distillation
- Distillation is separation by  Fractional distillation
evaporation followed by  Vacuum distillation
condensation  Steam distillation
- Distillation: a process of - Vacuum distillation:
 converting a liquid to a  Distillation at reduced
vapor pressure
 condensing the vapor
 collecting the distillate in III. BOILING CHIPS
another container. - Porous rocks that release
- Basis of separation in distillation bubbles of entrapped air to the
is difference in: solution being heated
 boiling temperature - Prevents bumping
 temperature at - Promotes smooth boiling
which the vapor - Porcelain, glass, unglazed clay,
pressure of the alumina
liquid is equal to - Do not add boiling chips when
the atmospheric solution is hot
pressure
 vapor pressure IV. PHYSICAL LAWS GOVERNING
 force exerted by LIQUID AND GAS MIXTURES
the liquid mol- - Dalton’s Law of Partial
ecules per unit Pressures:
area of the gas at
the liquid gas inter
phase
- How can we vaporize liquids: - Raoult’s Law
 Spontaneous
evaporation
 Heating
 Decreasing the pressure
of the surroundings
V. SIMPLE vs FRACTIONAL DISTILATION

VI. LIQUID-VAPOR PHASE DIAGRAM OF A TWO COMPONENT MIXTURE

VII. IDEAL VS NON IDEAL MIXTURE

VIII. THEORETICAL PLATES

- Number of steps needed to
bring about a specific degree
of separation of two
components in a mixture
- Measure of efficiency of the
apparatus used in separation

X. AZEOTROPES
- Greek - no change in boiling
- a mixture of two/more solvents
in such a ratio that its
IX. DATA AND RESULTS
composition cannot be
changed by simple distillation
- When boiled, the resulting
vapor has the same ratio of
constituents as original mixture
of liquids
- “constant boiling mixtures”