INDUSTRIAL

STOICHIOMETRY-II
CH.E-201
Dr. Umair Aslam
Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering Department,
U.E.T. LAHORE.
 Stoichiometry
• Stoichiometry (a branch of chemistry) is the study
of the relationships or ratios between two or
more substances undergoing a physical,
biological or chemical change.

Phase Change
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O
Milk Yogurt
Industrial Stoichiometry
Difference between
Chemist and
Chemical Engineer
• Application of Stoichiometry to a larger scale or at
industrial level. What is a
chemical
industry?
• Why……………………?
• To know about the input and output
• To know the heat and material load
Course Outline
• Material balances involving consecutive reactions and
multiple units
• Material balances involving recycle, bypass and Purge
streams
• Material balances involving phase change
• General energy balance with and without chemical
reactions
• Combined material and energy balance in chemical
process industries
Recommended Books
1. Himmelblau David M. “Basic Principles and Calculations
in Chemical Engineering”. 8th Ed. 2014. Prentice Hall
PTR
2. Hougen Olaf A., Watson Kenneth M. “Chemical
Processes Principles”. 2004, John Wiley and Sins &
CBS Publisher.
3. Loebel Arnold B. “Chemical Problem-Solving by
Dimensional Analysis” 2nd Ed. Houghton Miffin
Company. Boston Publisher.
4. Williams Edwin T., Johnson R. Curtis “Stoichiometry for
Chemical Engineers” International Student Ed.
McGrawHill Book Company, INC.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

• Outline the material and energy balance calculation

strategies for Chemical Processes
• Formulate and solve simultaneous material and energy
balance equations for complex chemical processes
Pre-Requisite
• The basic requisite for Industrial Stoichiometry-II is to
have firm grip on fundamentals of;
• Industrial Stoichiometry-I
• Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-I
• Basic sciences (Especially general Mathematics).
Example
• A limestone analysis is
CaCO3 = 92.89%
MgCO3 = 5.41%
Insoluble = 1.70%
Calculate;
1. lbs of CaO can be made from 5 ton of limestone
2. lbs of CO2 can be recovered per lb of limestone

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

MgCO3 MgO + CO2

Strategy for Analyzing/Solving Problems
• Read the problem carefully.
• Draw a sketch/figure of the process.
• Label flow streams with symbols.
• Put all the known information/values of different
parameters(temperature, pressure, composition, chemical
reactions etc.) on the figure/respective streams.
• Select a basis.
• Make a list of unknown values/parameters or mention
them on the respective streams.
• Write down the independent equations.
• Solve the equations.
• Check the answer (if possible).
FUNDAMENTALS OF
MATERIAL BALANCE
 Process Classification

Batch

Continuous Semi-Batch

• Steady State
• Transient/Unsteady
State
Activity
• A balloon is filled with air at steady rate of 2 g/min.
• A bottle of milk is taken from refrigerator and left on the
kitchen table.
• Water is boiled in an open flask.
• Carbon monoxide and steam are fed into a tubular reactor
at a steady rate and react to form carbon dioxide and
hydrogen. Products and unused reactants are withdrawn
at the other end. The reactor contains air when the
process is started up. The temperature of the reactor is
constant and the composition and the flow rate of the
entering reactant stream are also independent of the time.
Classify the process (a) initially and (b) after a long period
of time has elapsed.
Material Balances on Continuous Steady
State Processes
• The catalytic dehydrogenation of propane is carried out in
a continuous packed-bed reactor. One thousand
kilograms per hour of pure propane is preheated to a
temperature of 670oC before it passes into the reactor.
The reactor effluent gas, which includes propane,
propylene, methane and hydrogen, is cooled from 800oC
to 110oC and fed to an absorption tower, where the
propane and propylene are dissolved in oil. The oil then
goes to a stripping tower in which it is heated, releasing
the dissolved gases; these gases are recompressed and
sent to a distillation tower in which the propane and
propylene are separated. The propane stream is recycled
back to join the feed to the reactor preheater. The product
stream from the distillation column contains 98%
propylene and recycle stream is 97% propane. The
stripped oil is recycled to the absorption tower.
• An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide contains 20%
NaOH by mass. It is desired to produce 8% NaOH
solution by diluting a stream of the 20% solution with a
stream of pure water. Calculate the ratios (kg H2O/kg feed
solution) and (kg product solution/kg feed solution).
• Air is bubbled through a drum of liquid hexane at a rate of
0.1 kmol/min. the gas stream leaving the drum contains
10.0 mole% hexane vapor. Air may be considered
insoluble in liquid hexane. Estimate the time required to
vaporize 10.0 m3 of the liquid. Density of hexane is 655
mg/L.
• An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms requires an
environment of humid air enriched in oxygen. Three input streams are
fed into an evaporation chamber to produce an output stream with the
desired composition.
• A: liquid water, fed at a rate of 20 cm3/min
• B: Air (21 mole% O2, 79 mole% N2)
• C: pure oxygen, with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow
rate of stream B
The output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5 mole% water.
Draw and label a flowchart of the process and calculate all unknown
stream variables.
Recycle
• Propane is dehydrogenated to form propylene in a
catalytic reactor
C3H8 = C3H6 + H2

The process is to be designed for a 95% overall conversion

of propane. The reaction products are separated into two
streams: the first, which contains H2, C3H6 and 0.555%of
the propane that leaves the reactor, is taken off as product;
the second stream, which contains the balance of the
unreacted propane and 5% of the propylene in the product
stream, is recycled to the reactor. Calculate the
composition of the product, the ratio (moles recycled/moles
fresh feed) and the single pass conversion.
Purging
Mode of Heat Transfer
Heats of Reaction