R

GATE 2019
Detailed Solutions
BY

KREATRYX

ECE
th
09 Feb 2019
Forenoon Session

Note:-
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Klassroom 2020 Program for GATE-EE in Kalu Sarai, New Delhi

 ECE (Solutions)

Aptitude

01. When he did come home, she ______ him lying dead on the roadside somewhere
(a) Notice (b) Pictured
(c) Looked (d) Concluded

Ans: (b)
Solution:
When he did not come home, she pictured him died at roadside somewhere

02. Five different books (P, Q, R, S, T) are to be arranged on a shelf. The books R and S are to be arranged first
and second, respectively from the right side of the shelf. The number of different orders in which P, Q and T may
be arranged is ________
(a) 12 (b) 2
(c) 120 (d) 6

Ans: (d)
Solution:
We can arrange remaining 3 books in 3! Number of ways which means 6 ways

03. It would take one machine 4 hours to complete a production order and another machine 2 hours to complete
the same order. If both machines work simultaneously at their respective constant rates, the time taken to
complete the same order is _____ hours
(a) 4 (b) 2
3 3
(c) 3 (d) 7
4 3

Ans: (a)
Solution:
One hour work of machine 1  1
4
One hour work of machine 2  1
2
One hour work of combined  1 1  3
4 2 4
Time taken to complete  1 4
34 3

04. The boat arrived _______ dawn.

(a) In (b) On
(c) At (d) Under

Ans: (c)
Solution:
The boat arrived at dawn

05. The strategies that the company ______ to sell its products _____ house-to-house
(a) use, includes (b) used, includes
(c) uses, including (d) uses, include

Ans: (d)
Solution:
The strategies that the company uses to sell its products includes house-to-house marking

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 ECE (Solutions)

06. The bar graph in Panel (a) shows the proportion of male and female illiterates in 2001 and 2011. The
proportions of males and females in 2001 and 2011 are given in Panel (b) and (c), respectively.
The total population did not change during this period. The percentage increase in the total number of literates
from 2001 to 2011 is __________

Panel (a) Panel (b) Panel (c)

(a) 30.43 (b) 34.43

(c) 35.43 (d) 33.43

Ans: (a)
Solution:
Assume total population=x
In 2001,
Male population= 60% of x= 0.6x
50
Male illiterates   0.6x  0.3x
100
Female population= 40% of x= 0.4x
60
Female illiterates   0.4x  0.24x
100
Total illiterates = 0.54x
Total literates= x- 0.54x=0.46x
In 2011,
Male population= 50% of x= 0.5x
40
Male illiterates   0.5x  0.2x
100
Female population= 50% of x= 0.5x
40
Female illiterates   0.5x  0.2x
100
Total illiterates = 0.4x
Total literates= x- 0.4x= 0.6x
0.6x  0.46x
% increase   100  30.434%
0.46x

07. "Indian history was written by British historians — extremely well documented and researched, but not always
impartial. History had to serve its purpose: Everything was made subservient to the glory of the Union Jack Latter-
day Indian scholars presented a contrary picture."
From the text above, we can infer that:
Indian history written by British historians_____________
1. Was not well documented and researched and was sometimes biased
2. Was well documented and researched but was sometimes biased
3. Was well documented and not researched but was always biased
4. Was not well documented and researched and was always biased

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: (b)
Solution:
We can infer that British historians wrote well documented history but it was biased

08. Two design consultants, P and Q, started working from 8 AM for a client. The client budgeted a total of USD
3000 for the consultants. P stopped working when the hour hand moved by 210 degrees on the clock. Q stopped
working when the hour hand moved by 240 degrees. P took two tea breaks of 15 minutes each during her shift,
but took no lunch break. Q took only one lunch break for 20 minutes, but no tea breaks. The market rate for
consultants is USD 200 per hour and breaks are not paid. After paying the consultants, the client shall have
USD________ remaining in the budget.
(a) 000.00 (b) 300.00
(c) 433.33 (d) 166.67

Ans: (d)
Solution:
Each digit on clock occupies 30
0

2100
Number of hours worked by P  7
300
2400
Number of hours worked by Q  8
300
 
Actual working hours of P  7  2 1  6.5hr
4

Actual working hours of Q  8  20

60 
23
3
hr
13 23 85
Total working hours    hr
2 3 6
85
Amount paid   200
6
85  200 1000
Amount remaining  3000    166.67USD
6 6

09. Four people are standing in a line facing you. They are Rahul, Mathew, Seema and Lohit. One is an engineer,
one is a doctor, one a teacher and another a dancer. You are told that:
1. Mathew is not standing next to Seema
2. There are two people standing between Lohit and the engineer
3. Rahul is not a doctor
4. The teacher and the dancer are standing next to each other
5. Seema is turning to her right to speak to the doctor standing next to her
Who among them is an engineer?
(a) Seema (b) Lohit
(c) Rahul (d) Mathew

Ans: (d)
Solution:
The 4 people are standing as follows:
Lohit Seema Rahul Mathew
Prof: Doctor T/D T/D Engineer
Hence, Mathew is an engineer

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 ECE (Solutions)

10. Five people P, Q, R, S and T work in a bank. P and Q don't like each other but have to share an office till T gets
a promotion and moves to the big office next to the garden. R, who is currently sharing an office with T wants to
move to the adjacent office with S, the handsome new intern. Given the floor plan, what is the current location of
Q, R and T? (O =Office, WR =Washroom)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Ans: (a)
Solution:
From the given information P, Q must be allotted same office
Similarly, R & T must be allotted same office but S must be placed in adjacent office

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 ECE (Solutions)

Technical

01. In the circuit shown, A and B are the inputs and F is the output. What is the functionality of the circuit?

(a) SRAM Cell

(b) Latch

(c) XNOR

(d) XOR

Ans: (c)
Solution:
The given circuit can be redrawn as

A B M1 M2 M3 M4 R

0 0 ON ON OFF OFF 1

0 1 ON OFF ON OFF A=0

1 0 OFF ON OFF ON B=0

1 1 OFF OFF ON ON A or B =1

R  AB  AB
RA B [Ex-Nor]

 
02. Let H(z) be the z-transform of a real-valued discrete time signal h[n]. If P z  H z H 1    z  has a zero at
z
1 1

 j , and P z has a total of four zeros, which one of the following poles represents all the zeros
2 2
correctly?

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 ECE (Solutions)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Ans: (d)
Solution:
1 j
 
If P z  0 at z  
2 2
 1

Then either H z  0 or H    0
z
1 j

If H z  0 at z  
2 2
 1 1 2
Then H    0 at z    1  j 
z 1 j 1 j

2 2
   
Since H z is real, zeroes exist in conjugate pairs & hence P z has 4 zeroes

1 j 1 j
z  ,  , 1  j, 1  j
2 2 2 2

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 ECE (Solutions)

03. In the circuit shown, what are the values of F for EN=0 and EN=1, respectively?

(a) 0 and 1 (b) Hi-Z and D

(c) 0 and D (d) Hi-Z and D

Ans: (b)
Solution:

EN=0 A =1 [PMOS is OFF] B=0 [NMOS is OFF] F: High impedance state

EN=0 A D B D CMOS will act as inverter
F=D

04. In the table shown, List-I and List-II respectively, contain terms appearing on the left-hand side and the right-
hand side of Maxwell’s equations (in their standard form). Match the left-hand side with corresponding right-hand
side

List-I List-II
1 .D P 0
2  E Q 
3 .B R B

t
4  H S D
J
t

(a) 1-Q, 2-S, 3-P, 4-R (b) 1-P, 2-R, 3-Q, 4-S
(c) 1-R, 2-Q, 3-S, 4-P (d) 1-Q, 2-R, 3-P, 4-S

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: (d)
Solution:
  D  V  Gauss law for electric field
.B  0  Gauss law for magnetic field (Non existence of magnetic monopole )
B
E    Faraday’s law for time varying fields
t
D
  H  E   Modified Ampere’s circuitial law
t

05. The families of curves represented by the solution of the equation

n
dy x
  
dx y
For n=-1 and n=+1, respectively, are
(a) Circles and Hyperbolas (b) Hyperbolas and Parabolas
(c) Hyperbolas and circle (d) Parabolas and circles

Ans: (c)
Solution:
For n=1
dy y

dx x
dy dx

y x
lny   lnx  C
lnxy  C
xy  ec [Hyperbola]
For n=1
dy x

dx y
ydx  xdx
 ydy   xdx
y2 x2
  C
2 2
x2  y 2  2C [Circle]
Hence, solution represents hyperbola & circle

06. The correct representation of the structure shown in the figure is

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 ECE (Solutions)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Ans. (d)
Solution.
Transistor is n-p-n .
Base is connected to p and collector is connected to n  


07. In the circuit shown, Vs is a square wave of period T with maximum and minimum values of 8V and -10V
respectively. Assume that the diode is ideal and R1  R2  50
The average value of VL is ______ Volts (rounded off to 1 decimal place)

Ans: –3
Solution:
During –ve half cycle, D is forward biased & hence V0  Vin
During +ve half cycle, D is reverse biased & hence
R2 Vin
V0  Vin  
R1  R 2 2
So, V0 looks like as shown below,

4  T  10  T
2 2  2  5  3V
 V0 avg  T

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 ECE (Solutions)

08. The value of contour integral

2
1  1

2j 
 z   dz
z

Evaluated over the unit circle z  1 1 is ________

Ans: 0
Solution:

   
2 2
1 z2  1 1 d 2 z 1
2

2i C z2
dz  Res     z 0 1! dz
 z 2
f z   lim z 
z2
 
 lim2  2z z2  1  0
z 0

 
sinx
09. The value of the integral 
0 y
x
dx dy , is equal to ______

Ans: 2
Solution:
The region of integration is shown below,

If we wish to change limits of integration then y varies from 0 to x & x varies from 0 to π
 x  
sinx sinx x sinx
0 0 x dydx  0 x  y 0 dx  0 x  xdx  2

10. Radiation resistance of a small dipole current element of length I at a frequency of 3GHz is 3 ohms. If length is
changed by 1% then the percentage change in the radiation resistance, rounded off to two decimal places, is
_____%

Ans. 1.98 to 2.02

Solution:
2
 dl 
Rrad  802  

R1   dl
2

 dl  1.01  
2

R 2  80  2

  
 
R2  1.01dl
2

R2  1.0201dl2
1.0201  1
% change   100%  2%  2.01%
1

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 ECE (Solutions)

11. Consider the two-port resistive network shown in the figure. When an excitation of 5 V is applied across Port
1, and Port 2 is shorted, the current through the short circuit at Port 2 is measured to be 1 A (see (a) in the figure).
Now, if an excitation of 5V is applied across Port 2 and Port 1 is shorted (see (b) in the figure), what is the current
through the short circuit at Port 1?

(a) 0.5A (b) 2A

(c) 2.5A (d) 1A

Ans: (d)
Solution:
In any bilateral linear circuits; If a source of EMF “V” acting in a branch (let “A”) of the circuit produces the current
“I” in another branch (let “B”) of the circuit. Then when the EMF “V” acts in the second branch “B”, it will produce
the same current “I” in the first branch “A”.
Here by reciprocity theorem, I=1A

12. Which one of the following functions is analytic over the entire complex plane?
1
(a) ln z  (b) e z

1
(c)
1 z
(d) cos z  
Ans: (d)
Solution:
z2 z 4 z6
cos z  1     ......
2! 4! 6!
Hence, there is no singularity & function is analytic

13. The number of distinct Eigen values of the matrix

2 2 3 3
 
0 1 1 1
A
0 0 3 3
 
0 0 0 2

Is equal to _______

Ans: 3
Solution:
The given matrix is upper triangular & hence diagonal elements represent Eigen values
So, Eigen values are 1, 2, 3, 2
Hence, there are 3 distinct Eigen values

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 ECE (Solutions)

 
14. A standard CMOS inverter is designed with equal rise and fall times n  p . If the width of the pMOS

 
transistor in the inverter is increased, what would be the effect on the LOW noise margin NML and the HIGH

noise margin NMH ?

(a) NML decreases and NMH increases
(b) Both NML and NMH increase
(c) No change in the noise margin
(d) NML increases and NMH decreases

Ans: (a)
Solution:
The characteristics of CMOS inverter are,

Since, current through both transistor are equal IDp  IDn

pCox W nCox W
V  VM  VTP    VM  VTn 
2 2
DD
2L 2L
p n
V  VM  VTP    VM  VTn 
2 2
DD
2 2
n
VDD  VM  VTp   V  VTn 
p M

n
VDD  VTp  VTn
p
VM 
n
1
p
as p  , i.e. VM will reduce

Hence NM  
2
will reduce & NM  H
increases

15. In the circuit shown, the clock frequency, i.e., the frequency of the CLK signal is 12 kHz. The frequency of the
signal at Q 2 is _______kHz

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: 4
Solution:
Next state equation
Q1  D1 Q 2  D2
Q1  Q1Q 2  Q1  Q 2
Q 2  Q1

CLK Q2 Q1
0 0 0
1 0 1
2 1 0
3 0 0
4 0 1
5 1 0
6 0 0

Time period of waveform at Q2  3TCLK

1 f 12
Frequency   CLK   4kHz
3TCLK 3 3

 2   
  
16. Consider the signal f t  1  2cos t  3sin 
3
t   4 cos  t   , where t is in seconds. Its
2 4
  
fundamental time period, in second, is ________

Ans: 12
Solution:
2 2 2
T1   2 ; T2   3 ; T3  4
 2 
3 2
T1 2 T1 2 1
 &  
T2 3 T3 4 2
ratio is rational

Hence f t is Periodic

T0  LCM (2, 3, 4) =12sec

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 ECE (Solutions)

17. A linear Hamming code is used to map 4-bit message to 7-bit code words. The encoder mapping is linear. If
the message 0001 is mapped to the codeword 0000111 and the message 0011 is mapped to the codeword
1100110, then the message 0010 is mapped to
(a) 1111000 (b) 1111111
(c) 0010011 (d) 1100001

Ans: (d)
Solution:
Hamming (7, 4) is a linear error connecting code that encodes 4 bits of data into 7 bits by adding 3, parity bits.
We have to form generator matrix
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 1 0
0 
0 1 0 0  
  0
1 0 0 0     0000111
0 
0 0 0 1  
  1 
0 0 0 1  
0 0 1 1 


0 0 0 1
 
0 0 1 0
0 
0 1 0 0  
  0
1 0 0 0     1100110
1 
0 0 0 1  
  1 
0 0 0 1  
0 0 1 1 


0 0 1 0
 
0 0 1 0
0 
0 1 0 0  
  0
1 0 0 0     1100001
1 
0 0 0 1  
  0 
0 0 0 1  
0 0 1 1 


18. The figure is the high frequency C-V curve of a MOS capacitor (at T=300 K) with ms  0V and no oxide
charges. The flat-band inversion and accumulation conditions are represented respectively by the points

(a) R, P, Q

(b) Q, R, P

(c) P, Q, R

(d) Q, P, R

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans. (b)
Solution:
VG  0  Accumulation of majority carriers
VG  0  Inversion of majority carriers
P-Accumulation
Q-Flat band
R-Inversion
QRP

19. For the LTI system, the Bode plot for its gain is illustrated in the figure shown. The number of system poles NP
and the number of system zeros NZ in the frequency range 1 Hz  f  107 Hz is

(a) NP  7,NZ  4

(b) NP  6,NZ  3

(c) NP  4,NZ  2

(d) NP  5,NZ  2

Ans: (b)
Solution:
The slope changes from 0dB/dec to -20dB/dec at   10
Hence one pole exists at   10
The slope becomes -60dB/dec at   10
2

Hence 2 poles at   10
2

The slope again becomes -40dB/dec & hence a zero at   10

3

The slope becomes 0dB/dec at   10 , so 2 zeroes at   10

4 4

The slope becomes -40dB/dec at   10 , so 2 poles at   10

5 5

The slope becomes -60dB/dec at   10 , so one pole at   10

6 6

Hence, there are 6 poles & 3 zeroes

Np  6,Nz  3

20. Let Z be an exponential random variable with mean 1. That is the cumulative distribution function of Z is given
by
1  e x if x  0
Fz  x   
0 if x  0
 
Then Pr Z  2 | Z  1 , rounded off to two decimal places, is equal to ________

Ans: 0.36 to 0.38

Solution:
 z  2  P  z  2    z  1 P  z  2 
P  
 z 1 P  z  1 P  z  1

P  z  2    fz  z  dz
2

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 ECE (Solutions)


P  z  1   fz  z  dz
1

d
CDF= PDF
dz
e z0
z
fz  z   
0 z0

 e  z  0  e2 
 2
P  z  2    e dz z
   e2
2
 1  1

 e  z  0  e1 
 1
P  z  1   e dz  z
   e1
2
1 1
P  z  2 e2 0.135
   0.366
P  z  1 e1 0.367

21. Which one of the following options describes correctly the equilibrium band diagram at T=300K of a Silicon
pnnp configuration shown in the figure?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Ans: (a)
Solution:
Fermi level for n type SC
N 
EF  EC  KT n  c 
 Nd 
N 
EC  EF  KT n  c 
 Nd 
As doping concentration Nd increases EF moves closer to conduction band.
For degenerate semiconductors of n type EF lies inside the conduction band.

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 ECE (Solutions)

Fermi level for p type SC.

N 
EF  EV  Kt n  v 
 Na 
N 
EV  EF  KT n  v 
 Na 
As doping concentration Nv increases, EF moves closer to valence band.
For degenerate SC of p type EF lies inside the valence band.
“In given problem; EF will be closer to conduction band of n+ than conduction band of n and Fermi level of p++
will lie inside the valence band.”

22. What is the electric flux   E.daˆ  through a quarter cylinder of height H (as shown in the figure) due to an
infinitely long line charge along the axis of the cylinder with a charge density of Q?

H 0
(a)
4Q
4H
(b)
Q0
HQ
(c)
0
HQ
(d)
40

Ans: (d)
Solution:

Electric field due to infinitely long wire of charge density L C / m 
Given L  Q
1 L 1 Q
E aˆ  aˆ
2    2   
 1 Q 
E  ds   aˆ   ddz  aˆ 
 2   
Q
E  ds  d dz
2 
 /2 H
Q Q Q 
s E  ds   2 ddz  2  0 d0 dz  2   2  H
QH
 E  ds 
s
0

Alternate method
Q enc
 E.dS  0
Since the surface is not closed but is a quarter cylinder so the net flux is 1/4th of the flux through closed cylinder
Q enc Q H
 E.dS  40

40

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 ECE (Solutions)

23. Let Y(s) be the unit step response of a casual system having a transfer function
3s
Gs 
 s  1s  3
Gs
That is , Y s  s
. The forced response of the system is

 
(a) u t  2e tu t  e3tu t 

(b) u t


(c) 2u t

 
(d) 2u t  2e tu t  e3tu t 

Ans: (a)
Solution:
1
Us 
s
3s
Gs 
 s  1s  3

3s A B C
Y s  G s Us    
s  s  1  s  3 s s  1 s  3
Upon solving A=1, B=-2, C=1
1 2 1
Y s    
s s 1 s  3
 
y  t   1  2e t  e3t u  t 


24. The baseband signal m t shown in the figure is phase modulated to generate the PM signal

 
  t   cos 2fc t  km  t  . The time t on the x-axis in the figure is in milliseconds. If the carrier frequency is

fc  50kHz and k  10 , then the ratio of the minimum instantaneous frequency (in kHz) to the maximum
instantaneous frequency (in kHz) is _______ (rounded off to 2 decimal places)

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: 0.73 to 0.77

Solution:

In phase modulation:
Instantaneous phase
i  t   c t  Km t 
di  t  dm  t 
 i  t   2fi  t   c  k
dt dt
 k  dm  t 
fi  t   fc   
 2  dt
dm  t 
 slope of m  t 
dt

 dm  t  
   2  103
 dt max
 dm  t  
   1  103
 dt min

k  dm  t   10
fi  t    fc     50k   2k  50k  10k  60k
 max 2  dt  2
 max
k  dm  t   10k
fi  t    fc     50k   45k
 min 2  dt  2
 min

Ratio
f t 
i min

45
 0.75
f t 
i max
60

25. If X and Y are random variables such that E 2X  Y   0 and E  X  2Y   33 , then E  X   E  Y   ______

Ans: 11
Solution:
2E X   E  Y   0 …………………… (1)
E X   2E Y   33 ……………………(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 2

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 ECE (Solutions)

4E X   2E Y   0 …………………….(3)

E X   2E Y   33 …………………….(4)
Subtracting equation (4) by 3
3E X   33
E  X   11
Putting value of E  X   11 in equation (1)

E Y   2E X   22

E X   E Y   22  11  11

26. Consider a casual second-order system with the transfer function

1
Gs 
1  2s  s2
1
With a unit step R s   s
as an input. Let C(s) be the corresponding output. The time taken by the system output


c(t) to reach 94% of its steady state value lim c t , rounded off to two decimal places, is
t 

(a) 4.50 (b) 3.89

(c) 2.81 (d) 5.25

Ans: (a)
Solution:
C s  R s Gs
1 A B C
C s    
s  s  1
2
s s  1 2
s  1
Upon solving A  1, B=-1, C=-1
1 1 1
C s   
s  s  1 2  s  1 


C  t   1  tet  et  0.94  1 
 t  1 e t
 0.06
Based on options, t  4.50 sec

27. Two identical copper wires W1 and W2 placed in parallel as shown in the figure, carry current I and 2I
respectively, in opposite direction. If the two wires are separated by a distance of 4r, then the magnitude of the
magnetic field B between the wires at a distance r from W1 is
20 I2
(a)
2r 2
 0I
(b)
6 r
6 0I
(c)
5r
5 0I
(d)
6 r

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: (d)
Solution:
Magnetic flux density due to wire w1
0 I
B 
aˆ  aˆ
2r I 

I I
2r
 
B1  0 aˆ x  aˆ y   0  âz 
  2r
Magnetic flux density due to wire w 2
0 2I  2I
B2   aˆ x   aˆ y   0  âz 
2 3r    23r  
The magnetic field B  B1  B2
0 I  2
B 1    aˆ z 
2r  3
50 I
B
6r
 aˆ z 
5 I
B  0
6r

28. In the circuit shown, V1  0 and V2  Vdd . The other relevant parameters are mentioned in the figure. Ignoring

the effect of channel length modulation and the body effect, the value of Iout is ______mA [Rounded off to 1
decimal place]

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: 5.9 to 6.1

Solution:

W
The transistors M1 and M2 form current mirror & based on aspect ratio  
 L 
W
 
L 3
I1   2  1   1  1.5 mA
W 2
 
 L 1
Since V1  0 M3 is OFF and hence entire
Current I1 flows through M4
Again, M5 and M6 form current mirror
W
 
L 40
Iout   6 I1   1.5 mA  6 mA
W 10
 
 L 5

29. In the circuit shown, the breakdown voltage and the maximum current of the Zener diode are 20V and 60mA
respectively. The values of R1 and R L are 200Ω and 1kΩ respectively. What is the range of Vi that will maintain the
Zener diode in the ‘ON’ state?

(a) 18V to 24V

(b) 24V to 36V

(c) 20V to 28V

(d) 22V to 34V

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: (b)
Solution:
Vz 20
IL    20mA
Rz 1 k
Imin  IL  IZ min  20mA
Imax  IL  IZ max   80mA

VZ min  VZ  Imin  R1  20  20  103  200  24V

VZ max   VZ  Imax  R1  20  80  103  200  36V

  
30. In the circuit shown, if v t  2sin 1000t Volts, R=1kΩ and C=1µF, then the steady state current i(t), in

milliamperes (mA) is
 
(a) sin 1000t  3cos 1000t  

(b) 3sin 1000t  cos 1000t   

(c) 2sin 1000t  2cos 1000t   

(d) sin 1000t  cos 1000t  

Ans: (b)
Solution:
Convert Y connection of capacitor to delta
CY C
C  
3 3
Now, every capacitor is connected parallel to R
1 R
Z  R || 
j C 1  j C
3 3
2Z 2R
Z eq  Z ||  Z  Z   
3 3 1  jRC 

2  1000 2000 2000  3  j 6000  2000 j

Z eq    
 j   3  j 10 10
31  
 3
V 20 20 10
I    mA   3  j mA
Z eq 6000  2000 j 6  j2 3 j
i  t   3sin 1000t   cos 1000t 

   
31. In the circuit shown, the threshold voltage of the pMOS Vtp and nMOS Vtn transistor are both equal to 1V.

All the transistor have the same output resistance rds of 6MΩ. The other parameter are listed below:
W
nCox  60 A V 2 ;   5
 L nMOS
W
p Cox  30 A V2 ;    10
 L pMOS

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 ECE (Solutions)

n and p are the carrier mobilities and Cox is the capacitance per unit area. Ignoring the effect of channel length
modulation and body bias, the gain of the circuit is _______ (rounded off to 1 decimal place)

Ans: –900
Solution:
Assume node voltage as V
Current through M1 and M2 must be equal
ID1  ID2
W W
p cox   p cox  
 L p  L p
 4  V   1  V  1
2 2

2 2
3  V  V 1
V2

Since M3 and M1 form a current mirror ID3  ID1 and hence current through entire circuit is same
So, trans conductance is same for all transistor
W
gm  cox  V  VT   300 2  1  300 A/V
L GS
Forming AC model for circuit
ID  cox 
gm 
VGS

L
 VGS   VT

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 ECE (Solutions)

Vsg1  Vsg2  0  Vsg3

rds
Hence Vout  gmVsg4
2
r ds
|| rds 

rds
Vout  gm V
2 in
Vout 300  6 1800
 gmrds  
Vin 2 2
Gain  900

32. Consider the line integral

  xdy  ydx 
C

The integral being taken in a counter clockwise direction over the closed curve C that forms the boundary of the
region R shown in the figure below. The region R is the area enclosed by the union of 2  3 rectangle and a semi-
circle of radius 1. The line integral evaluates to

(a) 16+2π

(b) 6+ π/2

(c) 8+ π

(d) 12+ π

Ans: (d)
Solution:
Since C is a closed curve

   
  xdy  ydx     x x  y y  dxdy   2dxdy  2  Area inside S
C S

  xdy  tdx   2  3  2  2   2 2    12  

  2 
C  

33. Let h n be a length-7 discrete time finite impulse response filter, given by

h 0   4 , h 1  3 , h 2  2 , h 3  1 ,

h  1  3 , h  2  2 , h  3  1 ,

And h n is zero for n  4 . A length 3 finite impulse response approximation g n of h n has to be obtained

such that

   
2
E h,g   H e j  G e j

d


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 ECE (Solutions)

   
Is minimized where H e j and G e j are the discrete time Fourier transform of h n and g n , respectively. For

 
the filter that minimize E h,g , the value of 10g  1  g 1 , rounded off to 2 decimal places, is ______

Ans: -27.5 to-26.5

Solution:

h n  1,  2,  3, 4, 3, 2, 1


g (n) has to be obtained such that
(1) g (n) is finite sequence of length 3
(2) g (n) is approximation of h (n)
(3) g (n) should be such that
 2

E h,g    

 
H e j  G e j d should be minimum.

     
Let Y e j  H e j  G e j


 
2
E h,g   Y e j d  2  y 2 n



n

1
 
2
 x n  2 

Parseval’s theorem for DTFT: 2
X e j d

n

E (h, g) = 2 y 2 n should be minimum
n

E (h, g) will be minimum : if and only if g(n) has higher values of h (n)

h n  1,  2,  3, 4, 3, 2, 1


g(n)  3, 4, 3


Hence 10 g  1  g 1  30  3  27

34. Consider a six-point decimation in time Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, for which the signal flow graph
 j2 
corresponding to X[1] is shown in the figure. Let W6  exp    . In the figure, what should be the values of
 6 
the coefficients a1 ,a2 ,a3 in terms of W6 so that X[1] is obtained correctly?

(a) a1  1,a2  W6 ,a3  W62

(b) a1  1,a2  W6 ,a3  W62

(c) a1  1,a2  W62 ,a3  W6

(d) a1  1,a2  W62 ,a3  W6

Ans: (a)
Solution:
N1
Equation of DTFT: X k     x  n W nk
N
n 0

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 ECE (Solutions)

5
X K    x n W6nk
n0

5
X 1    x n W6n
n0

X 1  x  0   x 1 W61  x  2 W62  x 3 W63  x  4  W64  x 5  W65

Properties of twiddle factor

N
WN2  WN
N
r
WN2  WNr

X 1  x  0   x 3  W6 x 1  x  4   W62 x 2   x 5  ….(i)

In diagram

 
X 1  a1 x  0   x 3  a2 x 1   x  4   a3 x 2   x 5  ……(ii)

Comparing (i) & (ii)

a1  1 ; a2  W6 ; a3  W62

35. A voice signal m(t) is in frequency range 5kHz to 15kHz. The signal is amplitude modulated to generate an AM
 
signal f t  A 1  m t  cos2fc t , where fc  600kHz . The AM signal f(t) is to be digitized and archived. This is
 
done by first sampling f(t) at 1.2 times the Nyquist frequency, and then quantizing each sample using a 256-level
quantizer. Finally each quantizer sample is binary coded using K bits, where K is the minimum number of bits
required for the encoding. The rate in Megabits per second (rounded off to 2 decimal places) of the resulting
stream of coded bits is _____ Mbps

Ans: 0.57 to 0.61

Solution:

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 ECE (Solutions)

fAM  t  is amplitude modulated signal, Hence it is a bandpass signal.

So bandpass sampling theorem has to be used to sample fAM t . 
According to bandpass sampling theorem:
Nyquist Rate;
2fH
fNY 
k
 f   615   615 
k H     20.5
 fH  fL   615  585   30 
k=20
2  615k
fs   61.5k samples/sec  fNy
20
fs  1.2fNy  1.2  61.5k  73.8k samples/sec
L= 256
n= 8bits/sample
Rb  nfs
Rb  8  73.8kbps
Rb  590.4kbps
Rb  0.5904Mbps

36. The RC circuit shown below has a variable resistance R(t) given by the following expression:
 t
R  t   R 0 1   for 0  t  T
 T

Where R 0  1  and C=1 F. We also given that T  3R0 C and the source voltage is VS  1V . If the current at time

t=0 is 1A, then the current I(t), in amperes, at time t  T is ______ (rounded off to 2 decimal places)
2

Ans: 0.24 to 0.26

Solution:
1
C
By KVL, VS  iR  idt
For t  0
 t 1
1  iR 0  1     idt
 T C

Differentiate both sides

di  t  iR i
0 R 1    0 
dt 0  T T C
di  t  1
 1    i  1    T  3R 0 C  3
dt  T  3

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 ECE (Solutions)

 2
dt   
di 3
 
i t
1
T
t
Let 1   u
T
dt
  du
T
dt  Tdu
2
3du  
di 3  2 du

i u u
Integrate both sides
lni  2lnu  C
 t
lni  2ln  1    C
 T 
given i  0   1
0  2ln1  C
C0
 t
lni  t   2ln  1  
 T
T
At t 
2
T 1
lni    2ln  2ln2
 2 2
T 1
lni    ln
2 4
T 1
i    A  0.25A
2 4

 
37. The quantum efficiency  and responsivity (R) at a wavelength  (in µm) in a p-i-n photo-detector are

related by
 
(a) R 
1.24
1.24
(b) R 
 

(c) R 
  1.24
1.24  
(d) R 


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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: (a)
Solution:

Pin  Power of input light

IP  Output photon current

Responsivity
IP
R
Pin
Quantum efficiency   
IP
re
Rate of electron generation at output q
  
rp Rate of photon generation at input Pin
h
IP q
R 
Pin h
   q
R
hc
h  6.6  1034 joule-sec
c  3  108 m/sec
  m
R
1.24

38. A single bit, equally likely to be 0 and 1, is to be send across an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
N0
channel with power spectral density . Binary signalling, with 0  p(t) amd 1  q(t), is used for the
2
transmission along with an optimal receiver that minimizes the bit-error probability.


Let 1 t , 2 t from an orthogonal signal set

If we choose p  t     t  and q  t     t  ,we would obtain a certain bit error probability P .

1 1 b

If we keep p  t     t  , but take q  t   E  t  , for what value of E would we obtain the same bit-error
1 2

probability Pb ?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 3

Ans: (d)
Solution:
p  t  when 1 is Txed

s t  
q  t  when 0 is Txed

Case 1 : p  t   1  t 

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 ECE (Solutions)

q  t   1  t 
Constellation diagram:

dmin  2

Case 2 : p  t   1  t 

q  t   E 2  t 
Constellation diagram:

 E 1 
2
dmin  E 1

For probability of Error to be same in both

Cases:
We know that
 d 2
Pe min  Q  min 
 4 N0 
 
Pe min
 f  dmin 
dmin = minimum distance between 2 Points (representing ‘1’ and ‘0’) on constellation diagram.
d   d 
min I min II

E 1  2
E3

39. A Germanium sample of dimension 1cm  1cm is illuminated with a 20mW, 600nm laser light source as shown
in the figure. The illuminated sample surface has a 100nm of loss less Silicon dioxide layer that reflects one-fourth
of the incident light. From the remaining light, on-third of the power is reflected from the silicon dioxide
Germanium interface, one-third is absorbed in the Germanium layer and one-third is transmitted through the
other side of the sample. If the absorption coefficient of Germanium at 600nm is 3  10 cm and the band gap is
4 1

0.66eV, the thickness of the Germanium layer, rounded off to 3 decimal places is ______µm

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: 0.225 to 0.235

Solution:

Absorption coefficient   3  104 /cm

I  x   I0ex

I0  Light intensity penetrating Ge volume.

I  x   Light intensity at distance x.

I I x
 e
4 2

1
ex 
2

ex  2

x  ln2

ln2
x cm
3  10 4

x  0.231  104 cm

x  0.231 m

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 ECE (Solutions)

40. Consider a long channel MOSFET with a channel length 1µm and width 10µm. The device parameters are
acceptor concentration NA  5  1016 cm3 ; electron mobility n  800cm2 V  s , oxide capacitance/area

Cox  3.45  107 F cm2 , threshold voltage VT  0.7V . The rain saturation current IDsat  for a gate voltage of 5V

is ______ mA [rounded off to two decimal places] 0  8.854  104 F cm, Si  11.9
 

Ans: 25.3 to 25.7

Solution:
nCox  800  3.45  107  10
 VGS  VT   5  0.7  255162  107  25.51 mA
2 2
IDsat  
2L 21

41. In the circuits shown, the threshold voltage of each nMOS transistor is 0.6 V. Ignoring the effect of channel
length modulation and body bias, the values of Vout1 and Vout2. Respectively, in volts, are

(a) 1.8 and 2.4

(b) 2.4 and 2.4

(c) 2.4 and 1.2

(d) 1.8 and 1.2

Ans: (a)
Solution:
In a MOS switch the source voltage is given by
VS  min  VD , VG  VT 
For 1st circuit

V1  min 3, 3  0.6   2.4V

Vout1  min 3, 2.4  0.6   1.8V
For 2nd circuit

V2  min 3, 3  0.6   2.4V

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 ECE (Solutions)

V3  min  V2 , 3  0.6   2.4V

Vout,2  min  V3 , 3  0.6   2.4V

   
42. Let the state-space representation of an LTI system be x t  A x t  B u(t), y t  C x t  d u t where A, 
y  t  is its output. Let B  0
T
B, C are matrices, d is a scalar, u(t) is the input to the system, and 0 1 and d =
0. Which one of the following options for A and C will ensure that the transfer function of this LTI system is
1
H(s)  ?
s  3s  2s  1
3 2

0 1 0 
 
(a) A  0 0 1  and C  1 0 0 
 3 2 1
 
0 1 0 
 
(b) A  0 0 1  and C  0 0 1 
 1 2 3
 
0 1 0 
 
(c) A  0 0 1  and C  0 0 1
 3 2 1
 
0 1 0 
 
(d) A  0 0 1  and C  1 0 0 
 1 2 3
 

Ans: (d)
Solution:
Using controllable canonical form
0 1 0  0 
   
A 0 0 1 B  0 
 1 2 3  1
   
C  1 0 0

43. A CMOS inverter, designed to have a mid-point voltage V1 equal to half of Vdd , as shown in the figure, has
the following parameters:

Vdd  3 V
nCox  100A / V2 : Vtn  0.7 V for nMOS
pCox  40 A / V2 : Vtp  0.9 V for pMOS

w w
The ratio of   to   is equal to ___________ (rounded off to 3 decimal places).
 n  L p
L

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: 0.21 to 0.24

Solution:
CMOS inverter is shown as,

VDD
For NMOS, VGS  Vin 
2
VDD
For PMOS, VGS  VDD  Vin 
2
Since current through both Tx must be equal IDp  IDn

Also, VDS  VGS and hence transistor is in saturation

2
W V 
nCox    DD  VTn 
 L n  2 
1 2
W V 
pCox    DD  VTp 
 L p  2 
W
 L n  40  1.5  0.9 
  2

W 100 1.5  0.7 2

 
 L p
0.36 9
 0.4   0.4   0.225
0.64 16

     
44. Let a random process Y t be described as Y t  h t  X t  Z t , where X t is a white noise process

with power spectral density S  f   5 W / Hz . The filter h  t  has a magnitude response given by H f   0.5
x

for 5  f  5 , and zero elsewhere, Z  t  is a stationary random process, uncorrelated with X  t  , with power

spectral density as shown in the figure. The power in Y  t  , in watts, is equal to _______________ W (rounded off to
two decimal places).

Ans. 17.3 to 17.7

Solution.
  
Concept 1. Two R.P. X t , Y t   which are stationary will be uncorrelated

Then, cov  X  t  Y  t      0

cov  X  t  Y  t      E X  t  Y  t     E X  t  E Y t   

0  R     E X  t  E Y  t   

XY

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 ECE (Solutions)

R.P.  0 : E  X  t    0
E  Y  t      0
R xy     0


Note: If two R.P. with zero mean are uncorrelated then R xy   0  cross-corellation will be zero

Concept 2.
X  t  and Y  t  are two stationary zero mean R.P. and Z  t   X  t   Y  t 

 
R ZZ     E Z  t  Z  t     E  X  t   Y  t  X  t     Y  t    
  
R ZZ     E X  t  X  t     E X  t  Y  t     E Y  t  X  t     E Y  t  Y  t   
 R XX     R XY     R YX     R YY   

 
If X t and Y t are uncorrelated then

R ZZ    R    R  
XX YY

Taking F.T. both sides

SZZ  f   SXX  f   SYY  f 

Concept 3.

 Y  t   H 0   X  t 

If mean E  X t   0
  
Y  t   0


If X t is zero mean R.P. then

Y  t   X  t   h  t  is also zero mean R.P.

Concept 4.
DC power of a R.P.

E X  t  
2 0
   SX  f  df
0

E X t  
2 0
   SX  f   0  X  t  is zero mean R.P.
0

  
Then Y1 t  X t  h t  Zero mean R.P.

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 ECE (Solutions)

E Z t  
2 0
   SZ  f  df  0  Z  t  is also zero mean R.P.
0

Y1  t   X  t   h  t 
X  t  and Z  t  are uncorelated

 
So Y1 t and Z t will also be uncorrelted

Y t  Y t  Z t .

1

Y  t  & Z  t  are Zero mean and uncorellated

1

S f   S f   S f 
Y Y1 Z

PY  t    SY  f  df   SZ  f  df
 

 1 

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 ECE (Solutions)

5 1
PY  t    10   10  17.5 watt
4 2

45. The block diagram of a system is illustrated in the figure shown, where X s  is the input and Y s is the

Y s
output. The transfer function H s   X s
is

s2  1

(a) H s 
s  s2  s  1
3

s 1
(b) H s   2
s  s 1
s2  1
(c) H s   3
s  2s2  s  1
s2  1
(d) H  s   2
2s  1

Ans: (c)
Solution:
Since s & 1 are in parallel
s
 s2  1 
G1  s  1  
s  s 
Due to unity feedback
G1 s2  1
T1  
1  G1 s2  s  1
Now, 1 is cascade to T1
s
s2  1
G2 

s s2  s  1 
Due to unity feedback
s2  1
T
s3  2s2  s  1

46. A random variable X takes values 1 and 1 with probabilities 0.2 and 0.8, respectively. It is transmitted
across a channel which adds noise N, so that the random variable at the channel output is Y  X  N . The noise
N is independent of X, and is uniformly distributed over the interval  2, 2 . The receiver makes a decision.

1, if Y  
X
1, if Y  
ˆ  X  . The minimum
Where the threshold    1, 1 is chosen so as to minimize the probability of error Pr  X
 
probability of error, rounded off to 1 decimal place, is ____________.

Ans: 0.1
Solution:

P X  1  P 0Tx   0.2

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 ECE (Solutions)

P X  1  P 1Tx  0.8
Concept: General Baseband Receiver

1  N
 when 0 is Txed
Y 
1  N
 when 1 is Txed 

 1   0 
Pe  P  0Tx  P    P 1Tx  P  
 0Tx   1Tx 

 1 
P   P  Y    P  1  N     P N    1   fN n dn
 0Tx  1

 0 
  P  Y    P 1  N     P N    1    fN n dn
1
P
 1Tx 
 1   2
1 1 1  
P   N
 f  n dn   dn   2    1  
 0Tx  1 1
4 4 4
 0  1 1
1 1  1
P    fN n dn   dn     1  2 
 1Tx   2
4 4 4

 1 
Pe  P  0Tx  P 
 0  1    0.8 1  
  P 1Tx  P    0.2 
 0Tx   1Tx  4 4
1  0.6
Pe    
4

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 ECE (Solutions)

1  0.6
Pe    at   1  0.1
min 4

k
47. Consider a unity feedback system, as in the figure shown, with an integral compensator and open-loop
s
1
transfer function G s   s2  3s  2
Where K  0 . The positive value of K for which there are exactly two poles of the unity feedback system on the
j axis is equal to __________ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Ans: 6
Solution:
Apply Routh criteria
s3 1 2
s2 3 k
6 k
s1
3
s0 k
For marginally stable system, coefficient of s’=0
k=6

48. A rectangular waveguide of width w and height h has cut-off frequencies for TE10 and TE11 modes in the
ratio 1 : 2. The aspect ratio w/h, rounded off to two decimal places, is _____________.

Ans: 1.71 to 1.75

Solution:
2 2
v m  n
fc     
2  a  b
v 1
TE10 fc1  
2 a
v 1 1
TE11 fc2   2
2 a b
2

v2
f2
4a2 1
c1
 
f 2
v2 v2 4
2

4a2 4b2
4 1 1
 2 2
a2 a b
3 1
 2
a2 b

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 ECE (Solutions)

a
 3
b
a
 1.732
b

49. Consider the homogeneous ordinary differential equation

d2 y dy
x2  3x  3y  0, x  0
dx2 dx
with y  x  as a general solution. Given that

y 1  1 and y  2  14

 
The value of y 1.5 , rounded off to two decimal places, is ____________.

Ans: 5.20 to 5.30

Solution:
Assume xm is the solution of equation
dy
 mxm1
dx
d2 y
 m m  1  xm2
dx2
d2 y dy
x2 2  3x  3y  0
dx dx
mm  1  3m  3 x m
0

m2  4m  2  0
m  1m  3  0
y  c1 x  c2x3
y 1  1  c1  c2
y  2  14  2c1  8c2
2  2c1  2c2
c2  2
c1  1


y  2x3  x 
y 1.5  2 1.5  1.5  1.5  3.5  5.25
3

50. Consider a differentiable function f x    

on the set of real numbers such that f 1  0 and f x  2 .
'

Given these conditions, which one of the following inequalities is necessarily true for all x   2, 2 ?

1
 
(a) f x 
2
x

1
(b) f  x   x  1
2
(c) f  x   2 x

 
(d) f x  2 x  1

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans: (d)
Solution:
 
Since f  x  2

2  f   x   2
In option 4
f  1  2 x  1  0
The graph of 2 x  1 is shown below

 
Since f x & 2 x  1 are equal at x  1 & f x cannot grow at rate higher than 2 so it will always lie below

2 x 1

51. In an ideal pn junction with an ideality factor of 1 at T=300 K, the magnitude of the reverse-bias voltage
required to reach 75% of its reverse saturation current, rounded off to 2 decimal places, is ___________mV.
k  1.38  1023 Jk 1 , h  6.625  1034 J  s,q  1.602  1019 C 
 

Ans: 35.7 to 36.1

Solution:

Equation of forward current from P to N :

 VD 
IF  I0  e VT  1 
 
 
 = Ideality factor = 1
 VD 
IF  I0  e T  1 
V

 
 
Reverse saturation current flows from N to P. So
3
IF  I
4 0
3  VD 
I0  I0  e T  1 
V

4  
 
VP 1
 n
VT 4
1
VD  VT n
4

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 ECE (Solutions)

T
VT  V
11,600
at T  300 K
VT  0.0259 V
1
VD  0.0259 n
4
VD  35.9 mV

52. It is desired to find a three-tap causal filter which gives zero signal as an output to an input of the form.
 jn   jn 
x n  c1 exp     c2 exp  ,
 2   2 
where c1 and c2 are arbitrary real numbers, The desired three-tap filter is given by
h  0   1, h 1  a, h 2  b and h n  0 for n  0 or n  2
What are the values of the filter taps a and b if the output is y n  for all n, when x n is as given above?

(a) a  1 , b  1
(b) a  0 , b   1
(c) a  0 , b  1
(d) a  1 , b  1

Ans: (c)
Solution:
Eigen function of discrete time system

j0n  j0n
e and e are Eigen function of discrete time system.
Transfer function of system.


 
H e j   h n e jn
h

H e   h  0   h 1  e  h  2  e
j  j 2 j

H e   1  ae  be 
j  j 2 j

 jn
 j

y1 n  c1e 2
 1  ae 2
 be j 
 
 jn
y1 n  c1e 2 1  ja  b

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 ECE (Solutions)

jn
  j

y 2  n   c2 e 2
1  ae 2  be 
 j

 
jn
y 2 n  c2e 2 1  ja  b 

 jn jn
y n  c1e 2 1  b    ja  c2e 2 1  b    ja
   
 
For y n to be zero
b 1
a0

53. In the circuit shown, Vs is a 10 V square wave of period, T  4 ms with R  500  and c  10 F. The
capacitor is initially uncharged at t=0, and the diode is assumed to be ideal. The voltage across the capacitor
V 
c
at 3 ms is equal to __________ volts (rounded off to one decimal place).

Ans: 3.1 to 3.5

Solution:
  RC   0.5k   10F  5msec
During 0 to 2msec, diode is forward biased

Vc  10 1  e  
t

 
At t=2msec

Vc  2   10 1  e 5   3.296V
2

 
Now, diode remains off from 2msec to 4msec
Vc  Constant= 3.296V

54. The dispersion equation of a waveguide, which relates the wavenumber k to the frequency  , is
k    1 / c  2  02

Where the speed of light c  3  10 m / s and 0 is a constant. If the group velocity is 2  10 m / s , then the
8 8

phase velocity is
(a) 1.5  10 m / s (b) 4.5  10 m / s
8 8

(c) 3  10 m / s (d) 2  10 m / s
8 8

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 ECE (Solutions)

Ans. (b)
Solution:
1 2
K      20
c
Vg  2  108 m / sec

 
2
 1  f0 f
c
 c


 
2
1  f0 f

vp . v g  c 2

9  1016
vg 
2  108
vg  4.5  108 m / sec

55. The state transition diagram for the circuit shown is

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Ans: (d)
Solution:
Equation of next state
Q  D
Q   Q.Y  Q AQ  AQ 

Q   AQ
With 1: F/F 2 state will be present 0 and 1
Here input is A

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 ECE (Solutions)

Q A Q   AQ
PS Input NS
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

State transition diagram

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