BTECH1 – BUILDING MATERIALS and BTECH 2

CONCRETE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS

Made from materials which must contain the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron
Portland Cement components
Portland cement is sold either in cement bags of 40 kilos weight or in BULK into cement trucks.
Same materials as normal Portland except in color.
White Port land
used primarily for architectural purposes such as curtain wall and facing panels, decorative
Cement
concrete stucco and tile grout, or wherever white or colored concrete or mortar is specified
Has been specially designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal Portland
Masonry Cement
cement or with a lime-cement combination.
Air-entraining Small amounts of certain air-entraining agents are added to the clinker and ground with it to
Portland Cement produce air entraining cements, effective use for resistance to severe frost.
A special Portland cement used for sealing oil wells. Resistant to high temperatures and
Oil Well Cement
pressures
Waterproofed Produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to t he cement
Portland Cement clinker during the final grinding
These are inert materials mixed with cement and water to make concrete
Aggregates
Sand, crushed stone, gravel, slag, ashes
Sand Found in riverbeds, free of salt and must be washed
fine aggregate smaller than 1/ 4" diameter scones
course aggregate bigger than 1/4'" diameter stones
When freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being attained
Slump test
consistently.
Compressive Common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7 and 28 day curing periods. Specimens are
Strength Test usually cylindrical with a length equal to twice the diameter.
Accelerators An admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete
The function of a retarder is to delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete.
Retarders A retarder is usually used in bridge construction, since girders or beams are designed with a
camber and will be deflected as the load of the bridge deck is applied.
Air entrained concrete contains microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a group of
Air-Entraining Agents chemicals called surface active agents, materials that have the property of reducing the surface
tension of water intended for use when better resistance to frost action is concerned.
A cement dispersal agent such as calcium lignosulfonate causes cement particles to separate by
Dispersal Agents
imparting like electrostatic charges to them.
liquids containing silicoflourides or fluosilicates and wetting agent which reduces the surface
Chemical hardeners
tension of the liquid and allows it to penetrate the pores of the concrete more easily.
Are specially processed and graded iron particles which are dry-mixed with Portland cement,
Fine metallic
spread evenly over the surface of freshly floated concrete, and worked into the surface by
aggregate
floating.
Made of lightweight and heavyweight materials for use in exterior and interior load-bearing
Concrete Products
walls, firewalls, curtain and panel walls, partitions etc.
Concrete A composite material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder such as cement
Concrete Block Made with both stone and lightweight aggregates
Hollow load-bearing An 8”x8”x16” will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb. made with heavyweight aggregate and 25 to
concrete block 351b when made with light weight aggregate.
Solid load bearing
Defined as one having a core area of not more than 25% of the gross cross-sectional area.
block
Hollow; non load
bearing concrete One in which the core area exceeds 25% of the cross sectional area.
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block
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Cast Stone Used to simulate stone from concrete methods.

 Units that can be custom-made any size to fit a particular structure.
Precast Facing Slabs Facing slabs are precast with either or lightweight aggregates and are fixed to the building by
pins or dowels to a steel frame and by metal strap anchors to a concrete or backup wall.
A lightweight block which is outstanding in thermal and sound insulation qualities. The basic
Cellular Concrete ingredients are cement -made from silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum powder.
Blocks They can be easily cut or sawed to any desired shape with woodworking tools and are laid up in
masonry cement or cement-lime mortar.
CERAMICS AND CLAY PRODUCTS
Brick The basic ingredient of brick is clay-clay which has some specific properties.
Surface Clay Found near the surface of the earth
Shales Clays which have been subjected to high pressure until they have become relatively hard
Fire Clays Found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and chemical qualities
Calcareous Clay Contains about 15%calcium carbonate and burn to a yellowish color
Non-Calcareous Clay Composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide
Texture is applied by attachments which cut, scratch, brush, roll or roughen the surface or by
Brick Texture
applying or spraying glazes on the brick before or after burning.
Hollow units as opposed to brick which is solid. Tiles are made from the same material as brick,
Structural Clay Tile
but all clay tiles are formed by extrusion in the stiff mud process.
Used for the bearing watts .of light buildings, the height usually restricted to four stories.
Load bearing wall tile
Struc1uralload bearing wall tile are made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in thicknesses.
Partition Tile non-load bearing
Intended for use in both bearing and non-bearing walls which will be faced with brick or facing
Back-Up Tile
tile.
Used on the inside of exterior walls to provide air spaces for insulation to prevent the passage of
Furring Tile
moisture an9 to provide a suitable plastering surface. Classified as non-load bearing.
Structural steel must be insulated in fireproof construction. One method of doing this is to cover
Fireproofing Tile
it with fireproofing tile.
Floor Tile One way ribbed concrete floor and roof slabs can be formed by using structural clay floor tile.
Structural Clay Unglazed tile and may have either a smooth or a rough textured finish. They are designed to be
Facing Tile used as exposed facing material on either exterior or interior walls or partitions.
Standard Tile Suitable for general use in either exterior or interior locations
Have heavier shells and webs and are intended for greater resistance to impact and moisture
Specialized Tile
penetration.
Structural Glazed Produced from high-grade light burning clay which is suitable for the application of ceramic or
Facing Tile salt glaze.
Meaning "fired earth" is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative
purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome.
Terra Cotta
Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and molded or pressed. The machine-made product is
usually referred to as ceramic veneer and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.
Adhesion type Held to the wall by the bond of the mortar to the ceramic veneer back and to the backing wall.
Are held by mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the wall behind adhesion type
Anchor type
ceramic veneer is available in face sizes up to 600 sq in and 24 in. max. widths
BUILDING STONES, GYPSUM AND LIME
BUILDING STONES Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.
Igneous formed as the result of the cooling of molten matter
Formed by the action of water either by .depositing minerals at the bottom of a water body or
Sedimentary
depositing them on the earth's surface.
Rocks changed from their original structure by the action of extreme pressure, heat, or various
Metamorphic
combinations of these forces.
Includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into suitable sizes, or it may
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Rubble
include irregular pieces of stone that have been roughly cut to size. (for filling materials)
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Dimension (cut Consist of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a set or drawings (For facings of
 stone) walls).
Consists of thin pieces (1 /2 in. and up) which may or may not have had their face dimensions
Flagstone (flat slabs)
cut to some particular size. (For walks and floors.)
Stones consisting of pieces varying in size· from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a large extent in
Crush Rock
concreting.
One formed from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used or floor tile, stair
Argillite
treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior window sills.
Generally very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish. For use in flooring, wall,
Granite paneling, column and mullion facings, stair treads or flagstone. Comes in colors of red, pink,
yellow, green, blue, white and brown.
Limestone A sedimentary rock. It has no cleavage lines and uniform in structure and· composition
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It is used as an interior decorative
Travertine stone because of its pleasing texture and its tendency to show small, natural pockets on a cut
surface.
Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original structure in this case, limestone
Marble
and dolomite have been recrystallized to form marble.
Igneous rock with the mineral serpentine. Used for interiors only due to deterioration from
Serpentine
weathering.
Sandstone A class of rock composed of cemented silica grains
Formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in layers. Slate is commonly used for
Slate Rock
flooring, window sills and stools, stair treads, facing
Stones are largely used as a facing material for large buildings with steel or concrete frames.
Stone Construction
When used as facing stonework may be divided into four categories.
Consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup walls and
Paneling
provide a finished exterior.
Work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlar, irregular coursed ashlar, and
Ashlar
regular coursed ashlar.
Rubble work Used as random when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or vertical course lines.
Use of stones cut for a specific purpose and include Quoin -stones laid at the intersection of two
Trim
walls.
Stones as Jambs Stones which form the sides of window and door openings.
Stones as Sills Stones which form the bottom of window and door openings.
Stones as Belts Special stone courses which are built into a wall for a particular purpose.
One which is cut to fit on the top of a masonry wall. It prevents the passage of water into the
Stones as Cospings
wall, sheds water to either inside or outside, and gives a finished appearance to the wall.
Specially cut stones which are built into and project from, a masonry wall near the top to
Stones as Cornices
provide the appearance of a cave.
Stones as Lintels Stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.
Stones as Steps Made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in concrete.
Stones as Arch Cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window opening.
Stones as Flooring Walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick or tile with Flagstone.
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate-from which gypsum plaster is made (by
Gypsum
heating); colorless when pure used as a retarder in Portland cement.
Made from carefully selected white rock. Used for small patching jobs on plaster walls and
Plaster of Paris
making molds
Used where sanitary conditions or excessive moisture makes it necessary to specify a hard
Keene's Cement
impervious, smooth surface since it is highly resistant to moisture penetration.
This plaster is made from specially selected rock and ground much finer than plaster of Paris. It is
Casting Plaster
slower setting and cooler working, which make it adaptible for ornamental molded plaster work.
This is a neat gypsum plaster, containing hair or fiber, widely used to form 'the first (scratch)
Hard Wall plaster
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coat and the second (brown) coat on plastered walls and ceilings.
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Cement Band plaster Intended for application to concrete surfaces. Almost any finish plaster can be applied over this
 coat.
This material is made specially to produce the finish (Putty) coat for plastered surfaces. It has to
Finish Plaster
be mixed with hydrated Ume putty and water.
Prepared Finish Requires only water. It contains no lime, so the plaster surface can be decorated as soon as it is
Plaster dry.
Texture plaster Used when a rough surface is required.
Calcined gypsum is mixed with a light weight-mineral aggregate to make a type of finish plaster
Acoustical plaster
that has a high rate of sound absorption.
Like texture plaster is used to make the plaster for filling nail holes and covering joints in gypsum
Joint filler
wall board. Also used to make adhesive, used in laminating two sheets of board· together.
A fireproof sheathing for interior walls and ceilings. It is made of a core of gypsum covered on
Gypsum wallboard
each side by a heavy specially manufactured Kraft paper.
A gypsum core is covered on both sides with a heavy paper, but in the case of lath, the same
Gypsum Lath paper is used for both back and front, size 3/8" x 16” x 48” packed in bundles. Used as a base for
plaster, providing adhesion for gypsum plaster.
Gypsum Precast Roof Precast from gypsum containing various types of fiber are made in either the square-edged
Decking plank from 4 to 6 feet or metal- edged plank 10 feet long.
Used in the making of the finish or putty coat for interior plaster. The lime used is hydrated or
Lime slake lime which is mixed with water to form a plastic, putty like material to which is added
gauging plaster.
WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS
Wood is traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and beauty.
A product of trees and sometime other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes
Wood It has great ability to absorb shocks from sudden load.
In addition, wood has freedom from rust and corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is
adaptable to a countless variety of purposes.
Hardwood Trees Deciduous trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in the winter time.
Softwood Trees Conifers trees that have needles rather than leaves and that bear their seeds in cones.
Most expensive, .used for furniture and paneling, for expensive floorings, door panels, stairs and
Narra
plywood veneer or facings.
Both hardwoods, used for posts and girders, or jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden
Yacal and Guijo
decks having flooring and railings exposed to weather.
Pine Benguet Softwood, used for paneling, sidings, flooring and furniture. Also used for framings, trusses.
Tanguile and Apitong The most common lumber in the market. Used generally for framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
White and Red Lauan for framings, chests, jewel boxes
Kamagong Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames.
Dao used for paneling and plywood veneer
The moisture content of wood is usually expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight and
Moisture in Wood
can be determined by the oven-dry method or by an electric moisture meter method.
Used for ordinary light construction and finishing work. Center match, flooring, roof plank,
Lumber Yards
siding, V-joint, trim and molding of all kinds. These are usually found in retail lumberyards.
Usually left in 1 in. and 2 in. rough thickness often containing knots or defects not ordinarily
permissible in other categories.
Shop Lumber
It is intended for use in shops or mills making sash, doors and cabinets where it will be cut into
relatively short pieces and the defective material discarded.
Intended for use in heavy construction for load-bearing purposes and is cut into timbers of larger
Structural Lumber
size than yard lumber. It is made from the heartwood of the log.
Edge Grain Annual rings run approximately at right angle to the face.
Flat Grain It is when the annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface.
Angle Grain It is when the annual rings are at about 45° to the face.
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As clay is burned, steel is tempered, so lumber must be dried. Water content represents 30 to
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Seasoning of Lumber
100 percent or more of the dry weight of a board. Two methods .for drying of lumber.
 Lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around every
Air-Drying
piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
More expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as wood will not move, such
Kiln-Drying as furniture. Flooring and general interior use. It must be dried to a moisture content of not
more than 5 to 10 percent.
RECYCLED WASTE PRODUCTS , BUILDING BOARDS AND PAPERS
Plywood is made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is
Plywood
at right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.
Veneer Each layer of Plywood
Marine Plywood A type of plywood that is waterproofed
Fancy Plywood non waterproofed for paneling and cabinets
The assembling of wood veneers from the same flitch so that successive sheets are alternated
Bookmatched
face up and face down.
Ribbon Grained A series of strips uniting several parts.
Made from processed wood chips. Chips of controlled size are subjected to high-pressure steam
Hard board
in pressure vessels.
Insulating Fiber Made from three types of fiber-wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed into a
Board board.
A large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder, often faced with
Chipboard
veneer. Chipboard is made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde glue
Hardboard made from relatively small particles. The particles are graduated from course at the
Particle Board center of the board to fine at the surface to help produce a product; with a smooth, dense
surface.
A wall board having a gypsum core. One type is a board with a special paper face on which a
Gypsum board
variety of wood-grain patterns may be printed.
Hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to 400°F and covered with a
Strawboard
tough Kraft paper.
A dense, rigid, board containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland
Asbestos-Cement
cement, resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, has low resistance to heat flow. Used as a
Board
building material in sheet form and corrugated sheeting.
From the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin,
Cork board compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 in. thick and baked under pressure into rigid
boards.
Polystyrene and polyurethane Plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40 times their
Plastic foam boards
original volume.
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
A generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons, derived from coal or
Bitumen
petroleum, as a coal-tar pitch or asphalt.
The resulting condensate when destructive distillation is carried out on such materials as wood
Tar
coal, shale, peat or bone.
Pitch A solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.
Coal tar Pitch Most common material of this kind of pitch.
Dark brown or black solids or semi -solids which are found in the natural state and are also
Asphalts
produced by the refining of petroleum.
FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS MATERIALS
Ferrous Metal in which iron is the principal element.
Non-Ferrous containing no, or very little iron
Ferrous Metal
A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by smelting and refining pig iron and / or scrap
Steel
steel, graded according to the carbon content.
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Sheet Piling sections are made to interlock and are available in several shape~
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Wrought Iron Produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove nearly all of the ·carbon and other
 impurities. Its main use is for roofing sheets, wire and metal ornaments.
Made by combining others elements with the molten steel. Nickel, chromium copper and
Alloy Steels
manganese are used.
Stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural members for buildings chromium steel
Nickel Steel
is very hard and corrosion-resistant.
For bolts, wire is fed into an automatic bolt-making machine which cuts to length heads, trims,
Bolt and Nuts
points, and, in many cases rolls the thread.
Made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings for exterior
Stainless Steels
wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints, flashings, copings, fascia and gravel stops.
Copper Bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for making sheet steel and metal lath.
Offers great resistance to abrasion and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy digging
Manganese Steel
tools.
Recently developed grade of steel. It forms its own protection against atmospheric corrosion
Weathering Steel
and thus requires no painting.
Reinforced Steel made from new steel or from discarded railway-car axles or rails
Non-Ferrous Metal
Aluminum is a lustrous, silver-white. Non magnetic: lightweight metal which is very malleable;
Aluminum
has good thermal and electrical conductivity; a good reflector of both heat and light.
Aluminum Floor used as a vapor barrier on walls and ceilings and as reflective insulation
a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and malleable; has high tensile strength, is an excellent
Copper electrical and thermal conductor, is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely used for
downspouts, electrical conductors, flashings, gutters, roofing, etc.
Brasses Used in architectural and hardware applications. Bronze are used in the production of springs:
A soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal
Lead expansion. Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over 'uneven surfaces. Used for
roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.
A lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively unaffected by
Tin
exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet metal.
GLASS AND GLAZING
Glass Generally refers to hard, brittle transparent material
Type of glass that has increased strength and will usually shatter in small, square pieces when
Tempered Glass
broken. It is used when safety are important consideration
This type of glass is used where vision is required but where cost is an important factor. The
Sheet Glass surface is good but never free from distortion as the two surfaces of the sheet are not perfectly
parallel.
A flat glass produced by a new process. It combines the fire-finish of sheet with the perfect
Float Glass
flatness of plate frit, the usual combination of raw materials is melted in oil or gas fired furnace.
Reflective Glass Used to control glare and reduce solar heat.
Rolled and Rough Glass of this type is used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls,
Cast Glass windows for halls and staircases, sky lights, and partitions in offices.
Cathedral and
They contain a pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by a patterned roller.
Figured Glasses
Wired Glass Simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
An architectural element made from glass used in areas where privacy or visual obscuration is
Glass block
desired when admitting light
Also made to admit light into a building, because of its solid construction, it offers greater
Solid Glass Brick protection against vandalism than conventional window glass or glass blocks. The ability of the
brick is to allow undistorted passage of light.
PLASTICS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
A large group of synthetic materials which are made from a number of common substances such
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Plastics
as coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton; wood and water.
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Thermoplastics Become soft when heated and hard when cooled regardless of the number of times .the process
 is repeated.
Thermosetting Set into a permanent shape when heat and pressure are applied to them during the forming
Plastics stage.
Injection Molding Measured amount of powder or granules is heated and when flowing forced through the nozzle
Process of the barrel into a shaped cavity where it cools of solidities. (gears, knobs, wastebaskets)
Blow-Molding
An extruder extrudes a hollow tube which is captured between the two halves. of a hollow mold.
Process
Used to form hollow units with complex shapes and heavy walls, a premeasured amount of
Rotational Molding
powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom half of a cold mold which is then closed.
A process used to produce light weight products of polystyrene foam, small granules of
Expandable Bead
polystyrene with a small amount of an expanding agent are placed in a rolling drum and steam
Molding
heated.
ADHESIVES AND SEALANT
Cohesiveness the ability of particles of a material to cling t tightly to one another·
Adhesiveness The ability of a material to fix itself and cling to an entirely different material.
Available in either solid or liquid form. Solid glue is melted and applied hot. It is slow setting and
Animal Glue
allows time for adjustment to the glue joint.
Blood-Aluminum Special animal glue made for use particularly with leather and paper. It has only very moderate
Glue bonding/power with wood. It is usually sold as a dry powder which is mixed with water.
Made from protein materials, is a dry powder to be mixed with water. It has good bonding
Casein Glue powder for wood-to-wood or paper-to-wood applications and will develop the full strength of
the wood in most situations.
Available in both dry and liquid state, the dry glue being mixed with water. They have good bond
Starch and Dextrin
with paper or leather and fair bond with wood, but strength does not compare with those of
Glue
animal or casein glues.
Thermoplastic materials made from asphalt emulsions or asphalt cutbacks. They have a good
Asphalt Cements bond to paper and concrete and are used mainly for roofing applications and for laminating
layers of wood fiberboard.
Are thermoplastic in nature and have good bond to wood, paper, leather or glass, developing up
Cellulose Cements to (400 psi in shear with wood. They have moderate resistance to both heat and cold and good
resistance to water
Chlorinated-Rubber
Usually a liquid; it has good bond for paper and fair bond with wood, metal or glass.
Adhesive
Usually latex emulsions or dissolved crepe rubber. They have a good bond with rubber or leather
Natural Rubber
and fair bond with .wood; ceramics, or glass developing strengths of about 350 psi in tension
Adhesives
with wood
Sealing compounds are products which are used to seal the surface of various materials against
Sealers the penetration of water or other liquids or in some cases to prevent the escape of water
through the surface.
INSULATING MATERIALS
The inside of a concrete wall which has one side exposed to outside winter temperatures feels
Conduction cold to the touch. Heat is being conducted from the side of higher temperature to that of lower
temperature.
Radiation from this point, it is transferred to the outside air by radiation
When air is heated, it expands and begins to circulate during the circulation, it comes in contact
Convection
with cooler surface, and some of its heat is given up to them.
PAINTS AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Painting is done for the reason of decoration, to be used for sanitation, preservation, improved
Painting
lighting effects, improved heating effects, improved working conditions, safety, and economy.
a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments, adjusted and
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Paint diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied on a
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surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, Sanitation,
 identification and other functional properties.
Oil Paint The components of an oil base paint are:
That solid, finely ground materi81 which gives paint the power to hide, as well as color a surface.
Body
In white paints the body is also the pigment.
A nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The vehicle should consist of
Vehicle
!rom 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the remainder thinner and drier.
Pigment Materials which give the paint its color. In the case of white paint, the body is the pigment.
Volatile solvents, materials which have a natural affinity for the vehicle in the paint. They cause
Thinners
the paint to flow better;
Organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead manganese, and calcium, which are
Driers
added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.
Alkyd Paints So called because of the synthetic resin-alkyd resin, used in the paint formulation.
Resin-Emulsion Paints in which the vehicle is a synthetic resin emulsion, usually made from one of four basic
Paints (latex) resin types.
Consist of a metallic pigment and a vehicle. Spraying is the best method of applying metallic
Metallic Paint paints as it permits the spreading of a uniform film and encourages even depositing of the
metallic flakes used for decorative purposes.
Luminescent paints may be used in residential buildings to produce special effects. They are
Luminescent Paint
used in hospitals, schools, factories, hotels, etc.
(Fire-retardant) paints which retard the passage of fire to the surfaces beneath them. When a
Intumescent Paints
surface coated with an intumescent (fire-retardant) paint is exposed to heat or fire,
Polyester-Epoxy a heavy-bodied paint used on concrete and masonry walls and has a higher percentage of solids
Coatings than normal.
A Glossy Paint. Baking enamels, made with synthetic resins are used on most household
Enamel appliances, curtain -wall panels of various kinds, aluminum shingles and sidings, and various
interior and exterior trim materials.
Shellac finds considerable use as a seal coat over stains and fillers and is sometimes used as a
Shellac complete finishing material by itself. This is known as French polish, using a linseed oil-soaked
applicating cloth, consists of many layers of shellac applied one over the other.
Lacquers a new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear finishes.
HARDWARES
A movable joint used to attach support and turn a door about a pivot, consists of two plates
HINGE joined together by a pin which support the door and connect it to its frame, enabling it to swing
open or closed.
Consist of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin. in large hinge, the pin is
Butt Hinge
removable in small hinges it is fixed
Fast Pin Hinge A hinge in which the pin is fastened permanently in place.
Full Surface Hinge Hinge designed for attachment on the surface of the door and jamb without mortising.
door hinge having two knuckles one of which has vertical pin that fits in a corresponding hole in
Loose Joint Hinge
the other
Loose Pin Hinge Hinge having a removable pin which permits its two parts to be· separated.
Paumelle Hinge A type of door hinge having ·a single joint of the pivot type, usually of modern design.
Olive Knuckle Hinge a paumelle hinge with knuckles forming an oval shape
Hinge containing one or more springs, when· a door is opened, the hinge returns it to. the open
Spring Hinges
position automatically, may act in one direction only, or in both directions.
Pivot Hinge The axle or pin about which a window or door rotates.
Vertical Spring Pivot A spring hinge for a door which is mortised into the heel of the door. The door is fastened to the
Hinge floor and door head with pivots.
Nails
C. W common wire nail with head and for strength; box nail also used for strength
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Fin finishing nail without head; casing nail also without head
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SIZES 1", 1 1/2", 2", 2 1/2", 3'", 3 1/2", 4'", 6"

 Choose a nail three times longer than the top thickness being fastened. For example, use a 1 1/2
NOTE
nail when nailing 1/2 plywood to a 2 x 4 stud.
FLOORING MATERIALS
Wood Flooring made both in softwood and hardwood
SOFTWOOD (PINE)
Standard strip is used for residences, offices and schools; heavy strip is for industrial uses,
Strip Flooring
bowling alleys and dance floors.
HARDWOOD {NARRA, TANGUILE, YACAL}
Wood Tile) Consist of blocks or fillets of hardwood of various sizes which can be laid in any
Parquet Flooring
number of patterns such as herringbone basket weave, and squares
Floor blocks are individual pieces of wood with edge-grain face made in a number of sizes a
Block Flooring
common one is 2 x 2 x 31/2'in and laid down in mastic.
Concrete floors are done in the best of workmanship and materials since they are subjected to
every kind of wear and abuse, such as impact, abrasion, attack by salts and aggressive liquids.
Concrete Flooring
It is the aggregate which lies at the surface of the floor that absorbs abrasion and impact, and
must withstand the wear and the tear of traffic.
Clay Tile Flooring Clay tile are made by a process similar to manufacturing trick. Tiles are made into either:
Tile composed of ceramic materials fused into the body of the Tile. The body may be
Glazed Tile
nonvitreous, semivitreous or impervious, and either white or colored.
hard, dense ceramic Tile for floor or walls of homogenous composition throughout, deriving its
Unglazed Tile color and texture, from the materials of which the body is made and from the method of
manufacture.
Asphalt Flooring Are composed of asbestos fibers bound together by a blend of selected asphaltic binders.
Terrazzo has a tendency to be slippery, so on ramps, elevator entrances, where nonslip surface is
Terrazzo Flooring
required, abrasive aggregates such as aluminum oxide should be used.
Used in several types of flooring, including plastic Terrazzo plastic topping, vinyl-plastic tiles,
Plastic Flooring
vinyl asbestos tiles, and vinyl-cushioned Flooring.
Magnesite flooring is applied over either a wood or concrete base. Sometimes metal lath is laid
Magnesite Flooring
over a wood base to produce a better bond.
Rubber tile is suitable for floors above grade and is laid in rubber-base cement: It is very pliable
Rubber Flooring
and provides good resilience and relatively good sound absorption.
Cork Flooring Cork-is used as a basic ingredient in two types of flooring.
Pea sized sandstones or pebbles either no. 5, no, 10 or no. 15 are mixed with cement mortar.
This is spread on the surface with or without brass strips. This is done until all the pebble stones
Pebble Washout
are clearly exposed recommended for balconies, walks, stair ways where slippery floor is being
avoided.
Laid on the floor with white cement and when already set, a grinding machine is worked on the
Marble
surface to smoothen the face after waxing is applied.
With granolithic: Odd shaped broken one inch thick marble is laid out on the floor with mortar.
After which the spaces in between will be-filled with granolithic a mixture of granite chips of
Crazy Cut Marble
white cement. When the setting has hardened the floor is smoothened by using a grinding
machine then waxed.
WALLING MATERIALS
WOOD FINISHES For interior use·, there are two basic groups:
To Cover Walls and Ceilings
The face of the boards may be plain, saw-textured, and V-grooved or channeled and edges may
Solid Woods
be square or tongue and- groove.
Wood Sheets Surfaces are sanded and sheets may be factory sealed and prefinished.
One way of attachment to studdings is by leaving a f /4" inch space using edge of plywood or a
Plywood
4• c.w. nail to separate edges to give an effect of planking.
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Those used as trim materials around door and window openings, as baseboard, and as various decorative moldings.
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GYPSUM FINISHERS Gypsum board is also used as an interior finishing material. It is applied in 'either a single or
 (plaster) double layer
Clay products of all kinds can be used for interior finishing. They include common brick, face
CLAY FINISHES
brick, glazed brick, structural tile, glazed tile, ceramic veneer, ceramic wall tile, and ceramic
(bricks and tiles)
mosaic.
This can be produced by using solid stone walls and exposing the interior as well as the exterior
surface.
STONE FINISHES
The stone is applied over a backup wall of concrete, concrete block, brick, tile or hollow blocks
and is held in place with some type of stone anchor.
Plain concrete walls may be used by giving them special treatment to make them as smooth as
CONCRETE FINISHES
possible.
This is produced in a wide range of wood grain, fabric, stone, brick and mural patterns. Wall
WALL PAPER papers are produced in single and double rolls 20 to 36 in. wide containing 36 sq. ft. per single
roll.
It also comes in plain, colors, prints wood grain mural patterns, or with texture, and about a
WALL COVERING
thousand different designs and colors, or even photograph and view effects.
Glass is used for finishing inside rooms. For light diffusing or light directing, glass blocks are used.
For interior partitions, room dividers and screens, structural glass is used.
GLASS
Plate glass mirrors and architectural glass with designs are used for interior decoration and to
produce special effects.
Stael wall tile are made from thin-gauge sheet steel to give them rigidity and coated with
STEEL
porcelain enamel ·in a full range of colors.
NON FERROUS Cove base and window and door frame trim, are made from aluminum and chrome. These are
METALS trim moldings to cover exterior corners of walls or edges of window stool.
Plastic laminate wall panels in wood grain, stone and mottled finish or patterns, as well as solid
PLASTICS
colors, are applied with contact adhesives or as a facing over plywood sheets.
Are used to cover unsightly surfaces, to provide decoration and to prevent absorption of
PAINTS
moisture into the wall, to act as vapor barrier, and to provide a washable surface.
ROOFING MATERIALS
a roofing unit of wood, asphaltic material, slate, tile, concrete, asbestos cement or other
SHINGLES material cut to stock lengths, widths and thickness; used as an exterior covering or sloping roofs
and side walls; applied in an overlapping fashion .
Made from trees that are light when dry, has high crushing strength, and slow growing trees
Wood shingles
which produce narrow annual rings.
Shakes are used for the same purpose as shingles but are split rather than sawed from the
Wood shakes
blocks. This produces a much rougher face than in the case with shingles. .
Hand split and
Made by cutting planks of proper thickness and running them thought a bandsaw diagonally.
Resawed Shake
Produced by hand-splitting. A shingle like taper is achieved by reversing the block end-for-end
Taper Split Shake
with each split.
Straight-split shakes Similarly done as taper split except that splitting is done from one end of the block only.
Asbestos Cement
Made from a combination of asbestos fibers in Portland cement paste.
Shingles
Made from sheet aluminum approximately 0.020 in. thick in · the form of a 9 in. square. They are
Aluminum shingles
folded on all edges with reversed folds so that adjacent shingles will interlock.
ROOFING TILE
Because of its weight, being a terra-cotta product, wood sheathing and strong well-braced roof
Terra cotta
frames are necessary
All of the styles of terra cotta tiles should be laid over asphalt felt base and are fastened with
copper nails.
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Similar to English tile but have a lug across the underside about 3 in. from one end. They are laid
Concrete roofing tile
without nails and rely on their weight to hold them in place.
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SHEET METAL Materials include steel, stainless steel, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum and galbestos. Joints are
 PROOFING necessary between sheets to produce a waterproof skin.
Steel Steel strip is coated with zinc, tin, lead, or combinations of two of these to produce steel roofing.
Galvanized steel Steel coated with zinc. Produced in corrugated sheet or in plain sheets.
This long Span colored roofing employs a double coating and double baking of zinc coated G.l.
.Long span roofing
steel sheets by a special epoxy-acrylic.
When chromium is added during the process of manufacturing steel, this stainless steel has
Stainless steel
great resistance to corrosion, and is usually specified for exterior use.
It is highly corrosion-resistant and does not tarnish easily. It is also hard requiring shop
Monel metal
fabrication, and expensive
Copper is chosen as this roofing material where dignity, warmth and charm as well as long life
Copper
are prime considerations.
is a very pliable and useful roofing material, it can be drawn and stretched to fit wrapped
Lead
surfaces. It weathers to a soft, even gray tone and is little affected by acids.
Zinc is lighter and stiffer than lead but is affected by acids and has a high coefficient of
Zinc expansion. Rolled zinc sheet is sometimes used for roofing and flashing, but zinc has a much
wider application as a coating for steel roofing sheets.
Aluminum roofing is light noncorrosive, rigid and durable. It has a very high coefficient of
Aluminum
thermal expansion. It is available in both sheets and coils in a number of thicknesses.
Asbestos fibers and Portland cement are combined under pressure to form corrugated roofing
ASBESTOS-CEMENT
sheets. These sheets are used in the same manner as corrugated metal, asbestos cement sheets
SHEET ROOFING
may be left unpainted, painted or factory finished with plastic coatings of various colors.
Plastic Roofing Used in three forms for roofing.
Corrugated plastic Such sheets may be interchanged with corrugated sheet metal, asbestos or galbestos sheets to
Sheet allow entry of light.
Sheets of Clear Vinyl Used in green houses, conservatories, and factory buildings. Used for the same purpose as glass
plastic sheets. Vinyl sheets can be much larger because of their great impact strength.
The vinyl coat is highly resistant to industrial atmosphere containing dirt, grime and mild acid
Liquid plastic
fumes. It is also highly resistant to deterioration due to extended exposure to sunlight.
NEW ROOFING DESIGNS:
This is a long span steel tile, solid steel sculptured to match the beauty of ceramic roofing. It is
leak proof because it has less seams and overlaps, Polyester paint baked over epoxy primes
Milano Design
which is virtually maintenance free. It consists of steps-better rigidity than ordinary Corrugated
Sheets.
by metal forming corporation. It has sharp distinct horizontal rib lines and hook action at
Banawe Design
overlaps.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Type of plaster made with Portland cement which is applied to exterior surfaces to form a finish
Stucco
coating.
A non bearing exterior wall between piers or columns, that is not supported by the beams or
Curtain Wall
girders of a skeleton frame.
Earthbag
A type of construction where-in recycled sack is used and filled with gravel
Construction
A material that are continuous filament or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of
Fibers
threads
Synthetic Material Building material that are man-made product
Natural Material Building material which are unprocessed
Rock Building material which main drawback is its weight and awkwardness
Visual Material Photographs, images, text are classify in this type of material
Reinforced Concrete Concrete that includes imbedded metal
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Tagalog Translations
Fooring - Patos Landing – Palapagan Door Jamb – Hamba
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R.C Column Pedestal - Haligi Fascia Board – Senepa R.C. Beam - Biga
Vertical Studdings – Tadyang-Pahalang
Window and Door Head – Sombrero
Window Jamb – Namba
Wall Footing – Pundasyon
Corrugated GI Roofing – Kanalado
Window sill – Pasa Mano
Stakes – Estaka
Alignment – Hulog
Wood Purlins- Barakilan
Top Chord – Kilo
Web Member – Patigas
Plywood Ceiling – Kisame
Gutter – Alulod
Wood Siding – Tabiki
Mouldings - Moldura Plastered Course – Kasturada
Stucco / Plaster – Palitada
Bottom Chord – Tirante
Collar plate – Kolyar
Nailing Strips – Kostilyahe
G.I. Ridge Roll – Liso
Septic Vault – Poso Negro
Roof Girt – Pingga/Gililan
Scratch - Uboka
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