WIRELESS PERSONAL AND LOCAL

AREA NETWORKS
Dr. K. Nikitha
Assistant Professor
Dept. of C.S.E
GITAM University
Hyderabad
nikithareddy@gitam.in
02 Sep 2016
AP HRDI(Govt. of Andhra Pradesh)

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 Contents
• Introduction
• WLAN
o Need
o Modes of Operation
o Frequency Fundamentals
o Applications
• Types of Wireless Network
• IEEE 802 Standard

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 Contents
• WPAN
o Need
o Topologies
o IEEE 802.15
o IrDA
o Bluetooth
o ZigBee
• BAN
• WSN
• Conclusion
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 NETWORKS

Transportation Social Networks

Energy Networks
Networks

Computer Networks
Financial Networks
Wireless Networks

Sensor Networks

Biological (Human) Networks

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Internet
Wireless PAN and LAN 4
 COMPUTER NETWORKS
• consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to
share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or
allow electronic communications.
• The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light
beams.

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Specifications Wired network Wireless network

Lower compared to
Speed of operation Higher
wired networks

System Bandwidth High Low

Cost Less More

Wired network
Wireless network
installation is
Installation installation is easy and it
cumbersome and it
requires less time
requires more time

Mobility Limited Not limited

Copper wires, optical EM waves or radio

Transmission medium
fiber cables, Ethernet waves or infrared
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Specifications Wired network Wireless network

Requires hubs and switches More area is covered by

Network coverage extension for network coverage limit wireless base stations which
extension are connected to one another.

Channel Interference and

Less High
signal power loss

QoS (Quality of Service) Better Poor

Reasonably high, This is

Reliability High due to failure of router will
affect the entire network

WLAN, WPAN(Zigbee,
Applications LAN (Ethernet), MAN bluetooth), Infrared,
Cellular(GSM,CDMA, LTE)

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 Wireless and Mobility
Wireless:
• Limited bandwidth
• Broadcast medium: requires multiple access schemes
• Variable link quality (noise, interference)
• High latency, higher jitter
• Heterogeneous air interfaces
• Security: easier snooping
Mobility:
• User location may change with time
• Speed of mobile impacts wireless bandwidth
• Need mechanism for handoff
• Security: easier spoofing
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 Wireless Network
• Wireless --"having no wires".
• Network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to
maintain communications.
• NICs, APs and routers in place of wires (copper or optical
fiber) for connectivity.

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 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• A LAN is a group of computers and associated devices that
share a common communications line or wireless link and
typically share the resources of a single processor or server
within a small geographic area.

• The defining characteristics of LANs in contrast to WANs are:

• much higher data rates
• smaller geographic range - at most a few kilometers

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 WLAN
• uses radio waves as its carrier
• Area may range from a single room to
an entire campus
• The backbone network usually uses
cables, with one or more wireless
access points connecting the wireless
users to the wired network.

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 WIRELESS LAN: The need

• An increasing number of LAN users

becoming mobile
• Wireless LANs are easy to install
• Portability

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 Frequency Fundamentals
• Narrowband Technology
• Uses fixed carrier frequency
• Easy to implement (inexpensive).
• Prone to jamming or interference
(two transmitters at the same carrier frequency, F0.)
• Least secure modulation scheme.

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 Frequency Fundamentals
• Spread Spectrum
– Frequency hopping Spread Spectrum
• Uses a carrier frequency that varies with time
• Relatively easy to implement (inexpensive)
• Resistance to noise
• Hopping rates may be ~1600 hops/second (Bluetooth).
• Limited throughput
• Very secure modulation scheme (used in military for
decades).

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 Frequency Fundamentals
– Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Much higher throughput than FH (11 Mbps)
• More difficult to implement (more expensive).
• Most complicated scheme (of these presented).
• Most secure modulation scheme.
• Better range
• Less resistant to noise

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 Frequency Fundamentals

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

• Offers higher bandwidth than that of DSSS
• Operates in the 5 GHz range
• Multiple Input Multiple Output

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 WLAN - Modes of operation
• Peer-to-peer
– Scalability and security issues
• Access Point
– BSS
– ESS

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 WLAN - Applications
• Retail
• Warehousing
• Health Care
• Hospitality

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 Types of Wireless Networks
• Wireless LAN (WLAN)
• Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN)
• Wireless Metropolitan Area Networking (or
WiMax).
• Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)

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Type of Coverage Function Cost Data Standards
Network Area Rate

WLAN In buildings or Mobile extension of Low-Medi 1-100 802.11a, b,g,n,

campuses; wired networks um Mbps Wi-Fi and
typically 100 HiperLAN/2
meters

WPAN within reach of a Cable Replacement Very Low 0.1-4 IrDA, Bluetooth,
person, typically Technology, Mbps 802.15
10meters personal networks

WMAN Within a city Fixed Wireless Medium- 134 IEEE 802.16 and
between homes and High Mbps WIMAX
businesses and the
Internet
WWAN Coverage Mobile access to the Medium- 8 GSM,TDMA,
provided on Internet from High Kbps-2 CDMA,GPRS,EDG
national basis outdoor areas Mbps E,WCDMA
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 Family of complementary devices

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 IEEE 802
• 802.11 Base Standard
– 2.4GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (1Mbit/s)
– 2.4GHZ Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (2Mbit/s)
– Infrared (1Mbit/s)
• 802.11a 5GHz Extension (>20Mbit/s)
• 802.11b 2.4GHz Extension (>8Mbit/s)
• 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks

“IEEE 802 is the focal point for Wireless LAN standards.” Jim Carlo

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 802.11 Standard
• 802.11 Basic standard for Physical layer &
MAC (1997)—FHSS,DSSS, 1 or 2 Mb/s, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11a OFDM-based physical layer for 5 GHz,
0-54 Mb/s (1999)
• 802.11b DSSS-based physical layer for 2.4
GHz, 5.5 and 11 Mb/s (1999,2001)
• 802.11g OFDM-based (also other optional
modes) physical layer for 2.4 GHz, ...54 Mb/s
(2003)
• 802.11n High-throughput enhancements
(active, 2008), >100 Mb/s

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 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n

Range(meters) 35-120 35-120 38-140 38-140 70-250

Unlicensed 2.4 GHz 5GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4GHz 2.4 and /or 5
frequency of FHSS, OFDM FHSS DSSS,OFDM GHz
operation & DSSS MIMO
Transmission
No. of non 3 4 3 3 14
overlapping
channels
Data rate per 1,2 Mbps 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 248 Mbps
channel
Compatibility None None With With With
802.11g and 802.11b 802.11a,b
the original and g
802.11

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 PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
• A PAN is a computer network
used for communication among
computer devices (including
telephones and personal digital
assistants) close to
one person.
• The reach of a PAN is typically a
few meters.
• PANs can be used for
communication among the
personal devices themselves
(intrapersonal communication),
or for connecting to a higher
level network and the Internet .
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 WPAN: The Need

• Used to interconnect portable computers

and/or devices like peripherals and sensors
• These devices may be carried or worn by a
person and/or may be located nearby
Home/Office computers, printers, phones,
LANs, GPS or other car resources can be
connected as needed.

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 • Two or more devices communicate on the same
physical channel.
• must include at least one FFD that operates as the
PAN coordinator.
• The PAN coordinator initiates, terminates, or routes
communication around the network. The PAN
coordinator is the primary controller of the PAN.
• The WPAN may operate in either of two topologies:
the star topology or the peer-to-peer topology.

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 Star Topology

PAN coordinator

Full Function Device (FFD)

Reduced Function Device (RFD)
Communications Flow

28
 Device Terminology
• Full Function Device (FFD)
– Any topology
– Can talk to RFDs or other FFDs
– Operate in three modes
• PAN coordinator
• Coordinator
• Device.
• Reduced Function Device (RFD)
– Limited to star topology
– Can only talk to an FFD (coordinator)
– Cannot become a coordinator
– Unnecessary to send large amounts of data
– Extremely simple
– Can be implemented using minimal resources and memory capacity
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 Example

FFD
RFD FFD

PAN coordinator RFD

RFD

RFD
FFD

30
 Peer-to-peer Topology
• In a peer-to-peer network, each FFD is capable
of communicating with any other FFD within
its radio sphere of influence. One FFD will be
nominated as the PAN coordinator.
• A peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc,
self-organizing and self-healing, and can
combine devices using a mesh networking
topology.

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 WLAN and WPAN
• A WLAN consists of an
Access Point (AP) to which
individual client stations
(STAs) associate through a
management frame
exchange.
• A radio provides
connectivity to an
infrastructure network
(WLAN) for access to the
Internet and infrastructure
peripherals such as a backup
store or printer.
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• A WPAN is an ad-hoc
arrangement, typically the
short term pairing of
devices to exchange
information.
• The same radio provides
ad-hoc connectivity
(WPAN); linking smart
phones to a notebook
computer, computers to
televisions for wireless
display, digital camera to
computer to transfer picture
files
32
 Infrared Data Association

•IrDA is a very short-range.

•IrDA interfaces are used in palmtop
computers and mobile phones.
•communication via IrDA requires direct
line of sight.

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 Bluetooth
• Specifications and Features

• The Bluetooth specification was first developed by

Ericsson, and was later formalized by the Bluetooth
Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally
announced on May 20, 1999. It was established by
Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and later
joined by many other companies as Associate or
Adopter members. Bluetooth is also known as IEEE
802.15.1.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 34

 Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is an industrial specification for
wireless personal area networks (PANs).
• Blue-tooth (BT) is the radio technology
that allows the devices to communicate
with one another within a range
• it does not require the line of sight mode
of communication. Thus devices can
communicate even though walls and
barriers as long as they are within the
range.

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 Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a radio standard primarily designed for
low power consumption, with a short range (power
class dependent: 10 centimeters, 10 meters, 100
meters) and with a low-cost transceiver microchip in
each device.

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 Bluetooth
• Bluetooth products are available in one of three power classes

Class Power Range(approx.)

Class1 100 mW ~100 meters

Class2 2.5 mW ~10 meters

Class3 1 mW ~1 meters (max)

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 Bluetooth

• Connection &
Communication
• Piconet
• Round-robin fashion.
• Either device may
switch the
master/slave role at
any time.
• Scatternet
• Handshaking

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 ZigBee
• ZigBee is a published specification set of high
level communication protocols designed to
use small, low-power digital radios based on
the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless
personal area networks (WPANs)
• The technology is designed to be simpler and
cheaper than other WPANs such as
Bluetooth

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 ZigBee
• A general-purpose, inexpensive
self-organizing mesh network
• Very small amounts of power
• Less Software when compared with
Bluetooth
• ZigBee chip vendors announced
128-kilobyte devices.
• CSMA/CA

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 ZigBee
• There are three different types of ZigBee devices
– ZigBee coordinator(ZC)
– ZigBee Router (ZR)
– ZigBee End Device (ZED):

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 Bluetooth Vs. ZigBee
Bluetooth ZigBee
• Modulation Technique • Modulation Technique
FHSS DSSS
• Battery • Battery
Intended for frequency Not rechargeable
recharging • Protocol Stack Size
• Protocol Stack Size 28Kbytes
250 Kbytes • Maximum network speed
• Maximum network speed 250 K bit/sec
1 M bit/sec • Network range
• Network range Upto 70 meters
1 or 100 meters • Typical network join time
• Typical network join time 30 milliseconds
3 seconds

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IEEE 802.15.1 802.15.3 802.15.4
Standard Bluetooth High rate WPAN Low rate WPAN
(ZigBee)

Throughput 1 Mbps >20 Mbps 250 Kbits/s

Frequency 2.4 GHz 3.1—10.6 GHz 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4
Band MHz

Data Rate 3Mbps 110Mbps- 250Kbps

1 Gbps
Applications Cell phones, Low power, low cost Industrial, agricultural,
Computers, PDAs, solutions suitable for vehicular, residential,
printers, portable consumer medical applications,
microphones, of digital imaging sensors and actuators
speakers, headsets, and multimedia with low power
barcode readers, applications consumption and low
pagers etc. cost

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 The Wireless Market
TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET HI-FI STREAMING DIGITAL MULTI-CHANNEL
AUDIO VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO
LONG

LAN
802.11b
>
RANGE

802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g

<

Bluetooth 2
SHORT

ZigBee PAN
Bluetooth1

LOW < DATA RATE > HIGH

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 Body Area Network
• Definition by IEEE: “A
communication standard
optimized for low power
devices for their
operation on, in or
around the human body
(but not limited to
humans)to serve a variety
of applications including
medical, consumer
electronics or personal
entertainment and
other.”
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 BAN

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 Wireless Sensor Networks
• Distribution of sensors in a definite area for
the purpose of monitoring and collecting
some set of data.
• Monitors physical or environmental scenarios
like temperature, humidity, sound and
pressure at various locations.

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 Contributions
• Connectivity in WSN
• Coverage in WSN

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http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/nov/11
/number-smartphones-expected-triple-56-billion-2019/

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 49

 Limitations
1)Wireless network is bit more difficult to set up
properly.
2)The speed of wireless network is significantly
slower than wired network (2-50 times
slower).
3)Wireless network is less stable.
4)There are security issues in wireless networks.

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 Conclusion
• Interactive and high definition video
applications
• Web surfing with multi media experience
• File storage with high Bandwidth having both
reliability and limited delay
• Less power consumption
• Handling enormous traffic
• Cost
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 References
[1] Jim Carlo, 802 Chair [JC-802-Consortium.PDF] can be downloaded from
the following URL: ftp://ftp.flexipc.com/wearablesgroup/802
[2] Bluetooth SIG, “Bluetooth Specification,” http://www.bluetooth.com
[3] Wi-Fi Alliance, Wi-Fi Protected Setup Specification – version 1.0,
December 2006.
[3] J. Y. Khan, J. Wall, M. A. Rashid, "Bluetooth-based Wireless Personal Area
Network for Multimedia Communication," in IEEE Proc. International
Workshop on Electronic Design, Test and Applications, pp. 47-51, 2002.
[4] R. Jordan, C. T. Abdallah, "Wireless Communications and Networking: An
Overview," IEEE Antenna's and Propagation Magazine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp.
185-193, 2002.
[5] M. C. Carlos, A. Sachin, T. Rishi and P. A. Dharma, "A Novel Architecture
and Coexistence Method to Provide Global Access
[6] Amjad Soomro and Dave Cavalcanti, Philips Research North America,
Opportunities and Challenges in Using WPAN and WLAN Technologies in
Medical Environments, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2007.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 52

 References
[7] E. H. Qi, M. Meylemans, M. Hattig, Augmenting Wireless LAN Technology
for Wi-Fi PAN, Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers,
November 2009.
[8] R. Ramanathan, and R. Jason, “A brief overview of ad hoc networks:
challenges and directions”,IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.39,
no.6, pp.20-22, 2002.
[9] A. Ephremides, J. Wieselthier, and D. Baker, “A design concept for reliable
mobile radio networks with frequency hopping signaling,” Proceedings
of the IEEE, 75, pp. 56-73, 1987.
[10] ZigBee Alliance [Online]. Available: http://www. zigbee.org/
[11] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN-http://www.ieee802.org/15/
[12] E.Jovanov, “Wireless Technology and System Integration in Body Area
Networks for m-Health Applications,” in proc. 27th Annual International
conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Sept.
1-4,Shanghai, China.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 53

 References
[13] Bo˘zidar Radunović and Alexandre Proutiere, On Downlink Capacity of
Cellular Data Networks with WLAN/WPAN relays, IEEE/ACM Transactions
on Networking, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2013.
[14] Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
edition by Dr Xuemin (Sherman) Shen University of Waterloo, Canada
http://bbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~xshen/
[15] Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Dr Yi Pan,
Georgia State University, USA, http://www.cs.gsu.edu/pan/
[16] Wireless Networking Basics, NETGEAR, Inc. Vol 1.0, October 2005.
[17] The Wireless LAN Standard. Cisco Systems, 2000.
[18] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN,
http://ieee802.org/15/index.html.
[19] R. Prasad and L. Gavrilovska, ”Research Challenges for Wireless Personal
Area Networks”, http://www.eng.ukm.my/~micc2001/html/prasad.pdf
[20] Jim Geier's book Wireless LANs: Implementing Interoperable
Networks (Macmillan Technical
9/2/2016
Publishing, 1999).
Wireless PAN and LAN 54
 Thank You

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 55