RELATION BETWEEN PLANT AND WATER

Fitrah rahmita Muhijrahtuddin / 1714440001 / Biology Education of ICP

Abstract
Water is the most crucial things that affect plant growth and production. Relation
between plant and water water is something that is very important for plants,
around 60-90% is a constituent of the plant itself. Water is also the main
constituent of the cell's protoplasm which is why water and plant relations are a
unit that cannot stand alone. The most important water function is in biochemical
reactions in the protoplasm which is controlled by the enzyme. In addition to
providing facilities for the continuation of a biochemical reaction, water
molecules can interact directly as a reactive component in the metabolic processes
in cells. When the take up water by osmosis they start to swell, but the cell wall
prevents them from bursting. Plant cells become "turgid" when they are put in
dilute solutions. Turgid means swollen and hard. The pressure inside the cell rises,
eventually the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter
the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. Turgidity is
very important to plants because this is what make the green parts of the plant
"stand up" into the sunlight. Turgidity is a turgor pressure that is the force in cells
that pushes fluid against the cell wall. This is what helps the plant stay rigid and
upright. Basically the type of stomata found in plants between one plant and
another has a type of stomata that varies, depending on the species of plants. Even
in the same family usually also have stomata types that differ from one species to
another plant species, having different types of stomata. Observations that have
been carried out involve two ways, the measurement of the relative turgidity of
plant tissue is to measure relative turgidity and water deficit from plant tissue and
stomata structure and stomata opening and closing activities, the purpose of which
is to know the general structure of stomata and stomata opening and closing.
Keyword: Osmotic, stomata, turgidity

Introduction
Water is the most crucial
factor in affecting plant growth and
production. In order to assess the
complex relationship between plant
and water, a dynamic model of crop
growth was constructed by
interlinking plant growth and soil
water models. The growth model
mainly consists of physiological
processes, i.e. photosynthesis,
respiration, partitioning, leaf growth
and phenological development.
Water balance model comprises
evaporation and transpiration as
water losses, and rainfall and
irrigation as water sources at 1 m -
depth. Both models were linked by
relating the degree of growth
reduction to water deficits.
Simulation results showed a good
agreement with observed data in
predicting soil water deficits and
crop water use for all of the
treatments, i.e. irrigated, irrigated
just after flowering, dry and rainfed.
The results also showed a good
agreement between simulated and
observed dry matter production,
especially under irrigated and
rainfed conditions (Hidayanti, 2015).
Water affects both directly
and indirectly, almost all processes
in plant life. to carry out the
metabolic processes needed by
plants, water has various functions
in the soil such as: solvents, nutrient
transfer media, hydrogen sources,
soil temperature regulators, and
aeration. Besides, water for plants
plays a role in maintaining cell
turgidity and temperature in the
plant's body so that its metabolism is
not disturbed into fluctuations in
environmental temperature. Plant
cells have cell walls, which result in
hydrostatic pressure in the cell's
protoplasm, and are called turgor
pressure. Besides, turgor pressure
also plays a role in the stiffness
and mechanical stability of plant
tissues (Advinda, 2018).
On most plant tissues, two of
the three cellular compartments are
continuous from cell to cell. Cell is
small unit in every living things.
Plasmodesmata occur when the
water into cell was out.
Plasmodesmata connects cytosolic
compartments neighboring cells,
which form a continuous pathway for
transporting molecules between
cells. This cytoplasmic continuum is
called simplas. The walls of the plant
cells which are in turn also contact
each other, forming a second
compartment at the tissue level. This
compartment, which is a continuum
consisting of cell walls, is called an
apoplast. The third cellular
compartment, vacuole, is not used
together with neighboring of
cells (Campbell, 2003).
Plants need to balance the
absorption and water loss when
moving from one part of the plant to
another part and transitions the cell
via osmosis. However, the substance
concentration gradients of water and
dissolved substances are not only
knowing the direction and rate of
movement of water. The physical
pressure which is influenced by the
cell walls and evaporation is also
important. Plant physiology refers to
the combined effect between
concentration and pressure as from
cell walls as water potential, water
will flow into the area that
potentially high to low. simply put,
water flows through the plant from
the higher water potential of root
tissue leading to lower water
potential on the leaves. One of
example of potential water, when
potential lower in leaves occurs there
is the loss of water to the
atmosphere (Penuntun fisiologi
tumbuhan, 2019).
Osmosis is a physical
phenomenon that has been exploited
by human beings since the early days
of mankind. Early cultures realized
that salt could be used to desiccate
foods for long-term preservation.
Conventionally, osmosis is defined
as the net movement of water across
a selectively permeable membrane
driven by a difference in osmotic
pressure across the membrane. A
selectively permeable membrane
allows passage of water, but rejects
solute molecules or ions. Osmotic
pressure is the driving force for
many of the applications that will be
reviewed and discussed herein.
Review will focus on osmosis
through polymeric membranes,
primarily in the field ofwater
treatment and into desalination.
References to other applications
osmosis will made when necessary to
further (Cath et al, 2014).
Osmosis generally refers to
the net movement of water across a
membrane. Osmosis occurs, for
example, when an aqueous solution
is separated from pure water by a
semi-permeable membrane. One way
to demonstrate osmosis is a simple
set-up using a thistle tube. For
example, consider the thistle tube
containing a sucrose solution,
covered with a semi-permeable
membrane, and placed into a beaker
of pure water. Such a device, called
an osmometer, is a simple way to
measure osmotic pressure in addition
to demonstrating osmosis. The
aqueous solution in the thistle tube
will rise because of the entrance of
water from the beaker due to
osmosis. The amount of rise of water
in the tube, designated h for height,
is a crude but valid way to measure
osmotic pressure. A more
sophisticated osmometer is a device
equipped with a moveable piston in
the tube connected to a pressure
gauge. Such a system would provide
a more quantitative measure of the
amount of pressure necessary to
prevent water from rising in the
system tube due to doing osmosis
activities (Kowles, 2014).
One of the thermal motion is
diffusion, is a movement of
molecules of substances so as to
spread evenly within the available
space. each of the molecules move
randomly, but diffusion is a molecule
that has a specific direction. to
understand this process, we imagine
a sheet of synthetic membrane which
separates pure water from dye
solution in water. Suppose it has a
porous membranes are permeable
and dye molecules. each dye
molecule will move randomly, but
there will be a net transfer of dye
molecules across the membrane side
that initially contains only pure
water. The dye molecule will
continue to spread across until
the membrane to the second solution
has the same concentration each
other (Campbell, 2008).
Plants need to balance the
absorption and water loss when
moving from one part of the plant to
another part and transitions the cell
via osmosis. However, the substance
concentration gradients of water and
dissolved substances are not only
knowing the direction and rate of
movement of water. The physical
pressure which is influenced by the
cell walls and evaporation is also
important. Plant physiology refers to
the combined effect between
concentration and pressure as from
cell walls as water potential, water
will flow into the area that
potentially high to low. simply put,
water flows through the plant from
the higher water potential of root
tissue leading to lower water
potential on the leaves. One of
example of potential water, when
potential lower in leaves occurs there
is the loss of water to the
atmosphere (Penuntun fisiologi
tumbuhan, 2019).
Water affects both directly
and indirectly, almost all processes
in plant life. to carry out the
metabolic processes needed by
plants, water has various functions
in the soil such as: solvents, nutrient
transfer media, hydrogen sources,
soil temperature regulators, and
aeration. Besides, water for plants
plays a role in maintaining cell
turgidity and temperature in the
plant's body so that its metabolism is
not disturbed into fluctuations in
environmental temperature. Plant
cells have cell walls, which result in
hydrostatic pressure in the cell's
protoplasm, and are called turgor
pressure. Besides, turgor pressure
also plays a role in the stiffness
and mechanical stability of plant
tissues (Advinda, 2018).
Plasmolysis is generally a
reversible decrease in the volume of
a walled plant cell protoplast caused
by water flow down a gradient along
the chemical potential of water when
the cell is exposed to hyperosmotic
external solute concentrations. In
highly vacuolated cells, such as the
elongated hypocotyl cells examined
here, this decrease in cellular volume
comes primarily from water transport
out of the vacuole and is achieved
when the water potential outside the
cell is lower than that necessary to
abolish the hydrostatic pressure of
turgor, namely the point of incipient
plasmolysis, resulting in volume
change as water flows out of the
protoplast and it shrinks away from
the surrounding wall (Nobel, 2009).
Plasmolysis occuring when plasma
membrane was taking off from cells
that making cells was broken and
crushed. After plasmolysis, another
network of strictly tubular ER
remains attached to the plasma
membrane-wall interface. The
smaller volume of the central
protoplast is accompanied by
decreased movement rates of tubules,
cisternae, and spheroid organelles,
but this reduced movement is not
readily reversed by the increase in
volume that accompanies
deplasmolysis (Cheng et al, 2017).
Osmosis is a physical
phenomenon that has been exploited
by human beings since the early days
of mankind. Early cultures realized
that salt could be used to desiccate
foods for long-term preservation.
Conventionally, osmosis is defined
as the net movement of water across
a selectively permeable membrane
driven by a difference in osmotic
pressure across the membrane.
Permeable means the liquid can out
and entry. A selectively permeable
membrane allows passage of water,
but rejects solute molecules or ions.
Osmotic pressure is the driving force
for many of the applications that will
Method
Time and place
The practicum was conducted at the
Third Floor of the Biology
Laboratory in FMIPA UNM on 2
April 2019.
Tool
The tools used in this lab are
microscope, cork drill, medium size
glass, razor blade, electric scale, petri
dish or test tube, microscope, razor
blade, tweezers, filter paper, object
glass, 10 mL pipette, glass object,
glass deck .
Material
The main ingredients used in this lab
are the leaves of mung bean sprouts
(Phaseolus radiatus), corn leaves
(Zea mays) NaCl solution with a
concentration of 1 M, sucrose
solution with 1 M concentration.
Practicum Stages
Unit 1.8 Measurement of Relative
Turgidity and Water Deficit of
Plant Tissue
The tools used in this activity
are drill cork, scales, petridisks, and
filter paper, while the ingredients are
be reviewed and discussed herein.
Review will focus on osmosis
through polymeric membranes,
primarily in the field ofwater
treatment and into desalination.
References to other applications
osmosis will made when necessary to
further (Cath et al, 2014).
leaves of green bean sprouts. The
workings of this activity are started
by making leaf pieces using ten cork
drills from dry and wet plants. Weigh
each weight of the wet and dry
leaves and record the weight. The
leaf pieces are then put in a petri dish
and filled with distilled water, then
covered and placed under a
fluorescent lamp for 3 hours. After 3
hours, take the leaves and place them
on the filter paper to reduce the water
content, then weigh the leaves. Then
the weighed leaf pieces are put in the
oven to dry at 80 degrees, then weigh
the dry weight. Calculate the amount
of relative turgidity in the leaves:
𝐵𝑆−𝐵𝐾
RT= 𝐵𝑡−𝐵𝐾 𝑋100%
Calculate the amount of water deficit
(WD) from the leaf:
𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝑆
WR=𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝐾x100%
Unit 1.9 Stomatal Structure and
Stomata Opening and Closing
Activities
The tools used in this activity
are microscopes, glass objects, and
glass covers while the ingredients are
leaves from various
monocotyledonous and
dicotyledonous plants (which are weight weight weight
used in Impatiens balsamina leaf We Dr We Dr We Dr
labs. The workings of this activity t y t y t y
begin with dripping distilled water 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
on the surface of the object glass. 31 42 45 59 14 13
The thin surface of the upper and
lower epidermis of the leaf sheet of Analysis Data
the existing type is determined, then formula of relative turgidity (TR)
place it on the distilled droplets on from leaf :
the glass object, determine the upper
and lower epidermis, cover carefully 𝐵𝑆−𝐵𝐾
TR = 𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝐾 x 100%
with the glass cover and observe
under the microscope with a small
Formula water deficit (WD) from
magnification (4x10). Observation
leaf:
on 1-2 stomata and increase
magnification to 40x10, then draw 𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝑆
the stomata structure observed under WR = 𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝐾 x 100%
the microscope, one part with
sucrose and the other side suck Relative turgidity and water deficit
distilled water using tissue so the of plant into wet treatment:
distilled water is replaced by sucrose
and observe changes that occur in the a. Relative Turgidity (TR)
stomata. needed for the process that
occurs and observes. Then again 𝐵𝑆−𝐵𝐾
TR = x 100%
with distilled water on one side by 𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝐾
sucking sucrose on the other side,
0,031−0,013
observe the changes that occur and TR = x 100%
0,045−0,014
record the time needed for the
change. place the observation with 0,018
direct light so that the stomata TR = x 100%
0,031
responds with aquades. Then it drops
with NaCl by sucking distilled water
TR = 0,562
on its side and observing the changes
that occur in the stomata, noting the
time needed for the change.
b. Deficit Water (WR)
Observation result 𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝑆
Activity 1 WR = x 100%
𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝐾
Direction of metylen blue
Initial Tugidity Final
 0,045−0,031 Activity of stoma (movement of
TR = x 100%
0,045−0,014 closed and open)

0,014 Dycotil : Mangifera indica

TR = x 100%
0,031

TR = 0,437

Relative turgidity and water deficit

of plant into dry treatment:

a. Relative Turgidity (TR)

𝐵𝑆−𝐵𝐾
TR = x 100% Dicotyledon leave
𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝐾
Opened Closed
0,042−0,013
Treatment
TR = x 100% stomata stomata
0,059−0,013
1 (aquadest) 30 -
0,029 2 (Sucrosa) 35 -
TR = x 100%
0,046
3 (aquadest) 45 -

TR = 0,630 4 (NaCl) 60 -

Monocotyl : Impatiens balsamina

b. Deficit Water (WR)

𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝑆
WR = x 100%
𝐵𝑇−𝐵𝐾

0,059−0,042
WR = x 100%
0,059−0,013

0,017
WR = x 100%
0,046

TR = 0,369 Monocotyledon leave

Opened Closed
Activity 2 Treatment
stomata stomata
1 (aquadest) 3 5
 2 (Sucrosa) 5 5
3 (aquadest) 7 5
4 (NaCl) 10 5 process of transpiration is the process
Activity 3
There is no observation result
because we didn’t doing this activity
in laboratory.
Discussion
Transpiration has important
physiological activity is very
dynamic, serves as a regulatory
mechanism and adaptation to internal
and external conditions, particularly
associated with the control of body
fluid (turgiditas cells/tissue),
absorption and transportation of
water, mineral salts and temperature
control of the network. Transpiration
is the process of the loss of water in
the form of water vapor from plants
most of the body occurs through
stomata, other than through the
cuticle and lentisel.
Unit 1.8 Measurement of Relative
Turgidity and Water Deficit of
Plant Tissue
Based on practical work has
been done, before it is inserted into
the oven weight of wet leaves i.e.
0.031 grams of dried leaves and
weight i.e. 0.042 grams. Once it is
inserted into the oven until dry
results obtained i.e., wet leaves
weighing be 0.045 grams and the
dried leaves being 0.59 gram. So at a
time when the process of heating the
leaves undergo a reduction in the
number of water levels or experience
the transpiration. This is in
accordance with the theory that the
of water loss due to evaporation
through the inside of the body, i.e.,
water that is absorbed by the roots of
the plant are used to form a network
of tanman then released through the
leaves into the atmosphere. The
factors of transpiration, among
others, the factors of in plants
(number of leaves, broad leaves, and
the number of stomata), as well as
factors from outside the body of a
plant such as, temperature, light,
humidity, and wind.
Unit 1.9 Stomata Structure and
Stomata Opening and Closing
Activities
Stomata is a hole or a crack
in the epidermis of a plant organ of
green bordered by special cells called
the cell cover. Cell cover surrounded
by cells that the shape is the same or
different from other epidermal cells
and neighboring cells are referred to
as.
Based on practical work
which has been done, the incision
leaves of Mangifera indica and
Impatiens balsamina, can be seen the
presence of stomata are closed and
not open, then at the moment ditetesi
a solution of sucrose 1 M long open
stomata partially that is 5 minutes,
and after ditetesi NaCl long closing
stomata that is 2 minutes. Open the
stomata close it depending on the
change of guard cell turgor
(stomata). The high turgor causes
stomata open otherwise low turgor
will cause the stomata close.
Cover cells become turgid
cell walls are thin and bulging thick
cell walls that surround the pit (can
not be inflated large enough) to be
very concave, thus opening the
aperture. Therefore, opening and
closing the stomata are dependent on
turgiditas changes of cells, i.e. cells
if the cover is open and the turgid
cells mengendor pore/pit closes.
Stomata guard cells to take up
because of the open water and the
cell where guards that bulging
bulging will push the wall of the
inside of the stomata to docked.
Stomata works in its own way
because of the special nature of the
municipality on the anatomy of the
submikroskopik walls of his cell.
Guard cells can grow in length,
especially the outer walls, and
expands outwards. Later, the inner
walls will be attracted by the
mikrofibril which resulted in the
stomata open.
At the moment stomata
opening accumulation will occur the
ion potassium (K +) on guard. The
potassium ion is derived from its
neighboring cells. The light is very
stimulating role influx of potassium
ions into the cell and guards if plants
are placed in the dark, then the ion
potassium will back out of the cell
guards. When potassium ions get
into the guard cells, the same number
of hydrogen ions out. Low CO2
concentration in the leaves also
causes stoma opening. Stomata will
close in case of cekaman water. At
the time of cekaman water, growing
regulatory substances ABA produced
in the leaves that cause the
membrane becomes leaky thus
loosing the K + ions from the cells
and cause the guard cells guard
mengkerut so the stomata close.
Factors cause the opening of
stomata. Organic acids that are
synthesized Malic acid is generally
where the hydrogen ions contained in
it. Malic acid is the most common
found in the normal state. Because
the ion hydrogen obtained from
organic acids, pH in guard cell will
go down (will become more acidic),
if not exchanged with H + K +.
Internal factors namely the biological
clock triggers uptake of ions in the
morning so the stoma opening, while
at night the ion liberation occurs
which causes the stomata close.
Stomata on most plants is generally
open at noon and close at night.
Conclusion
Plant–water relations concern how
plants control the hydration of their
cells, including the collection of
water from the soil, its transport
within the plant and its loss by
evaporation from the leaves. The
water status of plants is usually
expressed as ‘water potential’, which
has units of pressure, is always
negative, and in simple form is the
algebraic sum of the hydrostatic
pressure and the osmotic pressure of
water.
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