THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERETION

Federal State Financed Higher professional Education Institution

«NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY»

APPROVED BY
Director

A.V. Zamiatin
« » 2012 г.

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION DEMONSTRATION

Guidelines to laboratory work

«Hydraulic Мachines and Аir-Oil Сircuit»
for students of «Mechanical Engineering» specialty 150700

Draftsmen
A.I. Cherkasov
A.V. Loginova

Tomsk Polytechnic University Publishing House

2012
 UDC 621.22+62-82(075.8)
BBC 31.56+34.447я73
Ч-48

Ч-48 Bernoulli’s equation demonstration: guidelines to laboratory work on «Hydraulic

Мachines and Аir-Oil Сircuit». / draftsmen A.I. Cherkasov, A.V. Loginova; Tomsk
Polytechnic University. – Tomsk: TPU Publishing House, 2012. – 9 p.

UDC 621.22+62-82(075.8)
BBC 31.56+34.447я73

Guidelines are discussed and recommended for publishing by the methodical seminar
of «Automation and Robotics in Mechanical Engineering» department of Institute of
Cybernetics
« 21 » December 2012 г.

ARM HoD
PhD in Technical Sciences,
associate professor ____________ S.E. Bukhanchenko

© STE HPT TPU, 2012

© Cherkasov A.I., 2012
© Design. Tomsk Polytechnic University
Publishing House, 2012
Purpose.
To prove empirically the Bernoulli’s equation for a steady fluid flow in a variable
cross section channel: to observe the mechanical power reduction currentwise and
conversion of the gravitation energy into the motional one and back.

4. 1. Overview
Bernoulli’s equation for a steady nonperfect incompressible fluid flow shows
the energy conservation law and looks like:

p1 1V12 p2  2V22
z1    z2    h fr
 2g  2g
↓ ↓ ↓
Total head in 1 cross-section Total head in 2 cross-section Head losses

Fig. 4.1 Bernoulli’s equation for a steady nonperfect incompressible fluid flow.

where z - distance from any randomly chosen horizontal reference plane 0-0 to any
point of a studied flow cross-section (fig. 4.1);
p - pressure in chosen cross-section point;
 - fluid specific density;
 - motional energy coefficient (Coriolis coefficient); for a laminar flow =2,
for a turbulent one =1,1 is usually accepted;
V - flow average velocity;
g – gravitational acceleration;
hтр – total head loss to overcome the hydraulic friction force between cross-
sections 1-1 and 2-2.
Indexes «1» and «2» show the cross-section number that the magnitude refers
to. The cross-sections connected by the equation are chosen at divisions with
seamlessly varied fluid flow though between them the flow can be bumping.
It is easy to identify that the equation items (4.1) are measured in units J/N 
energy/force and so they state this or that type of specific (referred to the fluid weight)
energy. The energy titles are given under the equation. In hydraulics the fluid weight
p V 2
z
unit mechanical power is called a pressure head:  - piezometric, 2 g - dynamic,
p V 2
z  H
 2g - total.
It means that in case of a flow zero heat transfer with an outdoor environment
the total specific energy (including thermal) is permanent along the flow and that is
why an alteration of one energy type leads to the opposite mark alteration of another.
That is the Bernoulli’s equation power sense.
 It is necessary to know that the Bernoulli’s equation in the picture (4.1) is the
most evident and convenient to solve a wide range of problems, it also has the applied
value in measurement practice on Earth as each of its items is easily determined by
basic devices. But in case of a gravity acceleration lack or a variable gravity lack, it
loses its significance. In such cases the equation recording format is more censorious
where energies are referred to the proper weight instead of the fluid gravity force. To
get this format it is enough to multiply all the equation items (4.1) by the gravity
acceleration g.
The geometric meaning of the equation (4.1) is that its items can be measured
p V 2
in length units (J/N = N·m/N = m) geometric z, piezometric  , kinetic 2 g and lost
hfr heads which sum for any flow cross section of a stream is a constant magnitude.
The specified head measurement by basic devices (measuring bar, piezometer, Pito
tube) and Bernoulli’s equation graphical demonstration are shown in fig. 4.1. To
make the figure more evident each Pito tube is installed in such flow cross section
u2
point where the motional energy 2 g is equal to the average one on motional energy
V 2
cross-section 2 g . Therefore for each cross-section the fluid level in a Pito tube is
V 2
higher than in a piezometer by the dynamic head magnitude 2 g .
The line that connects the fluid levels in piezometers is called piezometric. It
shows the potential energy (a piezometric pressure head) alteration according to the
p
z
flow length as it is over the reference plane at the distance of  . The line led
through the fluid levels in Pito tubes shows the distribution of total mechanical energy
density (total pressure head) along the flow and is called a pressure line. The total
pressure head drop hтр, falling at the flow length unit ℓ is called a hydraulic gradient.
hтр
I
.

Specific energy lines (pressure and piezometric lines) show the evident
representation of one energy type conversion into another at the flow length and allow
determining values, reasons and variability degree of fluid flow key parameters.
Specific energy lines are aligned according to the rules mentioned below arising from
Bernoulli’s equation.
 p V 2
H z 
1. Pressure line [total head  2 g constantly diminishes along the
current (if there is not any pump in this division) due to the mechanical energy
irreversible conversion into the thermal one as a result of hydraulic friction force
h
overcoming by the flow. Moreover the bigger the line decline (head loss тр ) is, the
smaller the flow division cross section is. And the smaller the flow section cross
section is, the bigger the line tilt is (see fig. 4.1).
p
z
2. Piezometric line (piezometric pressure head  ) unlike the pressure line it
can not only diminish but also grow along the current. It occurs in case of the flow
V 2
expansion (see fig. 4.1) and is explained by the velocity and motional energy 2 g
p
z
reduction the part of which converts into the potential energy  in virtue of
balance maintenance. In other words, the flow velocity reduction V leads to the
pressure increase p along the current.
The piezometric line passes through the duct outlet gravity centre (pipeline) at
the fluid discharge in the atmosphere, and lower the channel centerline if its pressure
is lower than the atmospheric one.
3. The distance between the piezometric and pressure lines is numerically equal
V 2  Q 2 8 Q 2
  2 4
to the motional energy 2 g 2 q 2
q d and though it is inversely proportional to
the flow cross section diameter to the fourth power. The average velocities of constant
area flow divisions are equal to the way that is why specific energy lines are parallel
to each other as a rule. (see fig. 4.1). These flow lines move apart in convergent
(conically convergent) stub pipes and converge in divergent (conically divergent)
stub pipes. In vessels and reservoirs where the fluid doesn’t move V = 0 the energy
line coincides with a free surface if it is at atmospheric pressure.

4.2. Device IV description

The device IV to prove empirically Bernoulli’s equation has a transparent case

and contains vessels 1 and 2 separated from each other by a transparent 3D partition 3
(fig. 4.2,). In that partition there are empirical channels 4 and 5 of variable and
constant cross-sections. The channels are connected between them by equally spaced
piezometers I-V that are to measure the piezometric pressure heads in typical cross-
sections. The device is partially filled up with colored water. To measure the water
level in one of the vessels there is a scale 6 with millimeter scale divisions.
 In device positions in fig. 4.2 the steady fluid flow in a bottom channel is
provided due to the outflow pressure head uniformity Н0 at the time. The top channel
blows the air at this time which is displaced by the fluid from the bottom vessel to the
top one. It is necessary to mention that the outflow pressure head fluctuates that is
caused by the bubble formation and detachment at the top channel outlet end.
However due to its nullity such pressure head alterations are not taken into account in
calculations. The flow rate in channels can vary by the device tilt (see the device V
description).

4.3. Operation procedure

1. Measure the sides A and B of the vessel 1 cross section, and the total head Н0
at the channel input which is equal to channel between-centers distance.
2. At the water filled vessel 1, put the device on a table by the vessel 2 (see fig.
4, 2).
p
3. Take the piezometer readings  according to the bottom water meniscus
parts.
4. Determine the level alteration time t in vessel 1 at the magnitude S by a stop
watch. Put the measured magnitudes and flow cross section area ω values (given on
the device case) in tab. 4.1. The flow area in cross-section I is determined by a transit
flush cross-section and consequently it is considered equal to the cross section II area.
5. Calculate the channel 4 cross section total head values in order given in table
4.1. The motional energy coefficient should be  = 1,1.
6. Draw in scale the channel 4 diagram with piezometers on a graph paper.
Lead the reference plane 0-0 through the channel centerline that allows expelling the
ordinate Z. According to the piezometer readings, put a piezometric line that ends in
channel 4 outlet gravity center. To form a pressure line, lay off the total heads in the
form of the segments from the reference plane in each cross section and connect their
ends. For vessel 1fluid the pressure and piezometric lines are horizontal and go at the
channel 5 centerline level.
7. Explain the specific energy line movement using the rules from section 4.1
and analyze the conversion of one energy type into another one.
Fig. 4.2 The device to prove empirically Bernoulli’s equation.
 Table 4.1.

№№ designations,
magnitudes flow cross-section
formulas

1
Flow cross section area, I II III IV V
cm2 ω
2 Average cross section Q
velocity, cm/sec V


3 p
Piezometric pressure
head, cm 

4 V 2
Velocity head, cm 2g

5 p V 2

Total head, cm  2g

6
Vessel cross section
А, В
side sizes, cm
7
Water level transfer in a
S
vessel, cm
8
Level alteration
t
observation time, sec
9 ABS
3 Q
Flow rate, cm /sec t
10
Total head at the
channel input, cm H0
 Educational Edition

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION DEMONSTRATION

Guidelines to laboratory work

«Hydraulic Мachines and Аir-Oil Сircuit»

for students of «Mechanical Engineering» specialty 150700

Draftsmen
CHERKASOV Alexandre Ivanovitch
LOGINOVA Anna Vladimirovna

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