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Lecture Handouts
St. Luke’s College of Nursing
SY. 2017 - 2018
Statistical Inference
The process of generalizing or drawing conclusions
about the target population on the basis of
results obtained from a sample. Either by:
-Estimation
-Hypothesis Testing
µ = 21
x = 20
Proportion Ρ and ρ
N = 15 Obesity
7 Yes (BMI > 30.0)
8 No (BMI < 30.0)
P = 0.47 or 47%
Proportion Ρ and ρ
n=9 Obesity
3 Yes (BMI > 30.0)
6 No (BMI < 30.0)
ρ = 0.33 or 33%
Point Estimate
Frequency
4
3
2
1
0
167.5 168 168.5 169 169.5 170 170.5
Height in cm
Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Height (cm) 167 168 168 169 170 170 171
Statistic mean x
167.5
167.5
Total Population Sampling Population
168
N=7 N=2 168.5
168.5
µ = 169 cm x = depends on the samples
169
Mean of the x = 169 cm 168
168.5
169
169
169.5
168.5
The mean of the x is exactly 169
P = 1 or 100%
Characteristics of a Normal Curve
4. It has long tapering tails that extend
infinitely in either direction but never
touching the x- axis.
Characteristics of a Normal Curve
5. It is completely determined by its mean and standard
deviation
6. 1 SD covers 68% of the distribution
2 SD covers 95.5% of the distribution
3 SD covers 99.75% of the distribution
Kurtosis
σ determines spread of the distribution
– As σ increases, the distribution becomes wider
but shorter,
– As σ decreases, the distribution becomes thinner
and taller
Kurtosis > σ Kurtosis = σ Kurtosis < σ
Kurtosis
Computation of proportions or
percentages of values that belong to
different categories of the variable of
interest.
Problem Solving
Exercise:
Assuming that the distribution of finals exam
score of students has an average of 85 and
standard deviation of 3.
85 90
What is the proportion (shaded area) of
students who scored 90 and above?
Problem Solving
Exercise:
Assuming that the distribution of finals exam score of
students has an average of 85 and standard deviation of
3.
What is the proportion of students who scored 90 and
above?
Given:
x = 90 µ = 85 σ=3
Solution:
z=x - µ = 90 – 85 z = 1.67
σ 3
Problem Solving
Sketch the Curve to better understand:
Z=1.67
Solution:
Using the Normal Distribution Table, get the
corresponding proportion of the area under the curve
Normal Distribution Table
Normal Distribution Table: How to use
A = 0.0475
Interpretation:
“the proportion
Z=1.67 (shaded area) of
students who
scored above 90 is
4.47%”
Problem Solving
Exercise:
Assuming that the distribution of finals exam
score of students has an average of 85 and
standard deviation of 3.
81
81% 85
85% 90
90%
Given:
x1 = 81 x2 = 90 µ = 85 σ=3
Solution:
z1 = x1 - µ = 81 – 85 z = - 1.33
σ 3
Problem Solving
Exercise:
Assuming that the distribution of finals exam score of
students has an average of 85 and standard deviation of
3.
What is the proportion of students who scored between
of 81 and 90?
Solution:
z2 = x2 - µ = 90 – 85 z = 1.67
σ 3
Using the Normal Distribution Table, get the
corresponding proportion of the area under the curve
Problem Solving
Sketch the Curve to better understand:
Z1= -1.33
Z2=1.67
Interpretation:
81 85 90
“The proportion
(shaded area) of
students who
scored between
Z1= -1.33
81 and 90 in the
Z2=1.67
finals exam is
86.07%”
Interval Estimate
Referred to as Confidence Interval (CI)
Z= x - µ
σ/ 𝑛
Interval Estimate
Need to transform the sampling
distribution of x to standard normal using
general formula for z:
*taking the 95% of sample means, x, are within + 1.96
standard deviations from µ, ie.,
Formula:
LL = x - 1.96 σ UL = x + 1.96 σ
𝑛 𝑛
Interval Estimate: Problem Solving
Solution:
LL = 10 – 1.96 3 UL = 10 + 1.96 3
25 25
= 10 – 1.176 = 10 + 1.176
Seatwork Exercise:
Using the same problem, apply the 90% CI and
99% CI. What can you say about the results?
Commonly used Degree of
Confidence