Levels of automation

The oil and gas industry is becoming more technologically advanced every day. As automation, artificial
intelligence (AI) and robotics improve, it may be increasingly tempting to employ automatic means to
accomplish industry goals. The degree to which a task is automated is referred to as levels of automation
(LOA). The most comprehensive list was developed by Thomas B. Sheridan and W. L. Verplank[1]. Levels of
automation range from complete human control to complete computer control.

Gallery

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Automation levels
Level 1

The human operator does the task and turns it over to the computer to implement.

Operator manusia melakukan tugasnya dan menyerahkanya ke computer untuk di implementasikan

Level 2

The computer helps by determining the options.

Komputer membantu dengan cara menentukan opsi

Level 3

The computer helps determine and suggests options. The human operator can choose to follow the
recommendation,

Computer membantu menentukan dan menyarankan opsi. Operator manusia dapat memilih untuk
mengikuti yang direkomendasikan oleh komputer
 Level 4

The computer selects the action and the human operator decides if it should or should not be done.

Computer memilih tindakan dan operator manusia memutuskan apakah harus dilakukan atau tidak

Level 5

The computer selects the action and implements it if the human operator approves the action.

Computer memilih tindakan dan mengimplementasikan sedangkan operator manusia menyetujui aksi

Level 6

The computer selects the action and informs the human operator in case the operator wants to cancel
the action.

Computer memilih aksi dan menginformasikan operator manusia jika operator ingin membatalkan
tindakan/aksinya

Level 7

The computer does the action and tells the human operator what is did.

Computer melakukan tindakan/aksi dan memberitahukan operator manusia apa yg telah dilakukan

Level 8

The computer does the action and tells the human only if the human operator asks.

Computer melakukan tindakan/aksi dan memberitahukan operator manusia jika operator manusia
menanyakannya

Level 9

The computer does the action when told and tells the human operator only if the computer decides the
operator should be told.

Computer melakukan tindakan/aksi ketika mengatakan dan memberitahukan operator manusia jika
computer memutuskan operator harus diberi tahu

Level 10

The computer does the action if it decides it should be done. The computer tells the human operator
only if it decides the operator should be told.

Computer melakukan tindakan/aksi jika keputusan tersebut harus dilakukan atau diselesaikan.
Computer memberitahu operator manusia hanya jika keputusan operator haru di beritahukan
 Four-stage model of human
information processing
Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens[2] went on to introduce the
idea of associating levels of automation to functions.

The four-stage model of human information processing includes:

1. Sensory processing
2. Perception and/or working memory[3]
3. Decision making
4. Response selection

empat tahap pemrosesan informasi manusia meliputi:

1. Pemrosesan sensorik
Mengacu pada perolehan dan pendaftaran berbagai sumber informasi. Tahap ini mencakup penentuan
posisi dan orientasi reseptor sensorik, pemrosesan sensorik, pra-pemrosesan awal data sebelum persepsi
penuh, dan perhatian selektif

2. Persepsi dan / atau memori kerja

Melibatkan persepsi sadar, dan manipulasi informasi yang diproses dan diambil dalam memori kerja. Ini termasuk
operasi kognitif seperti latihan, integrasi dan inferensi, tetapi operasi ini terjadi sebelum titik keputusan.

3. Pengambilan keputusan
Keputusan dicapai berdasarkan pada proses kognitif tersebut.

4. Pemilihan jawaban/tanggapan
Melibatkan implementasi respons atau tindakan yang konsisten dengan pilihan keputusan.

Sensory processing
Refers to the acquisition and registration of multiple sources of information. This stage includes the
positioning and orienting of sensory receptors, sensory processing, initial pre-processing of data prior
to full perception, and selective attention.

Perception and/or working memory

Involves conscious perception,and manipulation of processed and retrieved information in working

memory. This includes cognitive operations such as rehearsal, integration and inference, but these
operations occur prior to the point of decision.

Decision making

Decisions are reached based on such cognitive processing.

Response selection

Involves the implementation of a response or action consistent with the decision choice.

These functions are based on a four-stage

model of human information processing and
can be translated into equivalent system
functions[4]:
 1. Information acquisition
2. Information analysis
3. Decision and action selection
4. Action implementation

The four functions can provide an initial

categorization for types of tasks in which
automation can support the human operator.

Information acquisition

Automation of information acquisition applies to the sensing and registration of input data. [2]

Information analysis

Automation of information analysis involves cognitive functions such as working memory and
inferential processes.[2]

Decision and action selection

This stage, decision and action selection, involves selection from among decision alternatives [2]

Action implementation

This final stage of action implementation refers to the actual execution of the action choice.[2]

Fungsi-fungsi ini didasarkan pada model empat tahap pemrosesan informasi manusia dan dapat diterjemahkan ke
(

dalam fungsi sistem yang setara [4]:

1. Pengambilan informasi
2. Analisis informasi
3. Pemilihan keputusan dan tindakan
4. Implementasi tindakan

Keempat fungsi dapat memberikan kategorisasi awal untuk jenis tugas di mana otomatisasi dapat mendukung
operator manusia.
Pengambilan informasi
Otomatisasi perolehan informasi berlaku untuk penginderaan dan pendaftaran data input. [2]
Analisis informasi
Otomasi analisis informasi melibatkan fungsi kognitif seperti memori kerja dan proses inferensial. [2]
Pemilihan keputusan dan tindakan
Tahap ini, pemilihan keputusan dan tindakan, melibatkan pemilihan dari antara alternatif keputusan [2]
Implementasi tindakan
Tahap akhir implementasi tindakan ini mengacu pada eksekusi aktual dari pilihan aksi tersebut. [2]

Levels of automation across

any of the above functional
types do not need to be fixed
at the system design stage.
Instead, the level of
automation could be
designed to vary depending
on production demands
during operational use.[2]
 Tingkat otomatisasi di
semua tipe fungsional
di atas tidak perlu
diperbaiki pada tahap
desain sistem.
Sebagai gantinya,
tingkat otomasi dapat
dirancang bervariasi
tergantung pada
permintaan produksi
selama penggunaan
operasional

Human-
centered
automation
Automation should be
human-centered. Billings
detailed this in his book
"Aviation automation: The
search for a human-centered
approach."[4]

 Automation systems
should be
comprehensible.
 Automation should
ensure operators are
not removed from
command role.
 Automation should
support situation
awareness.
 Automation should
never perform or fail
silently.
 Management
automation should
improve system
management.
 Designers must assume
that operators will
become reliant on
reliable automation.

Otomasi yang berpusat pada manusia Otomasi harus berpusat pada manusia. Billings merinci
ini dalam bukunya "Otomatisasi penerbangan: Pencarian untuk pendekatan yang berpusat
pada manusia." [4]  Sistem otomasi harus dapat dipahami.  Otomatisasi harus memastikan
operator tidak dihapus dari peran perintah.  Otomasi harus mendukung kesadaran situasi. 
Otomasi tidak boleh melakukan atau gagal secara diam-diam.  Otomatisasi manajemen harus
meningkatkan manajemen sistem.  Desainer harus berasumsi bahwa operator akan
bergantung pada otomatisasi yang andal.