A.

Basic sentence
I. Theoretical knowledge
1. S+V
This is the simplest structure which contains a subject and a verb. The verb in this
sentence is the one that does require the object following

Eg: He sings
S V
They cry
S V

2. S+V+ C = Subject + Verb + Complement

-Complement is part of the sentence that modifies the subject
-Complement can be both a noun, adjectival or prepositional phrase

Eg: She is a beautiful girl

C= A noun phrase
She becomes stronger
C= An adjective
They are in the garden
C=A prepositional phrase

3. S+V+O= Subject + Verb+ Object

- Object is part of the sentence that modifies the verb
- Object must be a noun phrase

Eg: I get a ticket

Object=a noun phrase
They kiss me
Object= a noun

4. Subject, Complement, and Object

- Similarities: subject, complement and object can be all noun phrases

- Differences: subject and object must be noun phrases whereas complement can be a
noun , adjectival or prepositional phrases

5. Subject+ Verb+ (C/O)+ prepositional phrase

- Prepositional phrase= preposition+ phrase

Eg: In his diary
Prep a noun phrase
- In such sentences as above, the prepositional phrase is not the main part of the sentence.
Without this phrase, the core meaning of the sentence is unchanged, but it helps clarify
the sentence.
Eg: With his help, she becomes happier and happier
Pre+noun phrase
By learning English harder, she can go abroad more easily
Pre+noun phrase

6. Linking verbs:
A special category of verbs connects or links the subject with the subject complement
( predicate subject). Unlike most verbs, these do not show action. They must be modified
by adjectives, not adverbs

Linking Examples
verbs
Be She is happy
Alice is now a worker
Become They become sad when the news comes
He is determined to become a professor
Remain He remains loyal to his boss even when the company goes into
bankruptcy
There remains a big church right in the middle of the village
Stay We stay healthier when we eat more vegetables
Appear She appeared sad at hearing that her father passed away
Seem Nobody seems satisfied with his current job
Sound That sound a good idea
It sounds terrible
Feel All of us feel distressed when we are sacked unreasonably
Look He looked angry than ever once he knew his child committed crime
Smell The cat smelt odorous after it swam in a dirty lake
The flowers she bought yesterday smell fragrant
Taste His food tastes fabulous
Grow The weather grows colder and colder everyday
Turn She turned sicker because of hard work for the whole month
Get They get indignant at realizing that he is a robber

Note: Be, become, sound and remain can be followed by noun phrases as well as
adjective whereas other verbs often go with only adjective

2. Exercise:
I. State which part of sentence is subject, verb, complement and object
1. They dispatch the police
2. Workers are receiving pension
3. We are depressed
4. He buried all his money under the floor
5. No one believes in her story
6. The boss sacks him
7. All of us turn sad at his betrayal
8. Thanks to his help, they can pass the exam
9. With more cars produced, the road will become more jammed
10. The food tastes good.
11. In times of hardship, we often confide in each other
12. At the end of the film, the hero died.
13. She passed out on the way to her office
14. His parents criticized him.
15. They apologized to us one week later.
II. Circle the correct form in parentheses
1. Your cold sounds ( terrible/terribly)
2. The pianist plays very ( good/well)
3. The food in the restaurant always tastes ( good/well)
4. The campers remained ( calm/calmly) despite the thunderstorm
5. They became (sick/sickly) after eating the contaminated food
6. Professor Calandra looked ( quick/quickly) at the students’ sketches
7. Paco was working (diligent/diligently) on the project
8. Paul protested ( vehement, vehemently) about the new proposals
9. Our neighbors appeared ( relaxed/ relaxedly) after their vacation
10. The music sounded too ( noisy/noisily) to be classical