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A very brief guide to …
Before 100 BC, Britain was populated by
a mixture of tribes, including the Celts,
The history of the Picts, Irish and Cornish.
English language They all spoke a variety of Celtic
languages.
The origins of English Old English (c. 400–1100 AD)
In the 5th century AD, settlers from west
The language spoken by the Germanic
Germany crossed over to Britain.
settlers developed differently to the forms
These tribes were called Saxons, Jutes and found in what is now known as Germany.
Angles, and set up kingdoms called ‘East Anglia’,
‘West Saxon’, ‘East Saxon’ etc. This early form of English is known as
They spoke a dialect of the Germanic language ‘Old English’.
and this slowly evolved into the English we
speak today.
Influences during the Middle English (c. 1100–1450 AD)
Old English period
When the Normans invaded in 1066, French became
the dominant language (of court, the church, and the
Viking invaders started arriving in north east nobility) while the rest of the country spoke versions
England in the 8th century. of English.
Parts of their Scandinavian language (which is Gradually, English became more widely used by the
closely related to Germanic languages too) , educated upper classes and by 1425 English was
including words describing family and animals, used universally again in speech and writing.
spread through northern England.
However, it had changed completely since the Old
These words were integrated into Old English. English period and became known as Middle
English.
1
Features of Middle English Features of Middle English
French lexis thousands of Latin
by no standardised words, found in Latin words
ced
f luen system of spelling French, replaced Old
in
vily English terms
hea especially legal,
grammar religious and an estimated 85% of
Middle administrative terms pronunciation Old English words
English such as justice, jury, Middle fell out of use after
became much govern and sovereign. the Viking and
simpler, reflecting
English
pronunciation was Norman invasions
the way the two inflections
disappeared (all Go to the ‘Ages of English’ changing with
languages had to interactive timeline at known as the Great
plurals ended ‐en, vowels becoming
co‐exist http://www.bbc.co.uk/histor Vowel Shift
‐es or ‐s. shorter, e.g. leef
y/british/launch_tl_ages_engl
became life and teem
ish.shtml to listen to Old and
Middle English texts.
became time.
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Early Modern English c.1470–1700 Features of Early Modern English
a huge number of Latin, French and
In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press Greek words entered the English
to Britain. language: words were needed for European
new concepts like psychology Renaissance
Many texts could now be mass‐produced, which meant
that there was a move towards standardisation in how world
they were printed, in terms of spelling and exploration Early Modern
punctuation.
English coined around 1700
Many Greek and Latin texts were translated into new words, such as
brought words courtship, excitement
English. from African, Asian and outbreak
Caxton chose the East Midlands (London, Oxford, and New World Shakespeare
languages
Cambridge) dialect to print works in. This soon
became the most prestigious form of English.
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2
Standardisation and presctiptivism 19th century English
During this time, many writers made attempts to Rail travel, colonial expansion, the spread of literacy
define the lexicon and grammar of English and mass production of the printed word extended
(Johnson, Lowth etc). everyone’s access to a standard written form of
English.
This led to a view that some non‐standard The Industrial Revolution changed the way people
varieties of English were inferior – this is called worked and lived their lives, so new words were
Prescriptivism. needed.
Latin was upheld as the ideal language and used a English borrowed huge numbers of words from all
model for English grammar, even though it had a over the world.
very different structure. American English was becoming a language in its
own right, with its own rules and spelling.
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Modern developments
English is now a world language of communication.
Electronic media like mobile phones and the internet
have radically changed the way we communicate with
each other.
A more colloquial and casual style of language reflects
major social changes.
Estuary English (a south‐eastern dialect) has become
widespread in UK.
American English increasingly influences British
English and English worldwide.
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