PUMPS

 a machine used to add energy to a liquid in order to transfer it from one point to another
point of higher energy level.
Kinds of Pumps
 Dynamic Pumps –are pumps in which energy is continuously added to increase the fluid
velocities within the machine.
 Displacement Pumps –are pumps in which energy is periodically added by application of
force to one or more movable boundaries of enclosed fluid volumes.
Classes of Dynamic Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps
 Volute-Type Pump  Piston and Plunger-Type Pump
 Diffuser-Type Pump  Diaphragm-Type Pump
 Mixed Flow-Type Pump Rotary Pumps
 Axial Flow-Type Pump  Single Rotor-Type Pump
Special Effect Pumps  Multi Rotor-Type Pump
 Jet (Ejector)
 Gas Lift
 Hydraulic Ram
 Electromagnetic

Special Classification of Pumps

Shallow Well Pump

• A turbine pump used for suction lift up to 22 ft.
Jet Well Pump
• A centrifugal pump with injector, for suction lift up to 120 ft.
Turbine Pump
• A deep-well pump used for heads up to 1000 ft and for capacities up to 7000 gpm.
Submersible Motor Pump
• A deep-well pump used foe heads up to 8000 ft.
Centrifugal Pumps
- a mechanical device in which the pumping action is achieved by imparting kinetic energy to the
fluid, and subsequently converting this kinetic energy into pressure energy.

Basic Parts of Centrifugal Pumps

 Impeller –imparts velocity to the liquid.
 Casing –acts as a pressure containment vessel that directs the flow of liquid in and out.
 Shaft –transmits power from the driver to the impeller.
 Packing –throttling the leakage between the inside and outside of the casing.
 Gland –used to position and adjust the packing pressure.
 Wear rings –keep internal recirculation down to a minimum; permits renewal of clearances to
keep pump efficiencies high.
 Volute –converts kinetic energy into pressure by reducing speed while increasing pressure.
 Shaft Sleeve –protects the shaft.
 Bearings –accurately locate shaft and carry radial and thrust load .
 Frame –used to mount unit rigidly and support the bearings.
 Coupling –connects the pump to the driver.
Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump
 Uses centrifugal force to lift liquids from lower level to higher level.
 Liquid flows from impeller at high speed must be efficiently converted into pressure.
 Simple, low cost and able to operate under wide variety of conditions.
 Adapts in operation under any head up to several thousand feet.
 Can handle liquids at most any temperature up to 1000°F.
 Operates at speeds that are standard for electric motors and turbines.
Important Features:
 Flow is continuous.
 Its discharge can be throttled without overloading its driving unit.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps

 Volute-Type Centrifugal Pump –conversion of velocity head into pressure head is performed by a
spiral casing not provided with a guide vane. The casing is proportioned so as to produce equal-
velocity flow all around its circumference and to reduce gradually the velocity of the liquid as it
flows from the impeller to the discharge.
 Diffuser-Type Centrifugal Pump –conversion of velocity head into pressure head by a guide vane
installed with the impeller. The velocity head is converted into pressure head before the water
enters the volute. Hence, the efficiency is slightly higher than the volute-type.
 Axial Flow-Type Centrifugal Pump –the rotor is a propeller. They are designed to operate in a
multitude of applications requiring the movement of a high volume of water at a low discharge
pressure. It can easily be adjusted to run at peak efficiency at low-flow/high-pressure and high-
flow/low-pressure by changing the pitch on the propeller.
 Peripheral Flow-Type Centrifugal Pump –it has an impeller that rotates in a largely concentric
casing channel with an inlet and an outlet opening. It is capable of developing high discharge
heads at low flow rates. It cannot be used to pump liquids containing solid particles due to the
small internal clearance between the impeller and casing.
 Mixed Flow-Type Centrifugal Pump –features both radial and axial flow pumps. The impeller sits
within the pipe and turns diagonally, using centrifugal force to move the water along while
 accelerating it further with the push from the axial direction of the impeller. This creates enough
force to generate high rates of flow.

 Brake power –the input power delivered by the motor to the pump.
 Power Losses –input power that is not used for the output work of the pump.
 Mechanical Losses –include the frictional losses in the bearings and packing box.
 Disk friction –is the power required to rotate a disk in a fluid.
 Hydraulic losses –are losses on· friction and turbulence.
 Leakage loss –lowers the capacity, therefore, increasing the brake power.
 Pump Efficiency- is the ratio of the pump theoretical power to its brake power.

Specific Speed of Pumps –is a method of characterizing a pump duty by head, flow rate and
rotational speed. It may be used to determine an appropriate pump design for a given application when
choosing between what type of pump to use.
–is the speed (in rpm) a geometrically similar impeller would need to
operate in order to deliver 1 L/s of fluid at a head of 1 m (English units : 1
gal/min at a head of 1 ft).
Uses of Specific Speed: a.) To classify pumps. b.) To determine pump efficiency.

Reciprocating Pumps
- is a machine in which the pumping action is accomplished by the forward and backward
movement of a piston inside a cylinder, usually provided with valves. It is classified as a positive
displacement pump.

TYPES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS

Piston and Plunger type reciprocating pumps Diaphragm type reciprocating pumps
 Steam or Direct-acting, double-acting pumps  Simplex-type pumps
a. simplex pumps a. Fluid operated type
b. duplex pumps b. Mechanically operated type
 Power or Indirect pumps  Multiplex-type pumps
a. Single-acting pumps a. Fluid operated type
i. Simplex pumps b. Mechanically operated type
ii. Duplex pumps
iii. Triplex pumps
iv. Multiplex pumps
b. Double acting pumps
i. Simplex pumps
ii. Duplex pumps
iii. Triplex pumps
iv. Multiplex pumps
Direct-acting reciprocating pump is a pump that is motivated by the force of steam on the steam piston.
Any force applied on the steam piston is transmitted to the water piston. Steam and water pistons are
normally double-acting, which means that every stroke of the water piston is a delivery stroke.

For Direct-acting reciprocating pump

 Indirect-acting reciprocating pump is a pump in which water is driven by an electric motor, internal
combustion engine, steam turbine, gas turbine, or steam engine. It is also called a power pump. It has
high efficiency and constant speed because of the type of drive. It is capable of delivering constant
quantity of fluid against a variable head. It i's either single-acting or double-acting.

For Indirect-acting reciprocating pump

Rotary Pumps
- operate in a circular motion and displace a constant amount of liquid with each revolution of the
pump shaft.
- are useful for pumping oil and other liquids of high viscosity.
- In the engine room, rotary pumps are used for handling lube oil and fuel oil and are suitable for
handling liquids over a wide range of viscosities.

Classification of Rotary Pumps

Single rotor-type Pumps Multi rotor-type pumps
Vane-type Pump  Gear-type Pump
 Sliding Vane a. External Gear
 Flexible Vane b. Internal Gear
 External Vane  Screw-type Pump
 Swinging Vane a. Two Screw Pump
 Rolling Vane b. Three Screw Pump
Cam-type Pump  Lobe-type Pump

Types of Rotary Pumps

 Vane-type Pump – is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that
rotates inside a cavity.
 Sliding Vane - can run dry for short periods of time and handle small amounts of vapor.
 Flexible Vane - can only handle small solids but create good vacuum
 External Vane – good for handling large solids.
 Cam-type Pump- The main part of the pump is a cam which is mounted on a rotating shaft that
rotates in a cylindrical casing. The cam is designed in such a way that it always maintains contact
with the walls of the casing as it rotates. The discharge from the pump is continuous. It also
eliminates the crank and connecting rod mechanisms and delivers a smooth operation.
 Gear pumps are positive displacement rotary pumps that transport liquids using rotating gears.
They function through the use of two or more internal gears that create vacuum pressure,
propelling the fluid media. Gear pumps are compact, high pressure pumps which provide a steady
and pulseless fluid flow. They are best suited for high viscosity pumping applications such as oils,
plastics, paint, adhesives, or soaps.
 External Gear Pump - usually have two gears with an equal number of teeth on the
outside of each gear.
 Internal Gear Pump - have one larger gear with the teeth turned inward, meshing with
a smaller gear with external teeth.
  Screw pump- is a type of rotary pumps consist of two or three screws motor so arranged that as
the rotors turn liquid fills the shape between screw threads and is displaced axially as the rotor
threads mesh.
 Two/Double screw pump (twin screw pump)- is the most common type for high power
applications such as heavy oil pipeline transfer.
 Three screw pump (triple screw pump)- is typically used for small applications, such as
lubrication systems.
 Lobe pumps- are similar to external gear pump in operation in that fluid flows around the interior
of the casing. However, the lobes do not contact. Lobe contact is prevented by external timing
gear located in the gearbox.

Jet Pumps
- is a device in which a fluid flows through a driving nozzle which converts the fluid pressure into a
high-velocity jet stream; fluid is continuously entrained from the suction section of the jet pump
by the jet stream emerging from the nozzle.

Types of Jet pumps

 Deep well jet pumps- 800-15,000 feet in depth.
 Shallow well jet pumps- operates close to the surface such as residential wells
 Convertible- Can be either used in shallow or deep well
 Multi-stage pumps- Have two or more impellers

CAVITATION OF PUMPS

Cavitation is a phenomenon which occurs in a centrifugal pump when the pressure at any point inside
the pump drops below the vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the liquid. This results in
the formation of vapor bubbles. These vapor bubbles are carried along with the flowing liquid and
collapse with tremendous shock when a pressure that is higher is reached.

In other words, cavitation is the formation of cavities of water vapor in the suction side of a pump due
to low suction pressure.

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is the term used to describe pump cavitation characteristics.
Specifically, it is the pressure (head) in excess of the saturation pressure of the liquid being pumped.

The NPSH is the difference between the absolute dynamic pressure of the liquid measured at the
centerline of the pump and the saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of the liquid at
the same point

The NPSH also refers to the pressure at the pump suction flange, corrected to the pump centerline, that
prevents vaporization of fluid.

Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) is the net positive suction head that is available or existing
at the pump installation. It is equal to the pressure head of the source of liquid or atmospheric pressure-
if the source of water is an open tank-plus or minus the difference in elevation between surface of liquid
at source and pump centerline minus vapor or saturation pressure of liquid at its temperature minus
friction losses between source of liquid and suction flange, all of which are in the same linear dimension.

Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is performance characteristic of a pump and is established
through closed loop or valve suppression tests conducted by the pump manufacturer. These tests
consist of lowering the NPSHA provided to the test pump until the pump head, power, or efficiency
noticeably decreases.

Suction Specific Speed Required (S) is an index number descriptive of the suction characteristics of a
given pump design. It is the speed in rpm at which a pump impeller would operate if reduced
proportionately in size so as to deliver a rated capacity of 1 gpm against an NPSHR of 1 ft.

Suction Specific Speed Available (SA) is an index number descriptive of the available suction conditions
of the pumping system from which the pump is receiving suction. It is the speed in rpm at which a pump
impeller would operate if reduced proportionately in size so as to deliver a rated capacity of 1 gpm
against a NPSHA of 1 ft.

Pump’s Specific Speed (𝑁𝑠) is the speed in rpm at which the geometrically similar pump impellers would
operate to develop one foot of head when discharging one gallon per minute.

TURBINES
 is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from fast moving flow of fluids and
converts it into mechanical energy and/or electrical energy.
 A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is
a shaft with blades attached.
 Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
 A working fluid contains potential energy (pressure head) and kinetic energy (velocity
head).
 When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are displaced, which produces
rotational energy.
 The turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator, mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy.
Basic types of turbines
 Hydraulic turbine- are defined as prime movers that transform the kinetic energy of the falling
water into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator
which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. The mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
Hydraulic loss is the loss in fluid power due to flow friction within the system.
Hydroelectric power plant is a facility where electric energy is produced by hydroelectric
generators.

Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

 According to the action of water
Impulse turbine. If at the inlet of turbine, the energy available is only kinetic energy. Water
from penstock travels to turbine via one or more nozzle and pressure energy is converted to
kinetic energy
 Reaction Turbine. If at the inlet of the turbine, the water possesses kinetic energy as well as
pressure energy
RANGES OF SPECIFIC SPEED
Types of hydraulic turbines are classified in terms of the following specific speed ranges:
1. Impulse, or Pelton wheel - used for highest heads, Ns = 3.5 to 4.3 rpm
2. Francis runners - used for intermediate heads, Ns = 18 to 85 rpm
3. Mixed-flow runners - used for medium to low heads, Ns = 100 to 125 rpm
4. Propeller runners - used for lowest heads, Ns = 110 to 150 rpm
5. Kaplan runners - with pivoted blades that can be angled for best efficiency at any load, Ns
= 80 to 150 rpm

HYDRAULIC TURBINE EFFICIENCIES:

Volumetric efficiency - refers to the possible loss of flow through leakage around the outside of
the rotor or rotating element.
Hydraulic Efficiency- is the ratio of the power transferred from the water to the rotor and the
available power in the fluid that effectively flows through the rotor; or the ratio of the utilized head
and the net or effective head of the turbine.
Mechanical efficiency- is the ratio of the power available at the shaft to the power exerted by the
water or the rotor.
Turbine total efficiency- or simply turbine efficiency is the ratio of the brake power to that of the
turbine theoretical or waterpower.
Over-all efficiency- or turbine-generator efficiency is the ratio of the generator output and the
water power or turbine theoretical power.
Generator efficiency- is the ratio of the generator output power and the turbine brake power.
 Steam turbine- is used as process or to drive electric generators. They convert kinetic energy
(steam energy of movement) to mechanical energy.
 Vapor turbine
 Gas turbine- derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using the fast
flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure steam
drives a steam turbine. It is a positive feedback mechanism. As the gas turbines speeds up, it also
causes the compressor to speed up forcing more air through the combustion chamber which in
turn increases the burn rate of the fuel sending more high pressure hot gases into the gas turbine
increasing its speed even more
 Wind turbine- or alternatively referred to as a wind energy converter, is a device that converts the
wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Types of Wind Turbines
Horizontal axis wind turbine dominate the majority of the wind industry. The advantage
of horizontal wind is that it is able to produce more electricity from a given amount of
 wind. The disadvantage of horizontal axis however is that it is generally heavier and it
does not produce well in turbulent winds.
Parts of the Wind Turbine
 Turbine Controller is a computer (PLC) that controls the entire turbine. It starts and stops
the turbine and runs self diagnostic in case of any error in the turbine.
 Anemometer- it measures the wind speed and passes the speed information to PLC to
control the turbine power.
 Yaw Drive- blades and other components in wind turbine are housed in a nacelle, whenever
any change in wind direction is there, the nacelle has to face in the direction of the wind to
extract the maximum energy from wind.
 Pitch Drive- Pitch drive motors control the angle of blades whenever the wind changes it
rotates the angle of blades to cut the maximum wind, which is called pitching of blades.

COMPRESSORS
- are machines that are used to transfer another gasses from one location to another at a higher
differential pressure ranges. There are various types of compressors and they are classified in two
major categories: (1) dynamic or also known as continuous flow or turbo compressor and (2)
positive displacement or intermittent compressor.
- Dynamic or continuous flow are types of compressor in which the flow of gas is accelerated thru
high speed rotating element, converting velocity head into pressure head. Continuous flow
includes centrifugal and axial flow compressors.
- Positive displacement or intermittent flow type compressor, however, are those units that
confine gas in a closed space, reducing its volume and discharging it at a higher pressure.
Intermittent flow includes reciprocating, screw, and root types of compressors.

Some other ways of classifying compressors include the following:

a) Number of stages: single, two, three-stages or multi-stage
b) Reciprocating compressor element: single acting or double acting
c) Cylinder arrangement: vertical, horizontal, V-type
d) Cooling system: water cooled, air cooled
e) Mounting condition: portable, stationary
TYPES OF COMPRESSORS
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT. Operates by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure
section of the compressor into the discharge zone of the compressor.
Reciprocating Compressors or piston compressor is a positive-displacement compressor
that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure.

A rotary-screw compressor is a type of gas compressor, such as an aircompressor, that

uses a rotary-type positive-displacement mechanism. ... The gas compression process of
a rotary screw is a continuous sweeping motion, so there is very little pulsation or surging
of flow, as occurs with piston compressors.

ROOTS BLOWER. The lobe compressor is used when high delivery volume but low
pressure is needed. It consists of two lobes with one being driven and the other driving.

LYSHOLM SCREW COMPRESSOR. It consists of two helically grooved rotors enclosed in a

cylinder housing.
 SCROLL. scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two
interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases. The
vane geometry may be involute, Archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves. They operate more
smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors in the lower volume
range.

VANE SEALED COMPRESSORS. It consists of a rotor having slots mounted eccentrically in

the body and vanes mounted on the rotor.

DIAPHRAGM. These are small capacity compressors.

AXIAL- FLOW COMPRESSORS. Dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-
like airfoils to progressively compress a fluid. They are used where high flow rates or a
compact design are required.

HYDRAULIC JET COMPRESSORS. To convert hydraulic into mechanical power,

a hydraulic pump pushes hydraulic fluid into a hydraulic motor, forcing it to spin. This
spinning motor is connected to an air compressor using a belt or direct-drive, which in
turn powers the air compressor system and converts mechanical power into air power.

VAPOR JET COMPRESSORS. Jet Compressors have no moving parts. They can be
manufactured from any machinable or castable material. Large units can be fabricated
from any materials which are available in plate and are weldable. They can be installed in
any position. Due to velocities involved, good mixing of dissimilar gases is obtained. Jet
Compressors can replace mixing valves and at the same time boost pressure which
replaces a compressor. Jet Compressors can reduce boiler steam demand or enhance the
capacity of an existing boiler.
 ROTODYNAMIC. It can be axial flow, centrifugal flow, or the intermediate mixed/diagonal flow
types. It has one or more rotating assemblies, handles large volumes, and can be electrically,
steam or gas driven. It often need to have valve and other systems to control against “surge,” a
sudden flow reversal which can cause destructive vibration.
ACCORDING TO THE PRESSURE DELIVERED
 Low-pressure air compressors (LPACs), which have a discharge pressure of 150 psi or less
 Medium-pressure compressors, which have a discharge pressure of 151 psi to 1000 psi
 High-pressure air compressors (HPACs) have a discharge pressure above 1,000 psi

FANS AND BLOWERS

Axial Fans. Axial fans are named for the direction of the airflow they create. Blades rotating
around an axis draw air in parallel to that axis and force air out in the same direction.

Blowers vary differently from axial fans. The pressure of an incoming airstream is increased by a fan wheel,
a series of blades mounted on a circular hub. Blowers move air radially — the direction of the outward
flowing air is changed, usually by 90°, from the direction of the incoming air.
Because of the high pressure they create, blower are ideal for high pressure applications such as
drying and air conditioning systems.