INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

FINAL PROJECT

ID FULL NAME

MBA1Y02181001 SYED GALIB HASSAN RIZVI

MBA 1Y02181011 ATHAR ZUBAIR

MBA 1Y02181029 MUHAMMAD INAM

MBA1Y02181033 JAMIL AHMAD

MBA 1Y02181043 SHAHID MEHMOOD

SUBMITTED TO: ASIM GILL

DATE OF SUBMISSION: MONDAY, MAY 6, 2019

SESSION OF SUBMISSION: 2018 TO 2019
ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION
CORPORATION, LAHORE
COMMENTS: MARKS SECURED:

FOR GRADING:
Company:

“National Telecommunication Corporation”

Acknowledgements:

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Project Teacher, Mr Asim Gill

for his precious and valuable suggestions he helped us throughout our industrial relation

subject. It would not have been possible to complete this Project without his support and

feedback.

Our sincere thanks to the National telecommunication Center officials, for providing us all the

necessary information and helping us in designing the questionnaire for the experimental

study.

Our appreciation goes to our family and friends for their continuous support.

Above all special thanks to Almighty God.

Thank you.
Executive summary:

This report is the product of a program of NTC and research on the future of Trade

union. The research included analysis of trade union membership trends, a face-to face

survey with workers.

The study aims at finding out the effects of trade unionism on workers in NTC. The

main objectives of this study were to first identify how the practices of trade union NTC

effects on workers. Another aim was to determine how union works in offering benefit for its

members. In addition, other functions of trade union that aim towards benefiting both

organization and employees were highlighted in the study. The study also examined how to

settle industrial conflicts in organization.

The findings of this research indicate that trade union has an active role in maintaining

the quality life of the workers and its members also believe that by joining Union the interests

of wage earners are promoted effectively whereas there is very little relationship between the

trade union members and their performance at work. Finally, Union should avoid the path of

confrontation but continue dialogue through the collective bargaining process.

Introduction:
National Telecommunication Corporation is a Government claimed media transmission
association to give media communication organization to its assigned clients who incorporate
Federal and regional Governments and their specializations.

The most fundamental being the test to keep set up the security necessities of the Government
of Pakistan (GOP) and to guarantee the new players in this field from the standard practices of
the tenant directors to secure their bit of the general business. To overcome these troubles
GOP set up National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) in January 1996 under the
Telecom Reorganization Act 1996.The essential objective was to have an establishment free
of each and every other manager that can be used with the true objective of government
correspondence and as an elective help for the chairmen entering the market.

After foundation in 1996, NTC began to focus individually framework inside couple of years;
it adjusted itself to rising innovative territories (1,517 Km) alongside around 150,000
advanced lines trade. Other than this, unique undertaking executed like Pakistan Educational
Research Network (PERN), situating of PAKSAT to secure involve the (2008-2009) were
additionally effectively actualized.

So as to keep itself side by side with innovative progression, NTC arranged a far reaching
intend to relocate its inheritance Time Division Multiplier (TDM) trades with most recent IP
based Next Generation Network (NGN) innovation. Through this movement venture approx.
54,000 Telephone and 14,000 Broadband ports have been produced which influences 35%
substitution of (TDM) to organize. Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN) are a
bit of vision, mission and objectives of Information Technology Action Plan that was impelled
by Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman as Minister of Science and Technology.

The endeavor is financed by the Government of Pakistan in cooperation with Pakistan

Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL). The system outlined, worked, and kept up by
NTC. The venture is to be expected an essential piece of general education system of nation
and intended to interlink all Public, Private Sector, Universities, Degree granting institute
enrolled with Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and Government of Pakistan.

The task was propelled by the Ex-President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf.
Background of the Study

Trade unions have an immense effect on labor markets and societies. The main objective of
this Project is to examine how trade unionism affects workers. The subject matter of trade
unionism and workers in company is of interest to both the government and employers. Trade
unionism, which is the activities of association of workers in a workplace have been accepted
and recognized as a necessary action. A trade union can be simply defined as ‘an alliance of
workers to strengthen their efforts in bargaining with their correspondents.’

The research in the area of trade unions which makes the topic very interesting and it also
provides us with some insights on how trade union works and its effects on workers. There
have been lots of research work done in industrial relations. Broadly, speaking the effects of
unions may be positive or negative. The issues to be discussed in this project are the effect of
trade unions on wages, effects on fringe benefits, collective bargaining which directly or
indirectly affects the performance of workers. This is the main aim of the whole thesis and the
primary reason for this research is to study the union efforts for wages and non-wages benefits
of workers.

Purpose of the Study

This study aims at finding out the effect of trade unionism on workers and employer. It will
also highlight other functions of trade unions that aim towards benefitting both organization
and employees. It also seeks to examine the relationship between trade unionism and the
actions of management. Finally, it describes how to settle industrial conflict in an
organization.

Significance of the study

This research work is expected to broaden the understanding of trade unionism. It will help
the workers to make their demands while to avoid industrial conflicts. This research work will
facilitate further studies by other researchers who have an interest in understanding the link
between unions and workers. Additionally, it will provide insights to PAM as well as help
students to gain wider knowledge on the effects of trade unionism on workers.
Research Questions

It is pertinent to pose some necessary research questions:

1. Does trade unionism in any way influence workers?

2. What are the effects of trade unionism in your organization?

3. How is conflict resolved in your organization?

4. Does trade union exist solely to fight for the interest of the workers?

5. What effort have unions made to improve the performance of the workers in an
organization?

Trade union:

Trade Union is defined in the Employment Relations Act 2008 as “an association of persons,
whether registered or not, having as one of its objects the regulation of employment relations
between workers and employers”

The Trade Union or Labor Union movement is a continuous and voluntary association whose
membership comprises of salary earners, employees and union leaders. Those members have
bonded together motivated by a simple motto “Unity makes strength”. Workers will therefore
utilize trade unions as their representative voice when dealing with employers or on the board
of directions.

Independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they
grouped and seek to institute their terms and conditions of employments. When they realized
that negotiating as an individual, the manager would be more powerful, due to the fact that an
individual would not matter as much a group in regard of running an organization.

The main role of trade union is to ensure the welfare of its members such as safeguarding the
interests of its members, protecting the reliability of its trade, achieving higher wages by
securing economic benefits. It also optimizes the working conditions at the workplace and
guarantees a job security while protecting members against unfair dismissal at workplace.
Through its leadership, trade union engages in collective bargaining, whereby labor contracts
are negotiated with the employers. Also it acts as a recruiting manager, the Union leaders
interfere with the recruitment and selection of the company, its intention is to maximize the
number of employees an employer can hire.

Structure of Trade Union:

The trade unions structure is divided into several parts, namely:

The Annual Delegates Congress

The Executive Council

It comprises of the President, the General Secretary and the eight elected members. Among
them, one is the 1st Vice president and another is the 2nd vice president, a 3rd as Assistant
Treasurer and a fourth one who the organizing secretary is.

President:

He represents the Federation and he is the spokesman of the federation.

General Secretary:

The General Secretary arranges meetings and draw up the minutes of the meeting. Along with
the General Secretary, Deputy General Secretary and the Assistant General make up the
Secretariat of Federation.

Treasurer:

He is in charge of the accounts of the federation.

Organizing Secretary:

He is in charge of organizing events like training sessions, seminars, workshop among others.

Public Relation Officer:

He deals with the media for conferences, coverage, reports and other information that will be
published by the media.
Nature and Scope of Trade Union:

Trade Unions are currently considered as a sub-system which attends a precise sub-groups
interest. When defending a particular sector they consider themselves as an integral part of the
organization in respect to the feasibility, growth and development of the community of which
they formed part of.

The influence of Trade Unions is of key importance for their members in the following
ways:

First, they are more effective and efficient when the need of negotiation is required between
employers and employees by attempting to create a win-win situation.

They facilitate the flow of communication between workers and the management, by
providing the guidance and support to both of them.

The Union leaders will seek a health and safety in the working environment.

In addition, they also act as an educational institution; they provide different types of courses
to their members.

Objectives of trade unions:

The main body of a trade union usually consists of individual workers, sometimes
professionals and past workers. Their primary aim is to ensure that the employment conditions
of employees are respected and that fair working conditions are offered. However, trade
unions also engage in issues like:

 Negotiation
 Representation
 Information and advice
 Member services
 Bargaining for higher wages and for better working conditions for its members
 Providing management suggestions on personnel policies and practices.
 Helping workers in getting the control of industry.
 Protecting members against discrimination and unfair justice of employers.
 Helping workers in all matters which results in workers interests.
Functions of Trade Unions:

Broadly speaking, trade unions perform two types of functions:

Militant Function:

Amongst the various activities performed by trade unions is the betterment of the position of
their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure that all
the clauses of the hiring and psychological contract are respected. When the union fails to
accomplish these aims through collective bargaining and negotiation, in extreme conditions
they adopt drastic measures in the form of go-slow, strike, boycott, work sabotage etc. to
make the management react and reconsider their requests. Hence, these functions of the trade
unions are known as militant or fighting functions.

Fraternal Function:

Another actions performed by trade unions are to provide help to its members in needy times,
and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to nurture a spirit of cooperation, mutual aid
and promote friendly relationships and sharing of knowledge and culture among their
colleagues. In some cases, they also arrange for legal assistance. Besides, these, they
undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of
children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities.
These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, obviously depend on the availability
of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders,
and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Another broad classification of the
functions of unions may be as follows:

Intra-mural activities:

These deals with whatever happens on the site of work and has direct impact on employees
e.g. wages, strikes

Extra-mural activities:

These activities help the employees to maintain and improve their efficiency or productivity
e.g., methods intended to foster a spirit of cooperation, promote friendly relations
Political activities:

Modern trade unions also take up political activities to achieve their objectives. Such
activities may be related to the formation of a political party or those reflecting an attempt to
seek influence on public policy relating to matters connected with the interests of working
class.

Benefits of Trade Unions

Trade unions offer a number of benefits or advantages to their registered members, these benefits
and/or advantages arise from the work that trade unions perform.

 First, trade unions lead employees in their negotiations and agreement with their
employers on appropriate payment and work conditions.
 It is much easier for workers to push for salary increments unlike an individual employee.
Thus, by joining a trade union, an employer may be able to enjoy the advantages of
collective bargaining about better salaries and wages among other remuneration packages.
 Secondly, trade unions represent workers and protect them from any possible exploitation
by employers. Whenever employees have concerns relating to the workplace, trade unions
take up those concerns and discuss them with employers.
 These concerns include health and safety standards, more holidays and working hours.
This means that if employees join trade unions, they are able to have these concerns
discussed without delays, fear or intimidation.
 In these productivity deals, employers and union leaders agree on output targets whereby
the unions undertake to mobilize their members to achieve the set targets whereas
employers promise to increase the rewards to employees. These kinds of agreement
ensure mutual benefits for both workers and organization.
 At the end of the day, no party feels that it has suffered a loss. Another important function
of trade unions is that they enable their members to access education facilities as well as a
number of consumer benefits like discounted insurance.
  Unions direct their efforts at protecting their workers against the ravages of inflation, and
trying to improve living standards which have been depressed for historical reasons.
Moreover, they try to defend their member‟s right to work and are supportive of both
macro and micro economic policies which would be conducive to high employment

Challenges of Trade Unions

Although trade unions are beneficial to employees and employers, they also have some
challenges or disadvantages. Cote (2013) argues that because trade unions drive up wages,
they inadvertently cause unemployment especially if the wages rise above the equilibrium.
This means that trade unions have a challenge of ensuring that employees are paid high
wages without leading to unemployment, this is not easy to attain due to lack of sufficient
information and expertise that trade unions need in order to negotiate for equilibrium
wages. Secondly, trade unions do not represent workers who are not registered as
members of the union. In case a worker who is not registered has problems with the
company or at a personal level, unions usually ignore such workers. Here, the challenge is
to fight perceptions that the unions are discriminatory. Unions must work hard to ensure
that all the workers see the benefits of union membership so that they can be members and
union can serve all the workers without perceptions of discrimination. In addition, trade
unions can easily lead to inflation since when wages rise above inflation rate, general
inflation sets in. When general wages are increased due to trade union campaigns, workers
end up having more disposable 24
income and their purchasing power increases. Because of availability of cash in the hands
of workers, commodity prices may rise significantly. The challenge that trade unions face
in this regard is therefore to ensure that workers get reasonable pay without such pay
increments leading to inflation.
It is also noteworthy that strikes caused by trade unions lead to work stoppages thus
leading to loss of productivity Marindany, (2012). It is not always that all attempts by
trade unions to improve employee welfare are successful. In some cases, unions fail to
agree with the management on the way forward. As a result, trade unions mobilize their
members to go on strike. In cases where such strikes take a long period, companies end up
losing revenues due to discontinuity in production. Therefore, the challenge of trade
unions in this regard is to fight for workers and pressurize company managers to improve
employee welfare without jeopardizing the company interests. However, it is not easy for
trade unions to engage in industrial action without undermining organizational
productivity; firms often incur losses in cases of strikes.
2.3 Organizational Productivity
According to Amah and Ahiauzu (2013) organizational productivity can be conceived as
the capacity of a firm or company or any corporation to realize the intended outcomes by
use of minimum energy and in the shortest time possible using the least amount of money,
manpower and other inputs. It refers to the performance of the organization and is mainly
improved through efficiency in certain areas such as in procurement, finance or even in
project management. Productivity in business organizations is usually pegged on their
profitability, this means that by cutting down on the costs of production, a business
organization is able to increase its productivity (Schulz et al., 2013). However, cutting
down operational costs in most cases involves maintaining low wages and salaries. This in
turn 25
leads to demands for wage increases by employees through trade unions. Where the
business gives in to union pressure and increases the wages, it must recover by demanding
more output from the employees.
Organizational productivity does not occur on its own or in a vacuum, in fact, there can
never be organizational productivity without people. Seen through this lens, organizational
productivity can therefore be considered the cumulative productivity of the individual
members of that organization (Amah & Ahiauzu, 2013). Of particular importance is the
role that the top organizational leadership plays in leading the rank and file in productivity
(Williams, 2004). Top managers must give direction and guidance on how the
organization can attain its aims more efficiently. Members in an organization work
collaboratively to achieve the goals of the organization, this means that human capital play
a primary role in organizational productivity (Schulz et al., 2013). If the personnel in the
firm do not work productively, the general productivity of the organization will be
affected negatively. On the other hand, if the members of the organization are motivated
and work productively, the general productivity of the organization will improve.
2.3.1 Factors that affect Organizational Productivity
A number of factors affect organizational productivity. According to Williams (2004),
these factors fall into four broad categories; environmental factors, organizational
structure, fiscal and human factors and employee attitudes. Each of these factors has an
important bearing on the efficiency of the firm. Whereas companies have some level of
control on the fiscal and human factors, it is not possible for them to control the
environment within which they operate. Environmental factors include aspects such as the
physical location of the business, the political and economic environments. The physical
location refers to aspects such as whether the company is located in the rural areas or in
the urban areas. This location has 26
implications for the employees because it determines where they live, their needs such as
transport, shelter and other general considerations for employees. The political
environment has to do with government regulations with regards to labor laws touching on
issues like trade unions, employment contracts and minimum wages among others.
Economic factors relate to the general industry within which firms operate, this is
important because it determines the wage-rate for employees and it informs managerial
decisions. It also relates to the strength of trade unions in the industry and how such
unions affect the operation of companies in the industry (Williams, 2004).
Organizational factors that affect a firm‟s productivity include the structure of the
company, technology, and climate. The structure, size, and complexity of an organization
determine its efficiency depending on the extent of its specialization. Technology plays the
most important role in productivity since it defines the firm‟s technical level of goods as
well as processes. Organizational climate concerns how the employees are treated and
whether there is an established results-oriented organizational culture, it also concerns
reward system for employees. Employee attitudes also determine productivity in
organizations, this is because organizations achieve their goals through employees. If the
workers are well motivated, then organizations can realize improved productivity but if
employees are demotivated and dissatisfied, they are likely to be less productive
2.3.2 Indicators of Organizational Productivity
As already defined, productivity is a volume measure of output to a measure of input use.
There are many measures of productivity such as labor productivity and capital
productivity. In this study, focus is on labor productivity since the study is concerned with
trade unions. It is important to measure labor productivity because it helps in explaining
the major economic underpinnings that are needed for economic growth as well as social
development. Indicators 27
of labor productivity are mainly the volume measure of output and the volume measure of
input (Schulz et al, 2013). According to Schulz et al. (2013), the volume measure of output
is a reflection of the goods or services that are produced by the labor force. This measure
is given in terms of the value of all the goods of service produced in the country or within
an organization depending on the level of analysis. Another important measure of labor
productivity is the measure of input use, this measure is important because it shows the
amount of time as well as the efforts and skills of the workers used during production
process. Labor input in this case is measured by calculating the sum total of man-hours
actually worked for all the employees in the organization. If it is a national measure, it
takes into account the total number of working hours for every employed person.
2.4 Trade Unions and Organizational Productivity
The question of trade unions and organizational productivity has received considerable
debate on how the later affects the former. Trade unions have an impact of organizational
productivity since they affect profitability and labor. Scholars in industrial relations argue
that trade unions distort the labor market through a number of methods such as the push
for higher wages, employment restrictions, and defense against layoffs. As already
indicated, trade unions have the potential to cause unemployment. This means that
organizational productivity can be affected by such unemployment since unemployment
causes output losses. However, it is not exactly clear how trade unions affect
organizational productivity. In any case, there is a lot of controversy concerning the effects
of trade unions on organizational productivity. A clear understanding of this relationship is
important for policy formulation in organizations. One way of gaining an understanding of
the relationship between trade unions and organizational productivity is to carry out
empirical research on this question. Such research must, however, be guided by theory and
literature review. 28
Trade unions affect organizational productivity either positively or negatively. They affect
productivity positively if they lead to increased employee productivity by successfully
negotiating for better working conditions and remuneration packages (Deery & Iverson,
2005). These outcomes motivate organizational employees who are members of the trade
unions to work more efficiently thereby increasing the company‟s productivity. Most
employees consider the reward they obtain for their work as the greatest motivator for
them to work hard. If the work environment is conducive and remuneration is reasonable
and commensurate to the amount of work done, workers can work harder and more
effectively in order to increase efficiency and general productivity. Cote (2013) argues that
once trade unions force organizations to increase wages, company management must
respond by making sure that they get maximum output from labor if they have to reduce
labor costs. This means that organizations will endeavor to reap maximum output from
each individual employee for every additional unit of wages and salaries. In some cases,
trade unions promote productivity through performance contracts that union officials sign
with the organizational management. They negotiate on performance targets with better
remuneration packages in return. Moreover, trade unions increase organizational
productivity by the fact that they provide a viable means through which the workers can
express their grievances and/or discontent.
Deery and Iverson (2005) argue that trade unions can also have a negative effect on the
organizational productivity by causing employees to stop working or to engage in
sabotage. This is done in cases where trade unions mobilize their members to go on strike
where peaceful negotiations fail. Strikes, go slows and acts of sabotage decrease
organizational productivity. In addition, productivity can further be compromised based on
the disciplinary action that is taken against union members and their leaders after strikes.
In some incidences, managers resort to sacking of the employees who engage in strikes.
This reduces the labor force and decreases productivity even if for a short period.
Employee attitude can also be 29
affected negatively by such actions. At the end of the day, demotivated workers cannot
work efficiently and this reduces organizational productivity Thompson, (2011). This
means that businesses need to have a good working relationship with their employees
through trade unions in order to improve productivity and avoid disruptions in workflow
and business operations. Most specifically, managers must do all that is possible to
preempt any strikes that trade unions may cause. They should be open to dialogue and
constructive negotiations that can guarantee the interests of both parties. However, in
order for one to get a better understanding of the real relationship between trade unions
and organizational productivity, it is important for empirical research to be carried out.
Through fieldwork, important firsthand information can be collected concerning the role
of trade unions and how they affect productivity. 30
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology which was used to achieve the objectives of the
study. It discusses the research design, target population, data collection and data analysis.
3.2 Research Design
This study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Descriptive study, as the
name suggests, entails the description of a phenomenon under investigation. It is not
concerned about explaining why, how or when an event occurred but rather focuses on
what characterizes the phenomenon. The choice of a descriptive study is appropriate
because this study aimed at describing the characteristics of trade unions in the cement
manufacturing industry in Nairobi as well as their impact on organizational productivity.
A cross-sectional survey was used since the study occurred in different groups of the
population but at the same time. The choice of this design in this study was appropriate
because the focus of the study was on the impact of trade union on organizational
productivity in different cement firms in Nairobi.
3.3 Target Population
In research, the concept of population refers to the totality of all the individual people or
objects that possess the characteristics or qualities that are of interest to the research at a
hand (Liu et al., 2014). It refers to all the subjects that the researcher wants to investigate
or study. All possible subjects of investigation such as people, events, and objects that
combine to form a given known completely constitute what is referred to as the
population. 31
In this study, the target population was all the cement manufacturing firms in Nairobi that
are six in number. However, only three firms have workers that are represented by trade
unions. A census survey was therefore done on the three firms.
3.4 Data Collection
This study mainly relied on primary data collected from the field through the use of a
questionnaire as the primary tool. The target respondents were the human resource
managers in cement manufacturing firms in Nairobi that are unionized. These respondents
were given questionnaires and allowed ample time to fill them out after which they were
collected. The researcher went to the field to give out the questionnaires and waited for the
respondents to fill them. This ensured that the response rate was higher than if the
questionnaires could have been mailed to the respondents some of whom would not bother
to return. The questionnaires were divided into three sections: Section A : Bio profile,
Section B: Activities of Trade unions, Section C: Trade unions and organizational
productivity . The questionnaire had closed ended questions.
3.5 Data Analysis
The data so collected was thoroughly inspected with the aim of separating relevant
information from irrelevant information. It was then analyzed using descriptive statistics
such as frequencies and percentages. Data was presented in form of tables. 32
 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the finding of the study.. The content was analyzed according to the
responses provided by the respondents on the questionnaires. The results of the survey
were analyzed by cross tabulation using Microsoft Excel software. The chapter also covers
the discussion of the results.
4.2 Response Rate
The researcher attained a response rate of 100% since all the three questionnaires were
returned. The respondents were the three human resource managers of the three unionized
cement companies.
4.3 Biological Data
4.3.1 Gender
Table 1: Gender Male Female Total
No.
1 Respondents 3 0 3
2 Percentage 100% 0% 100%

Other Functions

Trade unions have a number of functions, one more important than the other depending on the
situations; however the five main general principles developed have been:

The service function

 The representative function

 The regulatory function
 The government functions
 The public administration function
 The service function
 This involves the delivery of services and assistance to the union members.
 The representative function
 This implies that the trade union will act like a delegate for the members at the
workplace.

Prospects of Trade Union in Pakistan:

Every association has impacts in management. Trade union has both positive and negative
Impacts on management. These positives impacts are given below.
 Trade union plays a major role in creating ideal working conditions. It creates pressure on
management to do a favorable roster for workers.

 Trade union always helps management to create better policies for workers and to plan
effective production targets.
 Labors are treated fairly, only then they will maintain the working standard. Trade unions
negotiate for the standard wage and benefits with the management.

 Trade union helps the management to make working environment more active which
increases the productivity as well as the profit.

 Political influence’s existence makes the trade union not to interfere in management
decisions.

Problems of Trade Union in Pakistan:

There are also some negative impacts. These impacts are given below.
 Trade unions creating more positions by the permission of management and appointing
more than need of workers. It’s creating a surplus of manpower but not of productivity.

 Trade union of Pakistan bargains more than they understand because of the limitations of
their knowledge. So it becomes difficult to make any decision by consulting with the TU.
If don’t consult then they strike.

 Trade union is legal and it has the right to discuss with the management. That is why TU
think about its power. When they think they have equal power of management then
clashes are started.

 In companies labors are awarded for good work and threatened for bad work. But if its
punished then trade union interfere and don’t let to happen the punishment. So it increases
crime of the labors.

 Trade union leaders always try to save their interest first then the labor. And it is always
communicated that management body did the wrong. So this unethical performance
creates conflict between TU and managerial body.

Recommendations:
In the context of the world industry, Pakistan is very younger. So it should follow some
measurements in order to increase its stability of economy. In the light of Japanese and
western trade union concept, some suggestion or steps can be defined to improve and establish
the real trade union culture in Pakistan. These steps must be taken in both public and private
sectors. These are as follows:
 Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively
 Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced.
 Political involvement must be reduced. A trade union without the control of politics only
can be the way of all solution of the problems of management and worker.
  Organization must support financially as trade unions support the worker, it will change
the motives of worker and will be more productive for company.
 Workers are less knowledgeable, so training programs under trade union should be helpful
to develop the skills of the workers.
 Trade union’s function should be increased and widened throughout the organization. It
will help workers to work voluntarily for organizational growth.
 Union leader must be given importance and encourage him many ways to play positive
role in the union as his power implications.
 Trust is a big asset of an organization. If trust between workers and management
increases, productivity increases. This is the job of an effective trade union.
 Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. It is
trade union who has control over the workers. It helps totally to stop strikes and rivals of
workers.
 The demand of trade union matters a lot to the economy. If demands are reasonable and
real then it should be worked out. But if it is not, then a strike breaks out. So trade unions
always should demand reasonable thing to the management.

Conclusion:
The industrial relation system is pre-dominantly confrontational in nature rather than
cooperative in Pakistan. It is characterized by the pre-dominant position of informal economy,
fragmented unions, weak labor institutions, lack of enforcement of labor laws and conflict
ridden employer-employee relations. Although in recent times the rate of unionization has
increased in the RMG sector, trade union affiliation is low in Pakistan compared to many
other developing countries. The main reasons for this are the fall in employment in previously
highly organized sectors, rise of the service sector and increasing flexible types of
employment relationships. The promotion of independent trade unions and collective
bargaining can contribute to political and social stability and consequently create more
favorable climate for foreign investment. Several studies of the World Bank and ILO support
the view that freedom of association and collective bargaining contribute to improving
economic and trade performance and have found no negative correlation. Rather, highly
coordinated bargaining accompanied by higher rates of unionization can contribute to positive
economic trends. Trade unions have an important role to play in settling disputes between
workers and management over wages by way of collective bargaining. However, empirical
data show that the experience is far from satisfactory.