SOLAR POWERED MOBILE CHARGER

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by
M. ISWARIYA 191713013
P. BHAVANA 191713002
B. HIMA BINDU 191713007
Supervisor

Mrs. M. LAVANYA

SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL
SCIENCES, CHENNAI – 602 105
APRIL 2019

i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “SOLAR POWERED MOBILE CHARGER” is

the bonafide work of “M. ISWARIYA(191713013), P. BHAVANA(191713002),
B. HIMA BINDU(191713007).” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE
Dr.A. MANJU
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Professor, Dept. of EEE
Saveetha School of Engineering
SIMATS, Chennai-602105
SIGNATURE
Mrs.M. LAVANYA
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE
Saveetha School of Engineering
SIMATS, Chennai–602105

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I declare that the report entitled “SOLAR POWERED MOBILE CHARGER”

submitted by me for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering is the record of the project
work carried out by me under the guidance of “Mrs.M. LAVANYA” and this work
has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship,
fellowship, titled in this or any university or other similar institution of higher
learning .

SIGNATURE
M.ISWARIYA
REG.NO:(191713013)
P. BHAVANA
REG.NO(191713002)

iii
 ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to charge the cell phone with the help of solar power.
This project acts as instant charger. This project is used in important places such as
petrol bunks, bus stand, railway station and outside of the home and so on. With the
existing push in the direction of sustainable, clean sources of power, it is no surprise
that solar power has become one of the most popular alternative energy sources.
Free and available everywhere, the power of the sun can be employed to power
everything like cell phones and MP3 player. The sun's energy is usually harvested
through solar panels that are made up of photovoltaic cells. These cells can convert
the sun's power into electricity that can be used for a number of purposes. For
private use, a handheld solar hybrid charger can be employed to recharge little
device like cell phones

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Smart Meter, GSM, ARDUINO UNO, Wi-Fi
MODULE (ESP8266)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project work would not have been possible without the contribution of
many people. It gives me immense pleasure to express my profound gratitude to our
honourable chancellor, Dr.N.M. Veeraiyan, Saveetha institute of medical and
technical sciences, for his blessings and for being a source of inspiration. I sincerely
thank our vice chancellor, Dr. Jawahar Nesan For his visionary thoughts and
support. I am intended to extend my gratitude to our director madam, Mrs. Ramya
Deepak, saveetha school of engineering, for facilitating us all the facilities and
extended support to gain valuable education and learning experience.

I register my special thanks to Dr.D.Dhanasekaran, principal, saveetha school

of engineering and Dr. Manju, HOD, department of electrical and electronics
engineering, for the support given to me in the successful conduct of this project. I
wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs.M . LAVANYA, for her
inspiring guidance, personal involvement and constant encouragement during the
entire course of this work.

I am grateful to project coordinators, for their great support, review panel

external, internal members and the entire faculty of the Department of electrical and
electronics engineering, for their constructive criticisms and valuable suggestions
which have been a rich source to improve the quality of the work.

M. ISWARIYA

P. BHAVANA

B. HIMA BINDU

v
vi
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Abstract iv

List of Figures viii

List of Abbreviations ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objective of the Problem 2

1.3 Scope of the project 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

3 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND METHODOLOGY 6

3.1 PROBLEM DEFINATION 6

3.2 METHODOLOGY 6

3.3 SELECTION OF HARDWARE 7

3.4 Proposed System 7

3.5 TECHNIQUES 8

Arduino UNO 8

3.6 Digital Energy Meter 9

3.7 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 10

3.8 Fixed power supply 11

3.9 Block Digram 12

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 3.10 Flow Chart 13

4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 14
4.1 MODULES DESCRIPTION 14

4.2 Hardware Setup 14

4.3 Arduino UNO Programming 14

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

5.1 Working Principle 29

5.2 Communication Unit 30

5.3 Analysis 30

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 32

6.1 Conclusion 32

6.2 Future Scope 32

References 33

Poster 35

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Proposed Metering System Block Diagram 2

3.1 Functional block Diagram of Smart Energy Meter 6

3.2 The component and building component for each unit block 8

3.3 Arduino UNO 9

3.4 Digital Electronic Energy Meter 10

3.5 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 11

3.6 Fixed 5V power supply 12

3.7 Block Diagram 12

3.8 Flow Chart 13

4.1 Hardware Setup 14

5.1 Output Voltage and Current Waveform 30

5.2 Result analysis 31

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The current energy crisis and increasing need for sustainable energy, we endeavoured to create a
cost -effective , small -scale electrical generating which could be used to power consumer
electronics . solar energy has proven its worth as an alternative energy source because it is low-
impact and emission -free .It has been implemented with much success for power grids with
hundreds of acres of enormous solar concentrators solar energy has been harvested through the
use of photovoltaic panels and have been used to power anything. Although PV systems are
considered part of green energy revolution. PV cells also only utilize the energy stored in
specific wavelength of light and therefore have an approximate efficiency between 14-19 % .
Sunlight, however, produces immense amounts of heat which only serves to heat up the surface
of the solar cell . Although there are some PV cells that have reached efficiency levels over 40%
,they are enormously complex and expensive.

10
 Concentrated solar power works differently because it focuses solar energy in
its entirety rather than absorb it . ultimately, our group will be designing un producing a solar
power battery charger. The sun is a star made up of hydrogen and helium gas and it radiates act
enormous amount of energy every second. A photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that
converts the energy of light directly into electricity by photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaics is the
field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic cell in
producing electricity from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the generation of
electricity from sunlight .
The operation of a photovoltaic cell requires three basic attributes : the absorption of light,
generating either electron -hole pairs. The separation of charge carries of opposite types. The
separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit. Photovoltaic power generation
employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material.

Solar energy is the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the
earth. The sun creates its energy through thermonuclear process. The process creates heat and
electromagnetic radiation only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the
earth. The radiation that does reaches the earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of
energy used today.

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 Fig1.1 Solar panel diagram

1.2 Objective of the Problem:

i) No need to use the electricity.

ii) No need to wait for the month end bill.
iii) They know exactly how much power is being utilized.
iv) Efficient use of energy.

1.3 Scope of the Project:

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1. This study mainly focuses on examining the efficiencies of solar charger to conclude that
the solar charger is an efficient.
2. It involves the computation for the complete charging time 1220 mAh Li-ion battery
using the chargers.
3. This study would have been more comprehensive, meaning full and for reaching if it
covered more solar devices which should have provided the much detailed basis for
comparison.

CHAPTER 2

13
 LITERATURE SURVEY
The current market leader is efficient solar energy modules is sun power, whose solar
panels have a conversion ratio of 19.3%, with Sanyo having the most efficient modules at 20.4%.
However, a whole range of other companies are emerging which are also offering new
innovations in photovoltaic modules, with a conversion ratio of 18%. These new innovations
include power generation on the front and back sides and increased output however, most of
these companies have not at producing working systems from their design plants, and are mostly
still actively improving the technology.

2.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

1. Solar panel
2. Voltage regulator
3. Resistor
4. Switch
5. Output jack
2.2 SOLAR PANEL:
A solar cell is a device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell reserved for devices intended specifically to
capture energy from sunlight such as solar panels and solar cells while the term photovoltaic cell
is used when the light source is unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used make solar panels,
solar modules and photovoltaic arrays. Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research
related to the application of solar cells in producing electricity for practical use. An alternative
charger circuit is also provided to charge the mobile by household general purpose 230V in the
absence of the sunlight. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic
system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications each module
is rated by its dc output power under standard test conditions and typically ranges from 100-
320watts.

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2.3 HISTORY:
The term “photovoltaic” comes from the Greek meaning “light”, and “voltaic”, meaning
electric from the name of the Italian physicist Volta, after whom a unit of electro-motive force
the volt, is named. The term “photo-voltaic” has been use in English since 1849.
The photovoltaic effect was first recognized in 1839 by French physicist A.E. Becqerel.
However, it was not until 1883 that the first solar cell was built, by Charles fritts, who coated the
semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions. The device
was only around 1% efficient. Subsequently Russian physicist Aleksandra Stoletov built the first
solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect (discovered by Heinrinch Hertz earlier in 1887).
Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect in 1905 for which he received the noble prize
in physics in 1921. Russell Ohl patented the modern junction semiconductor solar cell in 1946,
which was discovered by working on the series of advance that would lid to the transistor. The
highly efficient solar cell was first developed by Chapin, Fuller and pearson in 1954 using a
diffused silicon p-n junction. In the four decades, remarkable progress has been made, with
megawatt solar power generation plans having now been built.
A solar panel is a packaged interconnected assembly of solar cell, also known as photovoltaic
cell. The solar panel is used as a component in large photovoltaic system to offer electricity for
commercial and residential applications.
Because a single solar panel can only produce a limit amount of power, many insulations contain
several panels. This is known as photovoltaic array. A photovoltaic insulation typically includes
an array of solar panels, and inverter, batteries and interconnection wiring.
Solar cells are often and encapsulated as a module. Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of
glass on the front side, allowing light to pass while protecting the semiconductor wafers from the
element (rain, hail, etc). Solar cells are also usually connected in series in modules, creating an
additive voltage. Modules are than interconnected, in series or parallel, or both, to create an array
with the described peak dc voltage and current.

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2.4 SIMPLE EXPLANATION:
1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as
silicon.
2. Electrons(negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms , allowing them to flow
through the electricity. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only
allowed to move in a single direction.
3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (dc)
electricity.
2.5 PHOTO GENERATION OF CHARGE CARRIERS:
1. The photon can pass straight through the silicon -this happens for lower energy photon.
2. The photon can reflect off surface .
3. The photon can be absorbed by silicon, if the photon energy is higher than the silicon band gap
value. This generates an electron-hole pair and sometimes heat, depending on the band structure.
When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in the crystal lattice. Usually this
electron is in the valence band, and is tightly bound in covalent bonds between neighboring
atoms, and hence unable to move far. The energy given to it by the photon “excites” it into the
conduction band, where it is free to move around within the semiconductor. The covalent bond
the electron was previously a part of now has one fewer electron-this is known as hole. The
higher energy photon will be absorbed by the solar cell, but the difference in energy between
this photons and the silicon band gap is converted in to heat rather than into usable electrical
energy.
2.6 CHARGE CARRIER SEPERATION:
There are two main modes for charge carrier separation in a solar cell:
1. Draft of carriers ,driven by an electrostatic field establish across the device .
2. Diffusion carriers from zones of high carrier concentration to zones of low carrier
concentration.
In the p-n junction solar cells the dominant mode of charge is by diffusion. However, in thin
films such as (amorphous silicon) the main mechanism to move the charge is the electric field
and therefore the draft carriers.
The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large p-n junction made from silicon. As
a simplification one can imagine bringing a layer of n-type silicon into direct contact the layer of

16
p-type silicon . In practice, p-n junctions of silicon solar cells are not made in this way , but
rather by diffusing an n type dopant into one side of a p-type wafer(or vice versa).
If a piece of p-type silicon is placed in intimate contact with a piece of n-type silicon, then
a diffusion of electrons occurs from the region of high electron concentration (n-type side of the
junction ) into the region of low electron concentration (p-type side of the junction). When the
electrons diffuse across the p-n junction, they recombine with holes on the p-type side. The
diffusion of carries does not happen indefinitely, however because charges build upon the either
side of the junction and create an electric field. The electric field creates a diode that promotes
charge flow, known as drift current, that oppose and eventually balances out the diffusion of
electrons and holes. This region where electrons and holes have diffused across the junction is
called the depletion region because it no longer contains any mobile charge carries. It is also
known as the space charge region .

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1BLOCKDIAGRAM:

Fig 3.1: Block diagram

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3.1 SOLAR PANEL:
When certain materials are exposed to light they absorb photons and release free electrons this
process is also known as photovoltaic effect. They convert from sunlight into direct current
electricity. A solar panel is a collection of solar cell. Lots of small solar cell spread over a large
aree can work together to provide enough power to be useful. The more light that hits a cell , the
more electricity that produces.
A solar cell made from amino-crystalline silicon water.
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. A
photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic
solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that
generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.

photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film
cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back
layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are
rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells must be
connected electrically in series, one to another.

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface.
Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power interface can be used.

Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes). The conducting wires that take the
current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition
metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading,
to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.

Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as
gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector shapes,
and troughs to better support the panel structure

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In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light exposure was first
observed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. Though the premiere solar panels were too
inefficient for even simple electric devices they were used as an instrument to measure light. The
observation by Becquerel was not replicated again until 1873, when Willoughby Smith
discovered that the charge could be caused by light hitting selenium. After this discovery,
William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day published "The action of light on selenium" in
1876, describing the experiment they used to replicate Smith's results. In 1881, Charles Fritts
created the first commercial solar panel, which was reported by Fritts as "continuous, constant
and of considerable force not only by exposure to sunlight but also to dim, diffused daylight."
However, these solar panels were very inefficient, especially compared to coal-fired power
plants. In 1939, Russell Ohl created the solar cell design that is used in many modern solar
panels. He patented his design in 1941. In 1954, this design was first used by Bell Labs to create
the first commercially viable silicon solar cell.

A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain
multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an
inverter, a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and optionally a solar tracking
mechanism.

Scientists from Spectro lab, a subsidiary of Boeing, have reported development of multi-junction
solar cells with an efficiency of more than 40%, a new world record for solar photovoltaic cells.
The Spectro lab scientists also predict that concentrator solar cells could achieve efficiencies of
more than 45% or even 50% in the future, with theoretical efficiencies being about 58% in cells
with more than three junctions.

Currently, the best achieved sunlight conversion rate (solar module efficiency) is around 21.5%
in new commercial products typically lower than the efficiencies of their cells in isolation. The
most efficient mass-produced solar modules have power density values of up to 175 W/m2 (16.22
W/ft2).

Research by Imperial College, London has shown that the efficiency of a solar panel can be
improved by studding the light-receiving semiconductor surface with aluminum nanocylinders
similar to the ridges on Lego blocks. The scattered light then travels along a longer path in the
semiconductor which means that more photons can be absorbed and converted into current.

20
Although these nanocylinders have been used previously (aluminum was preceded by gold and
silver), the light scattering occurred in the near infrared region and visible light was absorbed
strongly. Aluminum was found to have absorbed the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, while the
visible and near infrared parts of the spectrum were found to be scattered by the aluminum
surface. This, the research argued, could bring down the cost significantly and improve the
efficiency as aluminum is more abundant and less costly than gold and silver. The research also
noted that the increase in current makes thinner film solar panels technically feasible without
"compromising power conversion efficiencies, thus reducing material consumption".

1. Efficiencies of solar panel can be calculated by MPP (maximum power point) value of solar
panels

2. Solar inverters convert the DC power to AC power by performing MPPT process: solar
inverter samples the output Power (I-V curve) from the solar cell and applies the proper
resistance (load) to solar cells to obtain maximum power.

3. MPP (Maximum power point) of the solar panel consists of MPP voltage (Vmp p) and MPP
current (Imp p): it is a capacity of the solar panel and the higher value can make higher MPP.

Micro-inverted solar panels are wired in parallel, which produces more output than normal
panels which are wired in series with the output of the series determined by the lowest
performing panel (this is known as the "Christmas light effect"). Micro-inverters work
independently so each panel contributes its maximum possible output given the available
sunlight.

3.2 CONTROL DEVICE:

Control device is a measure of protection of restricts user access to devices. A voltage regulator
is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may
use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use an
electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be
used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

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Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and
central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an
electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along
distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is
drawn from the line.

3.3 REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator is the system design to automatically maintain constant voltage level. It is
used in simple feedforward design or it may include negative feedback. It may use an
electromechanical mechanism or electronic components. Feedback voltage regulators operate by
comparing the actual output voltage to some fixed reference voltage. If the output voltage is too
high the regulation will normally be commanded to produce lower voltage. However many
regulators have over current protection, so that they will entirely stop sourcing current.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and
central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an
electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along
distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is
drawn from the line.

A simple voltage/current regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a diode (or series of
diodes). Due to the logarithmic shape of diode V-I curves, the voltage across the diode changes
only slightly due to changes in current drawn or changes in the input. When precise voltage
control and efficiency are not important, this design may be fine. Since the forward voltage of a
diode is small, this kind of voltage regulator is only suitable for low voltage regulated output.
When higher voltage output is needed, a Zener diode or series of Zener diodes may be employed.
Zener diode regulators make use of the Zener diode's fixed reverse voltage, which can be quite
large.

Feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some fixed
reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in such
a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a negative feedback control loop; increasing the

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open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy but reduce stability. (Stability is avoidance
of oscillation, or ringing, during step changes.) There will also be a trade-off between stability
and the speed of the response to changes. If the output voltage is too low (perhaps due to input
voltage reducing or load current increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to a point,
to produce a higher output voltage–by dropping less of the input voltage (for linear series
regulators and buck switching regulators), or to draw input current for longer periods (boost-type
switching regulators); if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element will normally be
commanded to produce a lower voltage. However, many regulators have over-current protection,
so that they will entirely stop sourcing current (or limit the current in some way) if the output
current is too high, and some regulators may also shut down if the input voltage is outside a
given range (see also: crowbar circuits).

Linear regulators are based on devices that operate in their linear region (in contrast, a switching
regulator is based on a device forced to act as an on/off switch). Linear regulators are also
classified in two types:

1. series regulators
2. shunt regulators

In the past, one or more vacuum tubes were commonly used as the variable resistance. Modern
designs use one or more transistors instead, perhaps within an integrated circuit. Linear designs
have the advantage of very "clean" output with little noise introduced into their DC output, but
are most often much less efficient and unable to step-up or invert the input voltage like switched
supplies. All linear regulators require a higher input than the output. If the input voltage
approaches the desired output voltage, the regulator will "drop out". The input to output voltage
differential at which this occurs is known as the regulator's drop-out voltage. Low-dropout
regulators (LDOs) allow an input voltage that can be much lower

3.5 STEP DOWN :

A transformer that decreases the voltage from primary to secondary is called the stepdown
transformer. It is a device which coverts high primary voltage to a low secondary voltage in a step
down transformer the primary winding of a coil has more turns then the secondary winding. It
reduces voltage and hence used almost all household electrical appliances.

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A buck converter (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter which steps down
voltage (while stepping up current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of
switched-mode power supply (SMPS) typically containing at least two semiconductors (a diode
and a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second
transistor used for synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element, a
capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of
capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's
output (load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter) .[1]

Fig 3.2: circuit diagram Step down

Buck converters can be highly efficient (often higher than 90%), making them useful for tasks
such as converting a computer's main (bulk) supply voltage (often 12 V) down to lower voltages
needed by USB, DRAM and the CPU (1.8 V or less).
The basic operation of the buck converter has the current in an inductor controlled by two
switches (usually a transistor and a diode). In the idealised converter, all the components are
considered to be perfect. Specifically, the switch and the diode have zero voltage drop when on
and zero current flow when off, and the inductor has zero series resistance. Further, it is assumed
that the input and output voltages do not change over the course of a cycle (this would imply the
output capacitance as being infinite).
Ns/Np = Vs/Vp

Ns= no: of turns in secondary

Np= no: of turns in primary
Vs= voltage in secondary
Vp= voltage in primary.

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3.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
It is an alternating current to direct current converter that rectifies mains ac input to dc output.
They are widely used in power supplies that provide necessary dc voltage for the electronic
components are devices.

A bridge rectifier uses 4 diodes that are connected in the form of a Wheatstone’s bridge. In a
single half cycle only two diodes conduct. Consider the circuit diagram given below.

Fig 3.3 Bridge rectifier

Fig 3.4 waveform of the bridge rectifier

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When the top end of transformer secondary is positive with respect to the bottom end, then we
call it a positive half cycle. During this period diode D1 and D3 are forward biased, as a result
there is a current flow which passes through D1, Rl, and D3 back to bottom end of secondary
thereby passing that positive half cycle to the output. During this period D2 and D4 are reverse
biased so there is no current flow through them. Now during the negative half cycle, diodes D2
and D4 are forward biased, so the current passes through D4, Rl and D2 back to secondary.
During this process also, the current flow direction through Rl is same as through that in first
case and so is the voltage drop. So again a positive half cycle is created at the output due to the
negative half cycle at input. Hence we obtain two positive half cycles at the output due to a full
cycle at the input. Hence this circuit is called a Full wave rectifier.

3.7 FILTER CIRCUIT:

It is device to remove the a.c of the rectified output but allows the d.c components to reach the
load. A filter circuit is in general a combination of inductor and capacitor called LC filter circuit.

Fig 3.5 filter circuit block diagram

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 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

A mobile battery charger circuit is a device that can automatically recharge a mobile phone’s
battery when the power in it gets low. Nowadays mobile phones have become an integral part of
everyone’s life and hence require frequent charging of battery owing to longer duration usage.
Battery chargers come as simple, trickle, timer based, intelligent, universal battery charger-
analyzers, fast, pulse, inductive, USB based, solar chargers and motion powered chargers. These
battery chargers also vary depending on the applications like mobile phone charger, battery
charger for vehicles, electric vehicle batteries chargers and charge stations.

Charging methods are classified into two categories: fast charge method and slow charge
method. Fast charge is a system used to recharge a battery in about two hours or less than this,
and the slow charge is a system used to recharge a battery throughout the night. Slow charging is
advantageous as it does not require any charge detection circuit. Moreover, it is cheap as well.
The only drawback of this charging system is that it takes maximum time to recharge a battery.

27
 Fig 4.1 circuit
diagram for mobile
charger

HARDWARE OUTPUT:

28
 Fig 4.2 hardware output

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSION
Solar act as good power supplies in bright sunlight the only problem is the unregulated
voltage due to the variation in intensity of light. Voltage regulated is used to solve this problem
by regulating output voltage.
In solar mobile charger ripples will not be there as we use dc power directly to charge the
mobile. Battery life is more as high voltages are not developed. Versatility of solar mobile
charger is high . life of the battery will be high as we use solar mobile charger. Adaptability is
high.
All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the green house
effect and global warming , air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and

29
more development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, wave power and hydrogen.
We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

1. solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny. To overcome this solar
panel can be coupled with back-up battery which can store the excess power generated
during the day and use it to provide energy to system in the absence of sunlight.
2. The lead-acid battery used in the design is large in size and heavy in weight which make
the device non portable. Hence a battery of pocket size and optimal weight may be
designed to make the device portable.
3. The large size of the solar panel make the device bulky and non-portable. The solar panel
should be fabricated to cover the entire device, which can effectively reduce the size of
the entire device.

5.3 Applications:

1.The main aim of this project is to utilizing the human body heat and solar power for charging
mobile electronics develop much cleaner noise less cost effective.
2. The entire system should be built indigenously built in order to provide jobs and a self-
sustaining production system.
3.The product should be easy to visualize and should minimize design complexity, but should be
durable and able to resist damage when handled on a daily basis.
4.It should be aesthetically appealing and easy to use, so that the public can use it without
assistance.
5. The product should be able to charge a cell phone in a similar time frame to the current
method, meaning within 6 hours for a complete charge cycle.

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6. The product should be versatile and charge the different cell phone brands available in the
community.
7.Attractive wearable shirt with flexible solar and TEG design with charging option,
8. Charge the mobile battery wherever requirement is needed .
9. Maintain the heat transfer from hot side to cold side because of uniform charging mobile
battery 10.By integrating solar panel & TEG to get sustainable required output maintaining
properly.

5.4 Limitations:

1.The solar power energy generation entirely depends on the sunlight incident on the solar panel
sand, which in turn depend on the climatic conditions.
2.The solar energy can be harness seed in a limited period as the sunlight is available only during
the daytime and sunny days; thus, power can be generated only in limited time period and the
power has to be saved in batteries for later usage.
3.The batteries used to store solar power are very costly, huge sized and need to be replaced from
time to time.

5.5 Advantages:

1. Clean, Noise less, Cost is less .This is a Non-conventional system, No fuel is require, Easy
maintenance, portable, Charging time is less (maximum temp)
2.Promising technology for solving power crisis to an affordable extent. Simple in
construction.
3.Pollution free. Reduces transmission losses.
4.Wide areas of application, Required less space
5.It can be use at any time when it necessary.
6.Less number of parts required

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 7.we can charge any electronic devices.
8. Electricity can used for many purposes efficient and eliminate the grid searching
Attractive look for the wearer

CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

1. G. Park”Overview of Energy Harvesting Systems (for Low-PowerElectronics).”

PresentationattheFirstLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryEngineeringInstituteWorkshop:Energy
Harvesting, 2005.

2. FerroSolutions.“VEH-360:EvaluationPowerSystemSpecifications.”

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3. J .A. Paradiso and T. Starner. 2005. “Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless
electronics.” Pervasive Computing4(1):18–27.
4. EnOcean. Perpetuum International
Edition4http://tinyurl.com/2lxbo5(orwww.enocean.com/fileadmin/redaktion/pdf/perpe
tuum/perpetuum_ 06_en.pdf),2007.

5. C.ParkandP.Chou,“Powerutilitymaximizationformultiple-supplysystemsbyaload-
matching switch”, Proc. ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Losw Power
Electronics and Design, pp. 168–173,2004.
6. T. Voigt, H. Ritter,and J. Schiller, “Utilizing solar power in wireless sensor networks”,
Proc. IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks,2003.
7. [7] A. Kansal, D. Potter, and M. Srivastava “Performance aware tasking for
environmentally powered sensor networks”, Proc. ACM International Conference on
Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems, pp.223– 234, 2004.

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