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Nanyang Technological University Library

CV1012

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2011-2012

CV1012- Fluid Mechanics

April/ May 2012 Time Allowed: 2% hours

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper contains FOUR (4) questions and comprises SIX (6) pages.

2. Answer ALL questions.

3. All questions carry equal marks.

4. This is a Closed-Book Examination.

1. (a} The two layers of fluid in Figure Q1 (a) are dragged by the motion of the
upper plate, while the lower plate is stationary. If both the upper and lower
plates experience the same shear stress, what is the fluid flow velocity at
the interface between the two fluids, V?

Useful Formula:
du
'Z'=j.l-
dy

Upper plate moving at 3 m/s

...............
. . . ...... .... .......... ................................................... ..
. . . . . . . . .
....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
Fluid 1 viscosity 1-1 = 0.4 N.s/m 2 ........................
........................................................................ . . . . . 0.02 m
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

0.02 m

Lower plate stationary

Figure Q1(a)

(5 Marks)

Note: Question No. 1 continues on page 2

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CV1012

(b) What is the pressure of air in the closed container in Figure Q1 (b), when
the manometer reading H = 16 em? What is the expected reading of the
pressure gauge?

Useful Formula:
M=pgM

Air
I
\7

Pressure gauge 0
4m Water
F
i
Mercury p = 13,600 kg/m 3

Figure Q1(b)
(5 Marks)

(c) What force F is needed to just open the circular gate in Figure Q1(c)? The
gate is 2 m wide and is hinged at its top.

Useful Formulas:

For plane surface: F = p g A he

f..y = le/ (AYe)
le = 1/12 b h3 for a rectangle

Centroid of a quadrant is at 4R/(3rr) from its end radius

Water
Hinge
Circular gate 2 m
radius, 2 m width
2m

Figure Q1(c)
(8 Marks)

Note: Question No. 1 continues on page 3

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CV1012

(d) A 30 m long vessel with cross section as shown in Figure Q1 (d) has a total
weight of 7,000 kN, and floats in seawater. How far is the seawater level
below the top of the vessel? What is the maximum permissible distance BG
for the vessel to be floating in stable equilibrium?

Useful Formulas:

Fb = p g V;
BM = lyyiV;
lyy = 1/12 b h3 for a rectangle

8m

2m
Seawater S = 1.03

Figure Q1(dl

(7 Marks)

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CV1012

2. (a) Compute (P 1 - P2) and the flow rate of water Q through the venturi meter in
Figure Q2(a). Assume no energy losses in the flow.

Useful Formula:
P. V.' P. V.'
_I +-~-+ZI =-' +-'-+Z,
pg 2g pg 2g

Venturi meter

~ .........--.,.----
P,e •P2 ~d=5cm

E~~~~~ Mercury
...,_8=13.6

Figure Q2(al

(12 Marks)

(b) Assume hydrostatic pressure distributions and uniform velocity profiles, find
the horizontal force F needed to hold the sluice gate in place in
Figure Q2(b). Assume head losses in the flow are negligible.

(Hint: Solve for V 1 and V 2 first)

Useful Formulas:
P. v.'
_I +-~-+ZI
P. v?
=-' +-'-+Z,
pg 2g pg 2g

-"-----.:--------!I!! 4 m wide sluice gate

1
6m 111 F
Water
-v,

Figure Q2(b)
(13 Marks)

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CV1012

3. A fluid mechanic problem involves the following 6 parameters: flow rate Q,

gravity g, density p, viscosity J.l., and dimensions L1 and L2 . Experiments were
conducted to investigate the problem, and the following data were obtained:

Q p J.l. g L, L2
[m 3/s] [kgm· 3
] [kgm·'s·'l [ms"2] [m] [m]

0.15 900 2600 9.81 5.6 2.8

0.27 1000 1300 9.81 7.2 3.6
0.68 900 2600 9.81 10.4 5.2
1.15 800 3900 9.81 12.8 6.4
1.76 800 3900 9.81 15.2 7.6
2.54 1000 1300 9.81 17.6 8.8
3.25 900 2600 9.81 19.4 9.7

(a) Using the Buckingham II group theorem, derive the non-dimensional II

groups with the repeating variables of g, J.l., and L1.
(8 Marks)

(b) Compute the values of the II groups from Part (a) based on the
experimental results, and then explain how you would estimate the flow
rate when g = 9.81 ms·2 , p = 800 kgm· 3, J.l. = 3900 kgm·'s·', L1 =50 m and
L2 =25m.
(1 0 Marks)

(c) What are the definition of Geometric, Kinematic and Dynamic Similarities?
Discuss the scaling parameter that you would use to conduct a modeling
study for this problem in the moon, when the gravity is much reduced to
g = 1.63 ms·2 . If a full size geometry scale of 1:1 is chosen for the modeling
study, what would be the corresponding velocity scale in the moon?

(7 Marks)

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CV1012

4. (a) By balancing the forces acting on the fluid element in a fully developed,
steady flow in a horizontal circular pipe, show that the shear stress r is
related to other flow variables according to

r !1p
T=--
2L

where r is the radial distance from pipe centre, and L1p is the pressure drop
between two points along the pipe that are separated by a distance L.

(5 Marks)

(b) With Part (a}, show that the fully developed velocity profile of a steady,
laminar flow in a circular pipe is

where R = pipe radius.

Useful Formula:
du
T=j.l-
dy (5 Marks)

(c) Measurements of the flow inside a circular tube between Points A and B
(see Figure Q4) with a constant diameter 0.1 m show that the velocity at
r = 0.04 m is 0.8 m/s. Using the velocity profile in Part (b), calculate the
velocity at the centre of the pipe as well as the mean velocity over the cross
section if the flow is laminar.

(9 Marks)

(d) The circular tube contracts from 0.1 m diameter at Point B to 0.08 m
diameter at Point C (see Figure Q4). What is the ratio of the wall shear
stress between Points B and C? Explain your answer and state your
assumption.
(6 Marks)

A B c

Figure Q4

END OF PAPER

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CV1012 FLUID MECHANICS

Please read the following instructions carefully:

1. Please do not turn over the question paper

until you are told to do so. Disciplinary
action may be taken against you if you do so.

2. You are not allowed to leave the examination hall unless

accompanied by an invigilator. You may raise your hand
if you need to communicate with the invigilator.

3. Please write your Matriculation Number on the front of

the answer book.

4. Please indicate clearly in the answer book (at the

appropriate place) if you are continuing the answer to a
question elsewhere in the book.