BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI

FIRST SEMESTER 2017-2018

MID-SEMESTER EXAMINATION (CLOSED BOOK): SOLUTION
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COURSE NO.: CE F312 COURSE TITLE: HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING DATE: 09/10/2017
MAX. MARKS: 50 WEIGHTAGE: 25% TIME: 90 Minutes
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Note: (i) Attempt all questions.
(ii) Clearly write appropriate units, wherever required
(iii) Answer to the points and Make necessary assumptions, if required.
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Q.1(a) Write methods of controlling Boundary Layer (2.5 M)
These are briefly described below.
1. Motion of solid boundary: The formation of the boundary layer is due to the difference between the velocity of
the flowing fluid and that of the solid boundary. As such it is possible to eliminate the formation of a boundary
layer by causing the solid boundary to move with the flowing fluid. Such a motion of the boundary may be
achieved in the simplest ways by rotating a circular cylinder lying in a stream of fluid [Fig. (a)], so that on the
upper side of the cylinder, where the fluid as well as the cylinder move in the same direction, the boundary layer
does not form and hence the separation is completely eliminated. However, on the lower side of the cylinder,
where the fluid motion is opposite to that of the cylinder, separation would occur.
2. Acceleration of the Fluid in the Boundary Layer: This method consists of supplying additional energy to the
particles of fluid which are being retarded in the boundary layer. This may be achieved either by injecting fluid
into the region of boundary layer from the interior of the body with the help of some suitable device as shown in
Fig. (b); or by diverting a portion of the fluid of the main stream from the region of high pressure to the retarded
region of boundary layer through a slot provided in the body as in the case of the slotted wing shown in Fig. (c).
However, a disadvantage of this method is that if the fluid is injected into a laminar boundary layer, it undergoes
a transition to turbulent boundary layer which results in an increased skin friction drag;
3. Suction of the Fluid from the Boundary Layer: In this method, the slow-moving fluid in the boundary layer is
removed by suction through slots or through a porous surface as shown in Fig.(d), so that on the downstream of
the point of suction a new boundary layer starts developing which is able to withstand an adverse pressure gradient
and hence separation is prevented. Moreover, the suction of the fluid from the boundary layer also greatly delays
its transition from laminar to turbulent due to which skin friction drag is reduced.
4. Streamlining of Body Shapes: By the use of suitably shaped bodies the point of transition of the boundary layer
from laminar to turbulent can be moved downstream which results in the reduction of the skin friction drag.
Furthermore by streamlining of body shapes the separation may be eliminated.

Q.1(b) Define hydrodynamically smooth and rough boundaries. (2.5 M)

In general, a boundary with irregularities of large average height k, on its surface is considered to be rough boundary
and the one with smaller protrusions height (k) values is considered as a smooth boundary. However, for a proper
classification of smooth and rough boundaries, the flow and fluid characteristics are required to be considered in
addition to the boundary characteristics.
Consider a boundary such that the average height k, of the irregularities projecting from its surface is much less than
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the thickness of the laminar sublayer d', as shown in Fig. below. As the flow outside the laminar sublayer is turbulent,
eddies of various sizes are present which try to penetrate through the laminar sublayer. But due to greater thickness of
the laminar sublayer the eddies cannot reach the surface irregularities, and thus the boundary acts as a smooth
boundary. Such a boundary is known as hydrodynamically smooth boundary.
With the increase in Reynolds number the thickness of the laminar sublayer decreases, and it can even become much
smaller than the average height k, of surface irregularities. The irregularities will then project through the laminar
sublayer and the laminar sublayer is completely destroyed. The eddies will thus come in contact with the surface
irregularities and large amount of energy loss will take place such a boundary is known as hydrodynamically rough
boundary.

Q.2 A smooth flat plate 4 m wide and 5 m long is submerged in oil with density of 800 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity of
1 stoke. The plate is towed with velocity of 3 m/s along its length. Estimate the thickness of boundary layer and shear
stress at (a) the distance of 1.25 m from the leading edge (b) the trailing edge of the plate. (c) Also find the power
required to tow the plate in the oil. (10.0 M)
Solution:
(a) At the distance of 1.25m from the leading edge of the plate
x = 1.25 m U = 3.0 m/s.
𝑉𝑥 3×1.25
𝑅𝑒# = = = 3.75×100 < 5×103
𝜗 1×10/0
∴ Laminar boundary layer exists at the distance of 1.25m from the leading edge because Rex is less than the Recrit = 5 ´ 105.
(1.0 M)
Using Blasius Formula:
𝛿 5.0
=
𝑥 𝑅𝑒#
5.0
⟹𝛿= 𝑥
𝑅𝑒#
5.0
⟹𝛿= ×1.25
3.75×100
⟹ 𝛿 = 0.0322𝑚 = 32.27 𝑚𝑚 (2.0 M)
Local drag coefficient for laminar boundary layer (using Blacius Theory)
𝜏<
𝑐: =
𝜌𝑉 >
2
0.664 0.664
⟹ 𝑐: = = = 3.43×10/A
𝑅𝑒# 3.75×10 0

𝜌𝑉 >
𝜏< = 𝑐:
2
Shear stress
B<<×C
⟹ 𝜏< = 3.43×10/A × = 12.34 𝑁/𝑚 > (1.0 M)
>
(b) At the trailing edge,
x = L = 5.0 m U = 3.0 m/s.
𝑉𝐿 3×5.0
𝑅𝑒F = = = 1.5×103 < 5×103
𝜗 1×10/0
∴ Laminar boundary layer exists even at the trailing edge because ReL is less than the Recrit = 5 ´ 105.
(1.0 M)
Using Blasius Formula:
5.0
⟹𝛿= 𝑥
𝑅𝑒F

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5.0
⟹𝛿= ×5.0
1.5×103
⟹ 𝛿 = 0.0645𝑚 = 64.54 𝑚𝑚 (2.0 M)
Local drag coefficient for laminar boundary layer (using Blacius Theory)
𝜏<
𝑐: =
𝜌𝑉 >
2
0.664 0.664
⟹ 𝑐: = = = 1.714×10/A
𝑅𝑒F 1.5×103
𝜌𝑉 >
𝜏< = 𝑐:
2
Shear stress
B<<×C
⟹ 𝜏< = 1.714×10/A × = 6.17 𝑁/𝑚 > (1.0 M)
>
(c) Total force (on both sides of the plate
𝜌𝑉 >
𝐹I = 2×𝐶: ×𝐴
2
where drag coefficient for laminar boundary layer (using Blacius Theory)
1.328
𝐶: =
𝑅𝑒F
1.328
⟹ 𝐶: = = 3.43×10/A
1.5×10 3
B<<×C
⟹ 𝐹I = 2×3.43×10/A × × 4×5 = 493.76 𝑁 (1.0 M)
>
Power required to tow the plate
P=F ´ U
= 493.76 ´ 3.0 = 1481.28 W (1.0 M)
Q.3 Air (kinematic viscosity = 1.57x10-4 ft2/s) enters a square duct through a 1 ft opening. Because the boundary layer
displacement thickness increases in the direction of flow, it is necessary to increase the cross-sectional size of the duct
if a constant U = 2 ft/s velocity is to be maintained outside the boundary layer. Find the expression for duct size d, as
a function of x, length of the duct, if U is to remain constant. Find the value of d at x=10 ft. Assume laminar flow. Use
Blassius solution for displacement thickness. (5.0 M)

Solution 3
Volumetric flux, 𝑄< = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑄< = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
>:]
𝑄< = 𝑈𝐴< = ∗ 1 ∗ 1 𝑓𝑡 > = 2𝑓𝑡 A /𝑠
^
𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑈𝐴𝑥
Where 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 ′𝑥′
𝐴𝑥 = 𝑑 − 2𝛿 ∗ >
𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝑑 − 2𝛿 ∗ > = 𝑄< = 2
f.g>C j#
Where, 𝛿 ∗ = ∗ 𝑥 = 1.729 ∗
hi# k
(1.0 M)

Therefore, 𝑑 = 1 + 2𝛿 ∗
#
𝛿 ∗ = 1.729 ∗ 1.57 ∗ 10/0 ∗
>
∗
𝛿 = 0.01532 𝑥 ft
𝑑 = 1 + 2 ∗ 0.01532 𝑥 = 1 + 0.0306 𝑥
For x = 10 ft,
𝑑 = 1 + 0.0306 10 = 1.097 𝑓𝑡
d = 1.097 ft (4.0 M)
Q.4 A 200 mm jet of water strikes a curved vane. The velocity of jet is 20 m/s. the inlet and outlet angles of the vane are
0o and 135o respectively measured with respect to the direction of initial motion of the jet. The vane moves at 5 m/s

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against the direction of the jet. Consider negligible friction along the vane. Show the sketch of the vane along with
velocity vectors. Determine the following:
(a) The magnitude and direction of relative velocity at inlet and outlet
(b) The magnitude of relative discharge
(c) The force components and the resultant force exerted on the vane
(d) Angle of resultant force with positive x-direction (5.0 M)

Solution 4
Size of jet(diameter) = 200mm
Velocity of jet = v = 20m/s
Velocity of vane = u = 5m/s
i) Relative velocity, 𝑣n = v-(-u) = 25m/s
for negligible friction,
𝑣nf = 𝑣n> = 𝑣n = 25 m/s
𝑣n> has a direction = 180 - ϴ = 180 - 135< =
45° with negative x- axis.
𝑣nf at inlet 0< with positive x- axis.
𝑣n> at inlet 45< with negative x-axis.
(1.0 M) (1.0 M)
p
ii) Relative discharge, 𝑄n = A (v + u) = (0.2)> × (20+5)
0
𝑄n = 0.7854 𝑚 A /𝑠 (1.0 M)
iii) 𝐹# = ρ𝑄n [𝑣n - (-𝑣n cos45< )] = ρ𝑄n 𝑣n (1+ cos45< )
= 998×0.7854×25(1+ cos45< ) = 33.452 KN
𝐹r = ρ𝑄n 𝑣n (0 - sin45< ) = -998×0.7854×25× sin45< = -13.856 kN

F= 𝐹# > + 𝐹r > = 36.21 KN (1.5 M)

iv) Angle between the resultant force and direction of jet
fA.B3v
α = tan/f = 22.5< (0.5 M)
AA.03>
Q.5 The velocity of flow in a rough pipe increases by 10 % as the point of measurement is shifted from a point 1.5 cm
from the wall to a point 3.0 cm from the wall. The diameter of pipe is 100 mm. Estimate the relative roughness and
friction factor for the pipe. Find the shear velocity and wall shear if velocity at point 1.5 cm from the wall is 1 m/s and
density of fluid is 1000 kg/m3. (5.0 M)
Solution: The flow is rough-turbulent
(a) Velocity Distribution and friction factor in rough pipes in turbulent flow:
𝑣 𝑦
= 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔f< + 8.5
𝑉∗ 𝜖
x /x r
⟹ y z = 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔f< y
{∗ rz
Here, 𝑣> = 1.10𝑣f ; 𝑦f = 1.5 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦> = 3.0 𝑐𝑚
1.10𝑣f − 𝑣f 0.03
⟹ = 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔f< = 1.731
𝑉∗ 0.01
0.10𝑣f 𝑣f
⟹ = 1.731 ⟹ = 17.31
𝑉∗ 𝑉∗
x r
But z = 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔f< z + 8.5
{∗ }
0.015
⟹ 17.31 = 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔f< + 8.5
𝜖
0.015
⟹ = 34.04
𝜖
𝜖 = 4.41×10/0 𝑚 = 0.441 𝑚𝑚 (1.0 M)
h <.<3
Relative smoothness, = ~• = 113.5 (0.5 M)
} 0.0f×f<
€ 0.0f×f<~•
OR Relative Roughness, = = 4.41×10/A (0.5 M)
I <.f<
Friction factor in rough pipes in turbulent flow:

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1 𝑅
= 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔f< + 1.74
𝑓 𝜖
1
= 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔f< 113.5 + 1.74
𝑓
⟹ 𝑓 = 0.0292 (1.0 M)
Shear velocity and wall shear if velocity at point 1.5 cm from the wall is 1 m/s and density of fluid is 1000 kg/m3
x f.<
∵ z = 17.31 ⟹ = 17.31 ⟹ 𝑉∗ = 0.0578 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 (1.5 M)
{∗ {∗
‚ƒ
∵ 𝑉∗ = ⟹ 𝜏< = 𝜌𝑉∗> = 1000×0.0578> = 3.34 𝑁/𝑚 > (1.0 M)
„
Q.6 A triangular channel is to be constructed of corrugated metal and will carry 8 m3 /s on a slope of 0.005. The supply of
sheet metal is limited, so the engineers want to minimize the channel surface. Calculate (a) the best included angle θ
for the channel; (b) the normal depth for part (a); and (c) the wetted perimeter for part (b). Assume Manning’s rugosity
coefficient (n) for corrugated metal as 0.022. Show all calculations clearly. (5.0 M)
Solution:
For corrugated metal, take n = 0.022. From the derivation made in the class, for a vee-channel, recall that
𝑃 = 2𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝐴 = 𝑦 > 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝐴 𝑦 > 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑅= = =
𝑃 2𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 2
(1.0 M)
(a) For best economical channel section, wetted perimeter should be minimum
Eliminate y in terms of P and set dP/dθ = 0, and we get the result as:
𝐴
𝑃 = 2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 2 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑃 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 1 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑆𝑒𝑐 > 𝜃
⟹ =0⟹2 𝐴 − × =0
𝑑𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 A/>
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃 1 𝑆𝑒𝑐 > 𝜃
⟹ 2 𝐴× 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − × =0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
>
1 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝜃
⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − × = 0 ⟹ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛> 𝜃 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 > 𝜃
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
⟹ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛> 𝜃 = 1
𝜃 = 45<
Minimum perimeter P occurs for a given flow rate at 2θ = 900 (2.0 M)
(b) Insert 2θ = 900 in the formula for Q = 8 m3 /sec and solve for:
1
𝑄 = 𝐴× 𝑅 >/A 𝑆 f/>
𝑛
y = 1.83 m (1.0 M)
and Pmin = 5.16 m. (1.0 M)
Q.7 What do you understand by channel transition? How specific energy and discharge diagrams are significant for
analyzing transitions of open channel? Explain.
In a rectangular channel 3.5 m wide, laid at a slope of 0.0036, uniform flow occurs at a depth of 2.0 m. Find how high
can a hump be raised on the channel bed without causing a change in the upstream depth. If the upstream depth is to
be raised to 2.4 m what should be the height of the hump? Assume Manning’s n = 0.015. (10.0 M)

Solution:
Channel Transitions explanation (0.5 M)
Significance of specific energy diagram with neat sketches (1.0 M)
Significance of discharge diagram with neat sketches (1.0 M)

A1 = 3.5 ´ 2.0 = 7.0 m2

P1 = 2 ´ 2.0 + 3.5 = 7.5 m
7.0
R1 = = 0.933 m
7.5
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1 1
Now Q= AR 2/3S1/2
0 = ´ (7.0 )(0.933)2/3 (0.0036)1/2
n 0.015
= 26.74 m3/s
26.74
V1 = = 3.820 m /sec
7.0
3.820
Fr1 =
9.81´ 2
= 0.8625, hence the flow is sub-critical. (1.0 M)
Case 1: At the maximum height of the hump Δz m ,
Upstream depth = y1
At the contracted section y2 = yc
1/3 1/2
æ q2 ö é (26.74/3.5)2 ù
y c = çç ÷÷ = ê ú = 1.812 m (1.5 M)
è g ø ëê 9.81 ûú
2
Vc y
= c = 0.906 m
2g 2
By the energy equation, assuming no loss between sections 1 and 2.
V2 V2
y1 = c = Δz m + y c + c
2g 2g

E1 = 2.0 +
(3.820 )2 = 2.744
2 ´ 9.81
Δz m = 2.744 – 1.812 – 0.906 = 0.026 m (2.0 M)
3
Case 2: The discharge remains at 26.74 m /s. When the upstream depth is 2.4 m due to the hump, the depth of flow at
the contracted section y2 will still be critical depth.
V¢2 V2
Hence y 1¢ + 1 = Δz + y c + c
2g 2g
= Δz + 2.718
26.74
V1¢ = = 3.1833 m/s (1.0 M)
(3.5 ´ 2.4)
V1¢ 2 (3.1833)2
= = 0.5165
2g 2 ´ 9.81
Hence 2.40 + 0.517 = Δz + 2.718
Δz = 0.199 m (2.0 M)
Q.8 Differentiate the backwater and drawdown curves and hence classify various surface profiles obtained in steady
gradually varied flow in a prismatic channel and hence plot all the surface profiles with proper explanation if the
channel bottom slopes are steep, mild and critical in nature. (5.0 M)

Solution: Refer Class notes

Differentiation the backwater and drawdown curves: 1.0 M
Classification of various surface profiles obtained in steady gradually varied flow: 1.0 M
Plotting all three profiles of Steep curve: 1.0 M
Plotting all three profiles of Mild curve: 1.0 M
Plotting all two profiles of critical curve: 1.0 M
Refer class notes and text book for the solution

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Formula Sheet
Total shear stress in turbulent flow: Hydraulic Depth (D) and Hydraulic radius (R) in a
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 channel section:
𝜏 = 𝜇 +𝜂 = 𝜇 + 𝜂 𝐴 𝐴
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝐷 = ; 𝑅 =
> 𝑇 𝑃
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝜏 = 𝜇 + 𝜌𝑙 > Section Factor: 𝑍 = 𝐴 𝐷
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
B”
Length of establishment of laminar flow in pipes: Chezy’s formula: 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑆 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑆
:
𝑥 = 0.07×𝑅𝑒 ×𝐷 f
Length of establishment of turbulent flow in pipes: Manning’s formula: 𝑉 = 𝑅 >/A 𝑆 f/>
•
𝑥 = 50 ×𝐷 Condition of critical flow in channels:
Displacement Thickness and Momentum Thickness 𝑄 > 𝐴A
∝
𝑣 =
𝛿∗ = 1− 𝑑𝑦 𝑔 𝑇
< 𝑉 For rectangular channel:
∝
𝑣 𝑣 f/A
𝜃= 1− 𝑑𝑦 𝑞> 2
< 𝑉 𝑉 𝑦– = ; 𝑦– = 𝐸
𝑔 3
Momentum integral equation:
For triangular channel:
𝜏< 𝑑𝜃 f/3
= 2𝑄 > 4
𝜌𝑉 > 𝑑𝑥 𝑦– = ; 𝑦– = 𝐸
𝑔𝑄 > 5
Local drag coefficient for laminar boundary layer
(Blacius) Dynamic equation of gradually varied flow:
𝜏< 0.664 𝑑𝑦 𝑆< − 𝑆:
𝑐: = = =
𝜌𝑉 >
𝑅𝑒# 𝑑𝑥 𝑄>𝑇
1−
2 𝑔𝐴A
Average drag coefficient for laminar boundary layer Dynamic equation of gradually varied flow in a wide
(Blacius) rectangular channel:
1.328 𝑦 A
𝐶: =
𝑑𝑦 1− •
𝑅𝑒F 𝑦
= 𝑆<
Displacement thickness & momentum thickness 𝑑𝑥 𝑦– A
1−
relations for laminar boundary layer (Blacius): 𝑦
𝛿 ∗ 1.729 𝜃 0.664 Discharge through venture flume:
= ; = 𝐴𝑎 2𝑔
𝑥 𝑅𝑒# 𝑥 𝑅𝑒# 𝑄= 𝐻−ℎ
Local drag coefficient for turbulent boundary layer: 𝐴> − 𝑎 >
<.<3C
𝑐: =
hiŒ z/•
Velocity Distribution and friction factor in rough pipes in
Average drag coefficient for turbulent boundary layer: turbulent flow:
𝐶: =
<.<g0
𝑓𝑜𝑟 5×103 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 1×10g 𝑣 𝑦
hiŽ z/• = 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔f< + 8.5
𝑉∗ 𝜖
Boundary layer thickness for turbulent boundary layer
𝛿 0.376
= 1 𝑅
𝑥 𝑅𝑒# f/3 = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔f< + 1.74
𝑓 𝜖
Velocity Distribution and friction factor in smooth
pipes in turbulent flow: Friction factor in Laminar flow:
𝑣 𝑉∗ 𝑦 64
= 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔f< + 5.5 𝑓=
𝑉∗ 𝜗 𝑅𝑒
0.316
𝑓= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4000 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 103 Friction factor in commercial pipes in turbulent flow:
𝑅𝑒 f/0 1 𝑅
− 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔f< =
1 𝑓 𝜖
= 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔f< 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 − 0.8 𝑅/𝜖
𝑓 = 1.74 − 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔f< 1 + 18.7
𝑓𝑜𝑟 5×100 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 4×10g 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
<.>>f
OR 𝑓 = 0.0032 + ƒ.y•‘

hi
𝑓𝑜𝑟 5×100 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 4×10g

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