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Table of Contents
1 Overview of the GeoStudio Tutorials Book ............. 1
1.1 GeoStudio tutorials ...................................................................... 1
1.2 GeoStudio student edition ........................................................... 2
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Table of Contents GeoStudio Tutorials
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GeoStudio Tutorials Table of Contents
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Table of Contents GeoStudio Tutorials
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GeoStudio Tutorials Chapter 1: Overview
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Chapter 1: Overview GeoStudio Tutorials
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GeoStudio Tutorials Chapter 1: Overview
comprehensive to spark the imagination of educators, who can feel free to develop
as many lessons as they need to teach the concepts they want to teach.
One feature of the SE software is that the on-line help and documentation for the
full commercial version is active and included with the software. This gives you
access to the theory used in the software formulation, the modeling guidelines, and
the included verification and illustration examples. With the software provided
with the Student Version, you will also have the opportunity to select the Viewer
License upon opening the software. The Viewer License is also provided free of
charge, and while you can not create new simulations while using this license, you
can examine and study any previously solved problem including those examples
that are included in the examples folder with the full-featured software. With the
Viewer License you can open the data files, look at how the problem has been
defined and then view and manipulate the results. Sometimes it may be useful to
study and examine the documentation and examples for the full-version software
to learn how to numerically model certain conditions that are beyond the scope of
the Student Edition.
Data files have been prepared and are available for the Student Lessons. These are
intended as a last resort resource if you simply cannot complete the lesson any
other way.
All information contained in the GeoStudio Tutorials book is available in a PDF
file format, accessible from the start page within GeoStudio. This is intended to
make it as simple as possible to view and print the documentation.
The Student Edition license is provided free of charge, which removes all financial
impediments from using this software for educational purposes. Educators are
encouraged to duplicate the GEO-SLOPE distribution CD and make copies
available to students so they are able to work with the software while away from
university facilities if necessary.
The student software is being made available without technical support. We trust
you will understand that it is not feasible to provide free technical to the thousands
of students and educators that will be using the software throughout the world.
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Chapter 1: Overview GeoStudio Tutorials
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GeoStudio Tutorials Chapter 2: SLOPE/W
2.1 Introduction
Figure 2-1presents a schematic diagram of a slope stability problem. The objective
of the analysis is to compute the minimum factor of safety and locate the critical
slip surface.
The slope is cut in two materials at 2:1 (horizontal : vertical). The upper layer is
5 m thick and the total height of the cut is 10 m. Bedrock exists 4 m below the base
of the cut. The pore-water pressure conditions are depicted by the piezometric line
shown in Figure 2-1. The soil strength parameters are also listed in Figure 2-1.
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2. Once GeoStudio has been opened, choose New from the File pull
down menu. Highlight the GeoStudio original settings and then
select OK. The following Analysis Selection dialogue box will
appear.
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3. Once the dialogue box opens, click in the check box beside
SLOPE/W and then select OK. You are now in GeoStudio
(SLOPE/W DEFINE).
It is assumed that you are readily familiar with the fundamentals of the Windows
environment such as using pull-down menus. If you are not, then you will first need to
learn how to navigate within the Windows environment before learning how to use
SLOPE/W. The SLOPE/W tutorial does not provide instructions on the fundamentals of
using Windows. You will have to get this information from other documentation.
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1. Click in the check box beside the Standard toolbar several time to
“flash” the standard toolbar on and off. Once you have located
where the Standard toolbar is located in the GeoStudio environment,
ensure the check box is selected, then move onto the next toolbar
option (i.e., Analysis) and repeat the procedure to learn the name
and location of each toolbar within GeoStudio.
Before exiting this dialogue box, ensure the Show ToolTips box has been selected as tool
tips are very helpful when you are learning a new GeoStudio program. The tool tips appear
when the cursor is held over a toolbar icon.
1. Choose Page from the Set menu. The Set Page dialog box appears:
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The Printer Page group box displays the name of the printer selected and the
printing space available on one printer page. This information is presented to help
you define a working area that will print properly. The dimensions may appear in
units of inches or mm and can be adjusted by depressing the radio button in the
Units section of the dialogue box.
2. Select mm in the Page Units group box.
3. Type 260 in the Working Area Width edit box. Press the TAB key to
move to the next edit box.
5. Select OK.
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1. Choose Scale from the Set menu. The Set Scale dialog box appears:
3. Unselect the Lock Scales check box. Notice that the Scale edit fields
will become grayed out and the maximum x and y extents edit fields
will become active.
The Horz. 1: scale and the Vert. 1: scale will no longer be the same. It is
undesirable to work at an uneven scale. An even scale of 1:200 in both directions
appears acceptable for this problem.
5. Check the Lock Scales check box to activate the scale field and to
lock the scales so the scale will not change once you have typed
values in the edit boxes.
6. Type 200 in the Horz. 1: edit box, and type 200 in the Vert. 1: edit
box.
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The Maximum x value will change to 48 and the Maximum y value will change to
36. This means that at a scale of 1:200, the allowable problem extents are from -4
to 49 m in the x direction and from -4 to 37 m in the y direction for the previously
selected working area 260 mm wide and 200 mm high.
7. Select OK.
Since the problem is defined in terms of meters and kN, the unit weight of water
must be 9.807 kN/m3, which is the default value when the engineering dimensions
are defined in meters.
1. Choose Grid from the Set menu. The Set Grid dialog box appears:
The actual grid spacing on the screen will be a distance of 5.0 mm between each
grid point. This value is displayed in the Actual Grid Spacing group box.
4. Check the Display Grid check box.
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6. Select OK.
The grid is displayed in the DEFINE window. As you move the cursor in the
window, the coordinates of the nearest grid point (in engineering units) are
displayed in the status bar.
1. Choose Save from the File menu. The following dialog box appears:
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The file name may include a drive name and directory path. If you do not include a
path, the file will be saved in the directory name displayed in the Save In box.
All GeoStudio files have a GSZ file name extension. SLOPE/W will add the
extension to the file name if it is not specified. If you have several different
GeoStudio modules, it is likely wise to be descriptive in your file name, i.e., if you
had simply called this SLOPE/W tutorial example TUTORIAL.GSZ and then
completed a SIGMA/W tutorial example which you also called TUTORIAL.GSZ,
one file would replace the other if they were saved to the same directory.
Sketch axes
Sketching an axis facilitates sketching the problem as well as viewing and
interpreting the results. The Snap to Grid option should still be activated. Drawing
an axis with the Snap to Grid feature enabled will allow you to define an evenly-
spaced region for the axis.
¾ To sketch an axis:
1. Choose Axes from the Sketch menu. The following dialog box
appears:
2. Ensure the Left Axis, Bottom Axis and Axis Numbers check boxes
in the Display group box are selected. The Top Axis and Right Axis
check boxes should be unchecked.
3. Type an appropriate title for the bottom X-axis in the Bottom X edit
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box.
4. Type an appropriate title for the left Y-axis in the Left Y edit box.
6. Move the cursor near position (0,0). Hold the left mouse button
down, but do not release it. As you move the mouse, a rectangle
appears.
7. “Drag” the mouse near (40,16) and release the left mouse button.
1. In the Zoom toolbar, click on the Zoom Page button with the left
mouse button.
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The cursor position (in engineering units) is always displayed in the status bar. It is
updated as you move the cursor with the mouse.
4. Move the cursor near (10,14) and click the left mouse button. The
cursor snaps to (10,14) and a line is drawn from (0,14) to (10,14).
5. Move the cursor near (30,4) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (10,14) to (30,4).
6. Move the cursor near (40,4) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (30,4) to (40,4).
7. Move the cursor near (40,0) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (40,4) to (40,0).
8. Move the cursor near (0,0) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (40,0) to (0,0).
9. Move the cursor near (0,14) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (0,0) to (0,14).
10. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching a line. The cursor
will change from a cross-hair back to an arrow; you are then back in
Work Mode.
12. Move the cursor near (0,9) and click the left mouse button. The
cursor snaps to (0,9).
13. Move the cursor near (20,9) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (0,9) to (20,9), which is the boundary between the
upper and lower soil layers.
14. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching a line. The cursor
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will change from a cross-hair back to an arrow; you are then back in
Work Mode.
15. In the Zoom Toolbar, click on the Zoom Objects button with the left
mouse button. Zoom Objects is located directly to the right of the
Zoom Page button.
The drawing is enlarged so that the lines you just sketched fill the DEFINE
window.
If you sketch a line in the wrong position, use the Modify Objects command to move it. For
more information about this command, see the on-line help.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
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2. Type in any appropriate text in the Title edit field and the Comments
edit field. For example, type “Tutorial Lesson” in the Title field and
“Learning to use SLOPE/W” in the Comments field.
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1. Select the PWP tab from the Analysis Settings in the KeyIn menu.
The following dialog box appears:
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3. Select the Slip Surface tab from the Analysis Settings in the KeyIn
menu. The following dialog box appears:
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2. Type 1 in the Soil edit box (underneath the list box) to indicate that
you are defining Soil 1.
3. Press TAB twice to move to the Description edit box (The Strength
Model does not need to be selected, since the default Mohr-
Coulomb model is applicable).
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8. Select COPY. The values contained in the edit boxes are copied into
the list box.
9. Repeat Steps 2 to 8 for Soil 2, using Lower Soil Layer for the
description, 18 for the Unit Weight, 10 for Cohesion, and 25 for Phi.
Remember to select COPY to confirm the input material property
information for Soil 2.
Draw regions
The geometry and stratigraphy are defined by drawing individual regions for each
soil layer or portions of a soil layer.
¾ To draw the first region of the problem:
1. Choose Regions from the Draw menu. The cursor will change to a
crosshair. Move the cursor near (0, 9) and click the left mouse
button. SLOPE/W snaps to the grid and creates a region point (Point
#1) at this position. As you move the mouse, a red line is drawn
from the Point to the new cursor position.
5. Move the cursor back to (0,9) and click. The first region will be
created, the soil color associated with Material #1 will appear and
the following Region Properties dialogue box will appear.
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7. Move the cursor near (0,0) and click the left mouse button. Region
Point #5 will be created.
8. Continue using the same procedure used for Region #1 clicking near
the following locations in order (0,9), (20,9), (30,4), (40,4), (40,0),
(0,0).
9. Once you have closed the polygon, Region #2 will be created and
the Regions Properties dialogue box will reappear.
10. Select Material Type 2 from the drop down menu and the material
associated with Region #2 will be changed from Material 1 to
Material 2. The colour of the region will change to coincide with the
colour associated with Material #2.
12. Click the right mouse button to exit the Draw: Regions mode.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
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1. If you have turned off the grid, choose the Snap to Grid command
from the Grid Toolbar.
Snap to Grid
2. Choose Pore Water Pressure from the Draw menu. The following
dialog box appears:
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4. Click on All in the Apply To Soils list box to apply the piezometric
line to Soils 1 and 2.
5. Select the Draw button. The cursor will change from an arrow to a
cross-hair, and the status bar will indicate that "Draw P.W.P." is the
current operating mode.
6. Move the cursor near (0,10) (at the left of the problem) and click the
left mouse button. The cursor snaps to the grid point at (0,10) and a
point is created (Point 9). As you move the cursor, a dashed line is
drawn from Point 9 to the new cursor position.
7. Move the cursor near (15,8) and click the left mouse button. The
cursor snaps to the grid point at (15,8), a point is created (Point 10),
and a red line is drawn from Point 9 to Point 10.
8. Move the cursor near (30,3) and click the left mouse button.
9. Move the cursor near (40,3) and click the left mouse button. Then
click the right mouse button to finish drawing the piezometric line
for Soils 1 and 2.
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Ensure you can see the entire profile on your screen. Use the Zoom Objects button
on the toolbar if necessary.
1. Choose Slip Surface from the Draw menu. The Slip Surface
cascading menu will appear. Select ‘Entry and Exit’ from the
cascading menu. The cursor will change from an arrow to a cross-
hair, the status bar will indicate that "Draw Slip Surface Entry and
Exit" is the current operating mode and the following dialogue box
will appear.
Click on the title bar of the dialogue box with your left mouse button and move the
dialogue box out of the way if necessary to ensure you have an unencumbered
view of the embankment.
2. Ensure Range is selected under the Entry Range (Left Side) Type
field.
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3. Move the cursor near (1,14), click the left mouse button and a red
hatch line will snap to and appear on the surface of the embankment.
Continue to hold the left mouse button down while you move the
mouse along the surface until the cursor is near (9,14). A red line is
drawn from the left point of entry to the right point. Release the left
mouse button to finish defining the Entry range.
4. To define the Exit range, move the crosshairs near (30,4), click the
left mouse button and continue to hold it down while you drag the
cursor to the right to a location approximately near (34,4). A red line
will be drawn along the ground surface to indicate the defined Exit
range.
The coordinates of the left and right entry points are automatically updated in their
respective fields as you move the cursor. Fine-tuning of these points can be
achieved by selecting and changing the coordinates directly in the corresponding
edit fields. Once either the Entry or Exit range has been defined, you can use the
cursor to select the red hatch marks which mark the location of the left or right
points and move these points along the ground surface to alter the defined ranges.
5. Select Done in the Draw Slip Surface Entry and Exit Range
dialogue box.
View preferences
You no longer need to view the points or the point numbers in the DEFINE
window.
¾ To turn off the points and the point numbers:
1. Choose Preferences from the View menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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3. Uncheck the Region Numbers check box in order to not display any
region numbers on the drawing.
4. Select OK.
You can also select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
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1. Choose Soil Properties from the View menu. The cursor will change
from an arrow to a cross-hair, and the status bar will indicate that
“View Soil Properties” is the current operating mode. The following
dialog box is displayed:
2. Move the cursor within Region 1 (Upper Soil Layer) and click the
left mouse button. The soil is selected with a diagonal hatch pattern,
the extents of the region are outlined in red and the soil properties
are displayed in the dialog box as follows:
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The dialog box lists the soil number, description, soil model, the properties specific
to the soil model, any piezometric line or ru value defined for the soil, and the pore-
air pressure.
3. To see all the soil properties, re-size the dialog box by dragging the
bottom edge of the window down until all information is displayed.
4. To view the properties for Soil 2, click the left mouse button
anywhere in Region 2 and click the left mouse button. The soil is
selected with a diagonal hatch pattern, and the soil line and points
are highlighted. The soil properties of Soil 2 are displayed in the
dialog box.
5. To view a list of all soil properties in the dialog box, select the All
Soils button.
The currently-selected soil is unselected, and all soil properties are displayed in the
dialog box as follows:
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The dialogue box will need to be resized to view all the information
6. To copy all of the soil properties to the Windows Clipboard, select
COPY. The soil properties are copied to the Clipboard and can now
be pasted into another Windows application.
7. To print all of the soil properties on the current printer, select Print.
The following dialog box appears:
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8. Select a printer from the Printer Name drop-down list box and then
select OK to print the soil properties on this printer.
9. Select the Done button or click the right mouse button to finish
viewing soil properties.
1. Choose Text from the Sketch menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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2. Left click on the Soil List button which will place a default soil list
for both materials in the Text field. You can use the horizontal scroll
button to review the information that will be included in the soil
label. The default values are Material #; Weight; C; Phi; Model.
3. Notice that when the cursor is moved off the dialogue box it changes
into a crosshair. Click on an appropriate location above the soil
profile to place the soil text information. If necessary, click in the
title bar of the sketch text dialogue box to move it out of the way
before placing the text.
If you would like to move around the soil text, select Objects from the Modify pull
down menu. Left click on the text to select it, then continuing to hold down the left
mouse button, drag the text to a new location and then release the left mouse
button.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look similar to the
following:
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If you change any of the soil property information, the sketch text will be automatically
updated to show the new settings. If you want to add further sketch text, you can select
Text from the Modify pull down menu. For more information on this topic, please refer to
the on-line help.
1. Choose Verify from the Tools menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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SLOPE/W verifies the problem data. If any errors are found in the data, error
messages are displayed in the dialog box. The total number of errors found is
displayed as the last line in the dialog box.
3. When you are finished viewing the messages in the Verify Data
dialog box, select Done.
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A series of engineering books have been written as supporting documentation for each
GeoStudio product. These books are available in PDF format within GeoStudio and a link
can be found on the Start Page. At any time during development or analysis of a simulation
you can gain access to this important resource by clicking on the Show Start Page icon
which appears in the Analysis Toolbar on the left side of the screen in GeoStudio.
Start solving
To start solving for the factors of safety, click the Start button in the SOLVE
window.
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A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress.
During the computations, SOLVE displays the minimum factors of safety and the
number of the current slip surface being analyzed. For this situation, 125 slip
surfaces were analysed and a critical slip surface was found with a factor of safety
of 1.479.
SOLVE writes the analysis results to a series of files, which are stored within the
SLOPE Tutorial.GSZ file. CONTOUR is then used to read these files in order to
display the results.
Quit SOLVE
You have now computed the factors of safety. Choose File Exit to quit SLOPE/W
SOLVE, or click the close button in the top-right corner of the SOLVE window to
close the window.
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• Displaying a free body diagram and force polygon for any slice in
the minimum slip surface.
To start CONTOUR and automatically load the SLOPE Tutorial.GSZ data file,
select CONTOUR from the Tools pull down menu or click on the CONTOUR
button in the GeoStudio Analysis toolbar
Once you are in CONTOUR, a DEFINE button will appear in the Analysis toolbar.
To return to DEFINE, just click on this button
The drawing displayed in the CONTOUR window will be drawn according to the
View Preferences selected at the time you saved the problem in DEFINE. You can
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view different parts of the drawing by choosing Preferences from the CONTOUR
View menu or choosing items on the View Preference toolbar.
You can select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the
CONTOUR View Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing
the cursor over the icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is
displayed on the status bar at the bottom of the window.
The cursor will change from an arrow to a hand when hovered over the dialogue
box, and the status bar will indicate that “Draw Slip Surfaces: Select a slip surface”
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is the current operating mode. The critical slip surface in this example is Slip # 78.
Slip surfaces marked with *** indicate those slip surface which have stored force
information.
2. Scroll down the sorted list and select any of the other slip surface
numbers. The selected slip surface and its factor of safety are
displayed in the CONTOUR window.
3. CONTOUR will always present the minimum slip surface when the
Min. Factor of Safety button is clicked. Do not close the Draw Slip
Surfaces dialogue box.
1. With the Slip Surfaces dialogue box from the Draw menu still open,
locate and click on Slip # 78 to select the critical slip surface. Once
the critical slip surface has been selected, click on the View Slice
Info button.
A dialog box will appear with the slice force information for Slice #1 already
loaded. The cursor will change from an arrow to a cross-hair, and the status bar
will indicate that "View Slice Information" is the current operating mode.
2. Move the cursor inside a different slice and click the left mouse
button. The following diagram appears in the window:
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The free body diagram shows the forces for the selected method on the critical slip
surface. The magnitude of each force vector is displayed beside the arrow (the
length of the vectors is not drawn to scale), and the direction of the arrows
represents the direction of the vectors. The force polygon shows the summation of
all forces acting on the slice. Closure of the force polygon graphically represents
the balance of the slice forces.
3. To enlarge the free-body diagram and force polygon, drag one of the
window corners until the Free Body Diagram & Force Polygon
window is the desired size.
5. Select Copy Data to copy the slice force information in the list box
to the Windows clipboard in text format.
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8. Select Done or click the right mouse button to finish viewing slice
forces.
9. When you are done drawing slip surfaces and viewing slice
information, select Close near the bottom of the Draw Slip Surface
dialogue box.
The free body diagram and slice force information is available only for those slip surfaces
which are marked with a *** in the Draw Slip Surfaces dialogue box.
View method
In DEFINE, you selected the Morgenstern-Price (in addition to Bishop, Ordinary
& Janbu) method to use when calculating the factors of safety. While CONTOUR
displays the Morgenstern factors of safety by default, the Bishop, Ordinary and
Janbu factors of safety can also be viewed.
¾ To view the factors of safety for another method:
1. Choose Method from the View menu. The following dialog box
appears with the current method displayed::
2. Click the down arrow to the right of the Method edit box. A drop-
down menu of the other available methods to view is displayed.
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4. Select OK.
Janbu is displayed in the Method Toolbar to indicate the currently viewed method.
If the Method toolbar is not displayed, choose View Toolbars and select the
Method checkbox.
The optimized slip surface computed for the Janbu method is displayed in the
CONTOUR window; the Janbu factor of safety is displayed beside the rotation
center point. If you wish to view other slip surfaces for the Janbu method, choose
Slip Surfaces from the Draw menu and select the slip surface to view.
5. Choose View Method again and select Morgenstern-Price to view
the default method.
Instead of using the View Method command, you can select the method to view directly
from the Method toolbar.
The minimum slip surface for the default method (i.e., Morgenstern-Price) is
displayed in the CONTOUR window.
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1. Choose Graph from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
The following Graph window also appears, containing a graph of the selected
conditions:
2. Click on the down arrow to the right of the first drop-down list box.
A drop-down list of the other available conditions to plot is
displayed.
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4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for any other graphs that you wish to display.
5. Select File Print from the Graph window menu if you wish to print
the graph on the default printer. Select Edit COPY from the Graph
window menu if you wish to COPY the graph to the Windows
Clipboard for importing into other applications.
6. Select Set Options to specify the titles and display options of the
graph. The following dialog box is displayed:
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7. Click on the Font button to specify the font style of the graph.
9. To view the data used in creating the graph, select the Data button in
the Draw Graph dialogue box. The following dialogue box appears.
10. Select COPY to copy the data to the Windows Clipboard in text
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format.
2. Click in the View Multiple Slip Surfaces check box under the Slip
Surface section.
3. Click on the down arrow to the right of the Number of slip Surfaces
to View. Select the number of slip surfaces you want to view
simultaneously (i.e., select 50).
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The slip surfaces for the 50 lowest factors of safety are now drawn on the profile.
5. Click OK to re-close the dialogue box.
3. If the Default number of pages is greater than 1, then you may need
to go under the properties of the printer and ensure “landscape” is
the selected view, since that is how the page size was defined at the
start of the tutorial. Alternatively, you may choose Fit to Page to
print the drawing on the default printer on a single sheet of paper.
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You have now finished viewing the results. Choose File Exit to quit SLOPE/W
CONTOUR, or click the Minimize button in the top-right corner of the
CONTOUR window to reduce the window to an icon.
You have reached the end of this introductory learning session. You have learned
sufficient concepts to give you a general understanding of the operation and
capability of SLOPE/W. Not all of the powerful features of SLOPE/W have been
used in this introductory learning session, nor have all of the technical details been
discussed about the features that have been used. Specific details about each
command are given in the on-line help and in the supporting documentation for
SLOPE/W.
You can continue your learning process by reading and working through the
student lessons. The format for the SLOPE/W student edition lessons is slightly
different than that of other products since a fundamental issue in conducting limit
equilibrium stability analysis is understanding the assumptions and theoretical
basis for the various limit equilibrium methods available (i.e., Ordinary, Bishop,
Morgenstern-Price etc.)
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slices in order to keep the spreadsheet calculations to a minimum and still obtain
reasonable results.
In SLOPE/W DEFINE, you can create a perfectly scaled copy of the problem by
printing it at a zoom percentage of 100%. This will result in a scaled printout at
1:100 that students can use to scale off the mid-height and width of each slice.
The factor of safety can be computed by completing the following table in a
spreadsheet:
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N = normal = W cos α
The factor of safety equation is defined as:
∑ ( N tan φ )
F of S = ∑ (CL ) +
∑ (W sin α )
You can obtain the summation values in the equation by summing Columns 6, 9
and 10 in the spreadsheet. This results in a factor of safety equal to 1.47. The
SLOPE/W computed factor of safety using the Ordinary method is 1.476.
You can now verify the forces applied to each slice by using the View Slice Forces
command in SLOPE/W CONTOUR. Once you have selected this command, you
can click on any slice and a free body diagram and force polygon will be
displayed. Figure 2-3 shows the display for Slice 2; note the absence of interslice
forces.
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Figure 2-3 Free body diagram and force polygon for slice 2
Included with this diagram is all the information that SLOPE/W has used to
compute the factor of safety. The SLOPE/W computed values can be compared
with the table values that were used to compute the factor of safety in the
spreadsheet.
At this point, it is important to observe that the force polygon for Slice 2 does not
close. It is particularly bad where the slice base is near horizontal, as shown for
Slice 5 in Figure 2-4. By ignoring the interslice forces, there is nothing in the
analysis to counteract the horizontal component of the base shear. Therefore, the
slices are not in force equilibrium. This shows that the Ordinary method can lead
to considerable errors in a stability analysis.
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You can plot various parameters along the slip surface using the SLOPE/W
CONTOUR Draw Graph command. Figure 2-5 shows the shear strength and
mobilized shear distribution along the slip surface. Note that the ratio of shear
strength to shear mobilized for every slice is a constant 1.47; this ratio is the factor
of safety. In other words, the local factor of safety is the same for each slice and is
also the same as the global factor of safety. The graph data in Figure 2-5 can be
copied to the clipboard and pasted into a spreadsheet to verify that the ratio is a
constant.
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You can extend this simple problem by adding a water table, as shown in Figure
2-6. It is relatively simple to do the spreadsheet calculation, even with the added
water table. You will need to insert another column for the pore-water pressure for
each slice; the pore-water can then be included in the shear strength calculation.
This example problem will clearly show how including pore-water pressure in the
analysis decreases the resulting factor of safety.
You could further extend this simple introductory problem by finding the slip
surface with the minimum factor of safety. However, it is probably better to
introduce this concept in the next lesson.
In conclusion, the important points to learn from doing the Ordinary method of
analysis are:
1. It is easy to use hand calculations to introduce the basic analysis
concept of dividing the potential sliding mass into slices and then
summing the forces on the slices.
3. Ignoring the interslice forces means that the individual slices are not
in force equilibrium.
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4. The failure of the force polygon to close indicates that results from
the Ordinary method of analysis can be in considerable error.
⎡ ⎤
⎢ sec α ⎥
(
∑ ⎢ c 'b + W (1 − ru ) tan φ ' ) tan φ ' tan α
⎥
⎢ 1+ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎦
F= ⎣ F
ΣW sin α
This is not the form used in the SLOPE/W formulation, but it illustrates the
important point here that F (factor of safety) appears on both sides of the equation.
This means that the factor of safety equation is nonlinear and an iterative technique
is required to solve for F.
Many textbooks show how to use a spreadsheet table to solve for the Bishop factor
of safety, similar to the approach used in Lesson 1. This technique is also
illustrated in the Hand Calculate detailed example found in the SLOPE/W
engineering book (Stability Modeling with SLOPE/W: An Engineering
Methodology). You may want graduate students to do this as an exercise, but will
probably find it inappropriate for undergraduate students.
Figure 2-7 shows the SLOPE/W results using the Bishop method of analysis for
the Lesson 1 problem that included the water table. The first point to notice is the
difference in factor of safety between the two analyses. For the Ordinary method,
the factor of safety is 1.190, while for the Bishop method, the factor of safety is
1.316. This is a significant difference. SLOPE/W does not display the number of
iterations required to reach a solution for Bishop’s method. If you are interested,
you can use WinZip or a similar program to extract the *.FAC output file and view
the file using a text editor (All SLOPE/W files are in simple ASCII text format).
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For this simple example, SLOPE/W performed five iterations to get the Bishop
factor of safety.
The main reason for the difference in factor of safety between the two methods is
that by including the interslice normal forces, we get much better closure on the
force polygons for each slice. Figure 2-8 shows the free body diagram and force
polygon for Slice 3. Note the normal forces now acting on the sides of the slice.
The force polygon does not close exactly, but it is much closer than for the
Ordinary method. This near closure of the force polygon indicates that the slice is
close to being in force equilibrium.
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Figure 2-8 Free body diagram and force polygon for Bishop's method
Another very important point to notice is that the water force acting on the slice
base is not included in the force polygon. The water pressure is used to compute
the shear on the slice base, which is included in the force equilibrium, but the
associated water force is not included directly in the analysis. If the water pressure
was not included in the shear force calculation, then the normal and interslice
forces would be different. Therefore, the water pressure is included indirectly in
the analysis through the shear force calculation.
In conclusion, the important points to learn from doing the Bishop method of
analysis are:
1. Bishop’s simplified method of analysis considers the normal forces
between the slices but ignores the shear forces between the slices.
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Figure 2-10 Free body diagram and force polygon for slice 3 using Janbu's
method
The important points to learn from doing the Janbu method of analysis are:
1. The Janbu simplified method of analysis is identical to Bishop’s
method, except it satisfies only horizontal force equilibrium.
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Increasing the number of slices from 6 to 30 does make a difference in the factor of
safety. Increasing the number of slices beyond the default number of 30, however,
has very little effect. Try various numbers of slices and plot the factor of safely
against the number of slices as a learning exercise. Generally, SLOPE/W is
formulated in such a way that the results are insensitive to the number of slices,
provided that you use at least the default number of slices as a minimum.
Note that SLOPE/W does not divide the sliding mass into slices with a constant
width; the slice widths will vary. The procedure that SLOPE/W uses to select slice
widths is described in the Theory chapter of the SLOPE/W engineering book.
The important point to learn from this lesson is:
1. The number of slices used to discretize the potential slip surface can
affect the resulting factor of safety, but once you have a reasonable
number of slices, the factor of safety is insensitive to the number of
slices in the SLOPE/W formulation.
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Figure 2-11 Problem definition for finding the critical slip surface
Figure 2-12 shows the critical slip surface that was found. The overall minimum
factor of safety is 1.300 (using Bishop’s method). The minimum factors of safety
found at all other Grid center points have been contoured to assist with the
interpretation and presentation of the results. Note that the minimum value is
inside the Grid. This is often used as a guide to indicate that the minimum factor of
safety has been found, and that it does not lie outside the range of analyzed slip
surfaces.
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The position of the critical slip surface is dependent on the soil strength
parameters. If the soil cohesion is zero, the critical slip surface will tend be shallow
and parallel to the slope. If Phi (φ) is zero but cohesion is greater than zero (i.e., the
undrained case), the critical slip surface will tend to be very deep. It is a
worthwhile exercise for students to experiment with different combinations of
strength parameters to see the effect on the position of the critical slip surface.
As a broad observation, the position of the critical slip surface will be the most
realistic if you use realistic effective strength parameters.
The important points to learn from this lesson are:
1. The critical slip surface is found by analyzing a wide range of
potential slip surfaces and finding the one with the minimum factor
of safety.
2. When the critical slip surface center lies inside the Grid, it is often
an indication that the minimum factor of safety has been found, and
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that the true minimum does not lie outside the range of analyzed slip
surfaces.
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You can check what lambda value was used in the analysis by viewing the slice
forces or by graphing the interslice force function, as shown in Figure 2-14. The
specified interslice function is a constant 1.0 for each slice (implied by the Spencer
method), and the actual applied function is a constant value of 0.3896, meaning
that the interslice shear forces are 0.3896 times the interslice normal forces.
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Figure 2-15 shows a typical free body diagram and force polygon for the Spencer
analysis method. Notice that there are now both shear and normal forces on the
sides of the slice. On the left side, the ratio of shear to normal is 18.697/47.988 =
0.3896 and on the right side the ratio is 20.329/52.178 = 0.3896. Another
important observation is that the force polygon closure is now nearly perfect.
Again, this means that the forces applied on the slice put the slice in near-perfect
force equilibrium.
Figure 2-15 Free body and force polygon for Spencer method (slice 11)
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you can identify the factors of safety for several different methods. The
Morgenstern Price factor of safety occurs at the point on the plot where Fm is
equal to Ff, since this method satisfies both force and moment equilibrium. The
Bishop method satisfies only moment equilibrium and ignores interslice shear
forces. Since the zero interslice shear condition occurs when lambda is zero, the
Bishop factor of safety therefore lies on the moment equilibrium curve where
lambda is equal to zero. The Janbu simplified method satisfies only force
equilibrium and also ignores interslice shear forces; the Janbu factor of safety is
therefore the point on the force equilibrium curve where lambda is equal to zero.
It is important to note the slope of the moment and force equilibrium curves in
Figure 2-17. The moment curve is essentially flat, while the force curve is at a
significant slope. This means that moment equilibrium is insensitive to interslice
shear forces, while force equilibrium is quite sensitive to interslice shear forces.
Since the moment curve is so flat, the Bishop, Morgenstern-Price, and Spencer
factors of safety are very similar. The Janbu factor of safety is quite different from
the rest, however, since it is based only on force equilibrium. This explains some
of the observations made earlier about factors of safety for the different methods.
For more information on this topic, see the chapter in the SLOPE/W engineering
book that discusses the different Factor of Safety methods.
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2. The GLE method calculates both moment and force factors of safety
for all specified lambda values.
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When analyzing non-circular slip surfaces, you will notice that SLOPE/W
computes factors of safety for all specified methods, just like it does for circular
slip surfaces. This is true for the Ordinary and Bishop methods, even though they
are traditionally formulated and discussed in the literature only in terms of circular
slip surfaces. The important message here is that the difference between the
methods is not in the shape of the slip surface; the difference is in the interslice
force assumptions and what equilibrium equations each method satisfies.
Therefore, the Bishop method can be applied to non-circular slip surfaces just like
the Janbu, Spencer, or Morgenstern-Price methods.
The important points to learn in this lesson are:
1. Non-circular slip surfaces can be included in the SLOPE/W Student
Edition by adding a bedrock soil layer.
2. You can obtain factors of safety for any analysis method using non-
circular slip surfaces.
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3. Find the critical slip surface and factor of safety of the slope using
limit equilibrium (Use the Spencer method). Compare the computed
factor of safety with the finite element stability factor.
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Figure 2-19 Finite element mesh for SIGMA/W load deformation analysis
Figure 2-20 Slip surface definition for SLOPE/W finite element method
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3. Repeat the analysis, but do not use the SEEP/W total heads as the
pore-water pressures option. Instead, select “piezometric line” and
draw a horizontal piezometric surface that reflects the water table to
be at an elevation of 10 m. Determine the critical slip surface, factor
of safety and graph the pore-water pressure and strength along the
slip surface (Note how the negative pore-water pressures have been
ignored).
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Figure 2-21 Finite element mesh for SEEP/W pore-water pressure analysis
Basic Parameters
Layer Soil Model
Unit Weight Phi Cohesion
1 Mohr-Coulomb 18 25 5
2 Mohr-Coulomb 20 30 10
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3.1 Introduction
Figure 3-1 presents a schematic diagram of a seepage problem. The objective is to
examine the pore-water pressure conditions in the foundation beneath a water
retention structure and to estimate the seepage losses through the foundation.
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Water Retention
Structure
3m
5m
6m
3m
6m Cutoff Wall
1
K = 1 x 10-5 m/sec
15 m
Figure 3-1 A simple seepage problem of flow around a cutoff
1. Select GeoStudio2004 from the Start Programs menu under the GEO-
SLOPE folder. If you do not have a full-license mode to select, then
use the student mode. The viewer mode will allow you to set up a
problem, but it will not allow you to save or solve the problem. Please
ensure you are not using the viewer mode for this tutorial.
2. Once GeoStudio has been opened, choose New from the FILE pull
down menu. The following dialogue box will appear:
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3. Highlight the GeoStudio original settings and then select OK. The
following Analysis Selection dialogue box will appear.
4. Once the dialogue box opens, click on the box beside SEEP/W and
then select OK. You are now in SEEP/W DEFINE.
It is assumed that you are readily familiar with the fundamentals of the Windows
environment such as using pull-down menus. If you are not, then you will first need to
learn how to navigate within the Windows environment before learning how to use
SEEP/W. The SEEP/W tutorial does not provide instructions on the fundamentals of using
Windows. You will have to get this information from other documentation.
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1. Click in the check box beside the Standard toolbar several times to
“flash” the standard toolbar on and off. Once you have located where
the Standard toolbar is located in the GeoStudio environment, ensure
the check box is selected, then move onto the next toolbar option (i.e.,
Analysis) and repeat the procedure to learn the name and location of
each toolbar within GeoStudio.
Before exiting this dialogue box, ensure the Show ToolTips box has been selected as tool
tips are very helpful when you are learning a new GeoStudio program. The tool tips appear
when the cursor is held over a toolbar icon.
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1. Choose Page from the Set menu. The Set Page dialog box appears.
The Printer Page group box displays the name of the printer selected and the
printing space available on a single printer page. This information is presented to
help you define a working area that will print properly.
2. Select mm in the Page Units group box.
3. Type 260 in the Working Area Width edit box. Press the TAB key to
move to the next edit box.
5. Select OK.
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1. Choose Scale from the Set menu. The following dialog box appears:
3. Unselect the Lock Scales check box to activate the Maximum Problem
Extents fields. Type 20 in the Maximum x edit box, and type 15 in the
Maximum y edit box.
4. Reselect the Lock Scales check box to activate the Horizontal and
Vertical Scales fields. Type 100 in the Horz. Edit box and 100 in the
Vert. edit box. Note the problem extents in the horizontal direction
will adjust accordingly.
5. Select OK.
Since the problem is defined in terms of meters and kN, the unit weight of water
must be 9.807 kN/m3, which is the default value when the engineering dimensions
are defined in meters.
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helps ensure regions are created using precise coordinates. Suitable grid spacing in
this example is 1 meter.
¾ To set and display the grid:
1. Choose Grid from the Set menu. The Set Grid dialog box will appear.
The actual grid spacing on the screen will be a distance of 10 mm between each
grid point. This value is displayed in the Actual Grid Spacing group box.
4. Check the Display Grid check box.
6. Select OK.
The grid is displayed in the DEFINE window. As you move the cursor in the
window, the coordinates of the nearest grid point (in engineering units) are
displayed in the status bar.
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The data may be saved at any time during a problem definition session. It is good
practice to save the data frequently.
¾ To save the data to a file:
1. Choose Save from the File menu. The following dialog box will
appear.
3. Select Save. The data will be saved to the file SEEP Tutorial.GSZ.
Once it is saved, the file name is displayed in the DEFINE window
title bar.
The file name may include a drive name and directory path. If you do not include a
path, the file will be saved in the directory name displayed in the Save In box.
All GeoStudio files have a GSZ file name extension. SEEP/W will add the
extension to the file name if it is not specified. If you have several different
GeoStudio modules, it is likely wise to be descriptive in your file name, i.e., if you
had simply called this SEEP/W tutorial example TUTORIAL.GSZ and then
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Sketch axes
Sketching an axis facilitates sketching the problem as well as viewing the final
profile and interpreting the results. The Snap to Grid option should still be
activated. Drawing an axis with the Snap to Grid feature enabled will allow you to
define an evenly-spaced region for the axis.
¾ To sketch an axis:
1. Choose Axes from the Sketch menu. The following dialog box
appears:
2. Check the Left Axis, Bottom Axis, and Axis Numbers check boxes in
the Display group box if they are not already checked. The Top Axis
and Right Axis check boxes should be unchecked.
An X-axis will be sketched along the bottom side of the specified region and a Y
axis will be sketched along the left side of the specified region.
3. Type an appropriate title for the bottom X-axis in the Bottom X edit
box.
4. Type an appropriate title for the left Y-axis in the Left Y edit box.
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5. Select OK. The cursor will change from an arrow to a cross-hair, and
"Sketch Axes" will be added to the status bar, indicating the mode in
which you are operating.
6. Move the cursor near position (0,0). Hold the left mouse button down,
but do not release it. As you move the mouse, a rectangle appears.
7. "Drag" the mouse near (15,10), and release the left mouse button.
An axis is generated within the region. The View Preferences command allows
you to change the font and the size of the axis numbers. For more information
about this command, see View Preferences in the on-line help.
The number of increments along each axis is calculated by SEEP/W when the axis
is generated. Choose the Set Axes command if you wish to override these values.
1. In the Zoom toolbar, click on the Zoom Objects button with the left
mouse button. The working area is then maximized and displayed in
the DEFINE window.
2. Choose Lines from the Sketch menu. A dialogue box will appear
which can be used to alter the appearance of a sketch line, creating a
thick or thin line with arrow heads. Notice the cursor has changed
from an arrow to a cross-hair and the status bar indicates that "Sketch
Lines" is the current operating mode.
3. Leave the dialogue box untouched. Using the mouse, move the cursor
near position (0,0), as indicated in the status bar at the bottom of the
window, and click the left mouse button. As soon as the mouse is
clicked, the dialogue box will disappear and the cursor snaps to the
grid point at (0,0). As you move the mouse, a line is drawn from (0,0)
to the new cursor position.
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The cursor position (in engineering units) is always displayed in the status bar. It is
updated as you move the cursor with the mouse.
4. Move the cursor near (15,0) and click the left mouse button. The
cursor snaps to (15,0) and a line is drawn from (0,0) to (15,0). You
may not be able to see the line as it lies directly over the x-axis, but the
line exists and will be present if in the future the axis is ever deleted or
hidden.
5. Move the cursor near (15,6) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (15,0) to (15,6).
6. Move the cursor near (0,6) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (15,6) to (0,6).
7. Move the cursor near (0,0) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (0,6) to (0,0).
8. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching lines. The cursor will
change from a cross-hair back to an arrow; and you are back in Work
Mode.
9. In the Zoom Toolbar, click on the Zoom Page button with the left
mouse button to view the size of the sketch in relation to the working
page. Return to the Zoom Toolbar and reselect Zoom Objects to
continue drawing the sketch details.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
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10
7
Elevation (m)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Distance (m)
If you sketch a line in the wrong position, use the Modify Objects command to move it. For
more information about this command, see the on-line help.
You should now know how to sketch a line. Sketch the dam in the same way you
sketched the foundation:
1. Choose Sketch Lines.
2. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (6,6), (6,10),
(7,10), and (10,6).
2. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (7,6), (7,3), (8,3),
and (8,6).
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2. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (0,9) and (6,9).
3. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching the reservoir line.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
10
7
Elevation (m)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Distance (m)
1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu. The following dialog
box appears.
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2. Type in any appropriate text in the Title edit box and the Comments
edit box.
3. Select OK.
This information will be written to all data input and output files.
1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu and select the Type
property sheet tab. The following dialog box will appear:
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3. Select OK.
1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu and select the Control
property sheet tab. The following dialog box will appear:
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3. Select OK.
A series of engineering books have been written as supporting documentation for each
GeoStudio product. These books are available in PDF format within GeoStudio and a link
can be found on the Start Page. At any time during development or analysis of a simulation
you can gain access to this important resource by clicking on the Show Start Page icon
which appears in the Analysis Toolbar on the left side of the screen in GeoStudio.
One of the restrictions of the student version is that functions can only be defined
using two points, while many points can be used to define a function in the
professional version. Since the hydraulic conductivity function is characteristically
S-shaped, an excellent approximation of the complete function can be achieved by
creating a two-point function which marks the curvature points as shown in Figure
3-2. The two points represent the conductivity that exists at the air-entry value and
residual soil suction.
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3. Type 1 in the Function Number edit box if it does not already exist and
select Edit. The following dialog box will appear:
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4. If you wish, you can type a description for your soil in the Description
edit box. For example, type Foundation Soil. The function name is
helpful when later choosing a function to edit or import.
Now input the two-point function which will represent the hydraulic conductivity
function.
5. Type 1 in the Data Coordinates # edit box, -10 in the Pressure edit
box, and 1e-5 in the Conductivity edit box.
6. Select Copy. The values you typed in the edit boxes will be written
into the list box, creating the first function point.
7. Type 2 in the # edit box, -100 in the Pressure edit box, and 1e-7 in the
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As data points are written to the list box, SEEP/W automatically sorts the data,
placing the smallest number at the top of the list.
9. Select View to display a graph of the conductivity function.
The graph window contains tools for moving points, adding more points, copying
the graph to the Windows clipboard, and printing the graph. For more information
about these tools, see the on-line Help.
10. Click on the X in the upper-right corner of the graph window. This
closes the graph window.
11. Select OK in the KeyIn Edit Conductivity Functions dialog box from
Step 3. This saves the points data for Function 1.
12. Select Done in the KeyIn Conductivity Functions dialog box from
Step 2.
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There are many more features of the KeyIn Hydraulic Conductivity command that
are not discussed in this section. See the on-line help for details on these features.
• conductivity function #1
• no volumetric water content function
• hydraulic conductivity ratio is 1.0
• angle of the major hydraulic conductivity is 0.
¾ To define the properties of Material 1:
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2. Type 1 in the # edit box to indicate that you are defining Material 1.
3. Click the down arrow beside the K-Fn # edit box. A drop-down list
appears, containing the numbers of all defined conductivity functions.
Select 1 from the list.
By default, the W.C. Fn # is zero, the K-Ratio is 1.0, and the K-Direction is 0.0.
Leave these values unchanged, since these are the values you will use for this
material.
4. Select Copy. The values contained in the edit boxes will be copied
into the list box, creating the material.
1. Choose Regions from the Draw menu. The cursor will change to a
crosshair. Move the cursor near (0,6) and click the left mouse button.
SEEP/W snaps to the grid and creates a region point (Point #1) at this
position. As you move the mouse, a red line is drawn from the Point to
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6. Move the cursor back to (0,6), and click. The first region will be
created, a default mesh will be generated within the region and the
following Region Properties dialogue box will appear.
7. In the Material Tab of the Regions Property dialog box, ensure the
Material Type is 1 and the Mesh Pattern is Structured Quad.
8. Click on the Elements Tab. Confirm that the default Quad Integration
order is 4 and the Element Thickness is 1.
9. Click on the Edges Tab, skipping the Opening Tab since we are not
creating an opening or hole in the mesh. The following dialogue box
will appear.
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10. Click on one of the Edge Subdivisons and notice that the
corresponding Region Edge in the DEFINE window will be identified
with a thick red line. Select Edge 1,2 which should be the top edge of
the region (under the upstream reservoir). Type 14 in the Min. box and
select Copy.
11. Highlight Edge 2,3. Type 6 in the Min. Edit box and select Copy.
12. Highlight Edge 3,4. Type 6 in the Min. Edit box and select Copy.
You can either select the Edge within the list window or click directly on the Edge in the
profile.
The region should now be discretized with 14 elements in the x-direction and 12
elements in the y-direction creating a total of 168 elements. Notice that while the
Minimum Edge Subdivision was not explicitly defined for all the available Edges,
the Actual number of divisions has been automatically adjusted.
13. Click Close.
14. Right-click the mouse to exit the Draw regions mode. The cursor will
change from a cross-hair back to an arrow and the node numbers will
appear.
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Notice that both the nodes and the elements have been automatically sorted in the
vertical direction. After you have completed the above steps, your screen should
look like the following picture.
The above procedure will now be repeated to generate elements in the remaining
two regions.
¾ To generate the second region:
1. Choose Regions from the Draw menu. The cursor will change to a
crosshair. Move the cursor near (7,0) and click.
5. Move the cursor back to (7,0), and click. The second region will be
created, a default mesh will be generated within the region and the
Region Properties dialogue box will appear
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6. Click Close to accept the mesh. This time, do not right-click to exit the
Draw regions mode, just continue onto the next step to draw the third
and final region.
¾ To generate the last region:
1. Move the cursor near and click at the following locations (8,0), (8,3),
(8,6), (15,6), (15,0), (8,0). The Regions Properties dialogue will appear
and a default mesh will be generated.
3. Click on the line between Region points 6 and 8. Note that the
corresponding Edge Subdivision has been selected in the Region
Properties dialogue box. Type 6 in the Min. edit field. Click Copy.
4. Click on Edge 8,9 either on the screen or within the dialogue box.
Type 14 in the Min. edit field. Click Copy.
5. Click Close. Right click the mouse to exit the Draw regions mode.
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After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
The Preferences group box can be used to check or un-check any of the options in
the Items to View group box.
The Font size and type can be set for node, point, region and element numbers as well as
the axes using the Font Size group box options. Checking the Convert All Sketch Text
Fonts option and selecting a font will convert all of the sketch text to the corresponding
font. The check box will remain inactive unless a sketch text has been created and placed.
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3. Under Mesh Information, click in the check box and unselect Element
Numbers. Select OK.
You can also select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
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3. Type 9 in the Action edit box to specify the total head at the base of
the reservoir,.
4. Click the left mouse button near Node 13 which is the top, left corner
of the mesh. The cursor snaps to Node 13 and the node symbol is
changed to a red circle, indicating the node is a head boundary.
Node boundary conditions can therefore be defined both by clicking on each node
individually and by dragging a rectangle around a group of nodes. Another way of
specifying boundary nodes is to hold down the SHIFT key and select nodes along
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any straight line. See the Draw Boundary Conditions command reference in the
on-line help for more information.
6. Type 6 in the Action edit box to specify the total head at the ground
surface downstream of the dam
The other boundary conditions for this simulation include a total flux of zero
across every external node that does not have an assigned head boundary. Since all
nodes are Q=0 nodes by default, meaning that the flow into the nodes must equal
the flow out of these nodes, it is unnecessary to define Q = 0 boundaries around the
perimeter of the problem. There is no harm in assigning this boundary condition, it
just is not required.
1. Turn off the grid by choosing Grid under the Set Menu and un-
checking the Snap to Grid option or by clicking on the Snap Grid
button on the Grid toolbar. You do not have to turn off the display grid
feature if using the Set Grid approach so the grid will still appear on
the screen but the snap feature will be disabled. If you use Snap Grid
Button on the toolbar, both the display grid and snap to grid features
will be disabled
2. Choose Flux Sections from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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3. Use the default value in the Section Number box. It should be set to 1.
4. Select OK. The cursor will change from an arrow to a cross-hair and
the status bar will indicate that "Draw Flux Sections" is the current
operating mode.
5. Using the mouse, move the cursor near position (7.25,-0.5), below the
cutoff wall and below the bottom boundary of the mesh. Click the left
mouse button. As you move the mouse, a dashed black line is drawn
from (7.25,-0.5) to the new cursor position.
7. Move the cursor near (7.5,3.5), just above the base of the cutoff wall,
and click the left mouse button. A blue dashed line is drawn,
indicating a flux section along this area.
8. Click the right mouse button to finish defining this flux section.
To help you draw the flux section across relatively small elements, you can play
around with the Zoom Toolbar. After you click on the Zoom Objects button in the
Zoom toolbar, your screen should look like the following:
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SEEP/W performs a number of checks on the node and element data, including
filling any missing node numbers. Messages appear in the dialog list box stating
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which verification step is being performed. Error messages will also appear in the
list box if necessary. The following messages appear in the dialog box:
Finish DEFINE
The problem definition is now complete. Choose File Save to save the SEEP
Tutorial.GSZ data file to your hard drive or disk.
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Alternatively, you can start SOLVE by clicking SOLVE under the Tools Menu.
Start solving
To start solving the problem, click on the Start button in the SOLVE window.
A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress.
Information about the computations is displayed in a list box in the SOLVE
window while the problem is being solved.
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Finish SOLVE
You have now finished solving the problem. Click on either the Minimize or Close
button in the top-right corner of the SOLVE window to reduce the window to an
icon or to exit from SOLVE.
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Once you are in CONTOUR, a DEFINE button will appear in the Analysis toolbar.
To return to DEFINE, just click on this button
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You can view different parts of the drawing by choosing Preferences from the
View menu or choosing items on the View Preference toolbar.
Since the nodes and elements do not need to be displayed, choose View
Preferences and uncheck the Nodes and Elements check boxes, and select OK.
Alternatively, uncheck these items on the View Preferences toolbar that extends
down the right side of the screen.
Draw contours
¾ To draw contours of the results:
1. Select Contours from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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By default, Total Head is the parameter that will be contoured, and default contour
values are displayed in the edit boxes. If you wish to change these values, select a
different parameter from the Contour Parameter drop-down list box or type new
contour values in the edit boxes.
The range of the total head data is from 6 to 9, as displayed in the Data Range
group box.
2. Click on Apply to generate and view the contours.
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Each contour interval is shaded a different color. You can alter the shading with
the Contour Shading controls in the Draw Contours dialog box. You can try
various Methods, and Start and End Colors to see the effect. After each new
selection, click Apply to see what you get. Finally, click on Cancel to return to the
default shading you created earlier.
1. Choose Vectors from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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3. Type 15 in the Length edit box. The longest vector drawn will be 15
mm.
4. Select OK.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and "Draw Contour Labels" is
displayed on the status bar to indicate the current mode.
3. Move the cursor to a convenient point on a contour, and click the left
mouse button.
The contour value appears on the contour. If you wish to remove the contour label,
simply re-click on the label, and the label disappears. Click again, and the label
will re-appear.
4. Repeat Step 3 for as many contours as you wish.
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After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look similar to the
following:
The View Preferences command allows you to change the font and the size of the contour
values.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and "Draw Flux Labels" appears
on the status bar to indicate the current mode.
2. Move the cursor to a convenient point on the flux section, and click
the left mouse button.
The value of the total flux across the section appears on the section. If you wish to
remove the flux label, simply re-click on the label, and the label disappears. If you
wish to place the label elsewhere on the section, click again on a different part of
the flux section.
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The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and "Draw Flow Paths" appears
on the status bar to indicate the current mode.
2. Move the cursor to a point somewhere in the middle of the flow region
and click the left mouse button.
Sometimes the paths will encounter a zone with little or no flow and SEEP/W will
not be able to complete the path. You will see a warning message if this occurs.
4. Click the right mouse button to finish drawing flow paths
5. To see the flow paths more clearly, click on the View Contour Lines
and View Flux Section icons to turn the contour lines and flux section
results off.
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Flow paths drawn by SEEP/W are NOT flow lines or stream lines as in a traditional flow
net. They are simply a graphical representation of a path that a drop of water would follow
from the entrance to exit point.
2. Click on the Print button in the Standard Toolbar or select Print from
the File Menu. The following dialog box appears:
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You can also print a select portion of the profile by using the Print Selected
command under the File Menu or from the Standard Toolbar. Your cursor will
change to a cross-hair and you can drag a box around the area you want to print.
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1. Choose Node Information from the View menu. The nodes are
displayed on the drawing, and the following dialog box appears:
2. Click on any node to see the results computed at the node. The
following information is displayed in the dialog box:
3. To see all the information that was computed at the node, scroll
through the list box.
4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all nodes at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
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The parameters that SEEP/W computes at the nodes are total head, pressure, and
pressure head. The remaining parameters, such as conductivity and velocity, are
computed at the Gauss regions and projected to the nodes by CONTOUR for
display purposes.
¾ To see results at Gauss regions:
1. Choose Element Information from the View menu. The View Element
Information dialog box is displayed.
2. Click within any element Gauss region to see the results computed at
the element Gauss point. The element Gauss region is selected on the
drawing, and the following information is displayed in the dialog box:
3. To see all the information that was computed at the element Gauss
region, scroll through the list box.
4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all elements at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
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5. Select Done when you are finished displaying the element Gauss
region information.
1. Choose Graph from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
2. In the Graph Type group box, select Pressure from the first drop-down
list box, and select X-Coordinate from the second drop-down list box.
Moving the mouse pointer outside of the dialog box will change the pointer to a
large black pointer indicating you are in a selection mode. This is used to select the
nodes from which to generate the graph,
3. If the snap-to-grid is currently displayed, turn it off by clicking on the
Snap Grid button in the Grid toolbar.
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4. Move the cursor near the node at the top-left corner of the mesh. Hold
down the left mouse button and drag a rectangle over all the nodes
along the top of the mesh. The selected nodes are shown in reverse
video with a black square around the node.
5. Click on the Graph button in the Draw Graph dialog box. The
following graph will be displayed.
The pressure on the base of the dam drops from 27.3 kPa to 4.48 kPa across the
cutoff. You can look at the numerical values at each node with the View Node
Information command.
6. Select File Print from the Graph window menu if you wish to print the
graph on the default printer. Select Edit Copy from the Graph window
menu if you wish to copy the graph to the Windows Clipboard for
importing into other applications.
7. Select File Close in the Graph Window or click on the X in the upper-
right hand corner of the Graph Window to close the window.
8. Select Done from the Draw Graph dialog box to finish with the
graphing.
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See the Draw Graph command reference in the on-line help for a complete
discussion of the CONTOUR graphing capabilities, since there are other features
of the command that have not been discussed in this section.
You have reached the end of this introductory learning session. You have learned
sufficient concepts to give you a general understanding of the operation and
capability of SEEP/W. Not all of the powerful features of SEEP/W have been used
in this learning session, nor have all of the technical details been discussed about
the features that have been used. Details about each command can be found in the
on-line help and in the supporting documentation for SEEP/W.
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2. What is the amount of flow that will occur through the soil under the
cutoff?
3. Plot the final head contours and draw some flow paths on top of the
head contours.
5. Rerun the simulation with a new Ksat of your choice. Does changing
the Ksat change the head or pressure distributions?
Given:
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15
Concrete dam
with
Depth (m)
cutoff wall
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Distance (m)
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Given:
15
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Distance (m)
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is used to define a dipping system. In this type of system, the flow is not in the
horizontal and vertical direction, but is in the x’ and y’ direction, therefore, the
hydraulic conductivities are referred to as Kx’ and Ky’. The following example
will highlight the phenomena of an anisotropic flow system.
Required:
1. Two scenarios, 3a) K-ratio = 0.1 and 3b) K-ratio= 10
2. What does the flow system for each K-ratio look like?
3. What is the total flow around the cutoff for the two scenarios?
Given:
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3. What is the difference between total flux rates through the dam?
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simulation.
Given:
2. How does the flux through the dam change as the permeability of
the core is decreased?
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Given:
• Figure 3-7 shows the dimensions of the dam. Note the inclusion of a
toe blanket drain.
• Table 3-3 shows the Ksat values for both the embankment and the core
material. Define one function (i.e., steep function from Lesson 4) and
then use this function for both materials, only varying the saturated
conductivity rates to obtain the relative difference required between
the two soils. The best approach here is to import the function used in
lesson 4 or create the function once, then copy the data and paste it
into a second function and change the Ksat.
Modeling Hints
You may need to play with the convergence criteria for these simulations. Make
sure that the max number of iterations is set high enough to reach your desired
tolerance.
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Given:
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Figure 3-8 Profile used to model leakage from a clay lined pond
Pressure K Pressure K
(kPa) (m/s) (kPa) (m/s)
-10 5.0E-08 -2 1.0E-06
-200 1.0E-11 -70 1.0E-09
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appropriately represent the PVC drain and to experiment with different lysimeter
designs (i.e., wall heights) until you can be ensured that the lysimeter will provide
reliable results.
Required:
1. Develop an appropriate finite element mesh to represent a
homogenous sandy soil which has been covered by a 0.5 m clay cap.
Incorporate into the mesh the presence of a pan lysimeter
(approximately 25 to 35 cm deep) about 2.5 m below the ground
surface.
Given:
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Pressure K Pressure K
(kPa) (m/s) (kPa) (m/s)
-4 5.0E-08 -2 1.0E-06
-45 9.0E-09 -50 1.0E-09
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3. Repeat the analysis, but do not use the SEEP/W total heads as the
pore-water pressures option. Instead, select “piezometric line” and
draw a horizontal piezometric surface that reflects the water table to
be at an elevation of 10 m. Determine the critical slip surface, factor
of safety and graph the pore-water pressure and strength along the
slip surface (Note how the negative pore-water pressures have been
ignored).
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Figure 3-10 Finite element mesh for SEEP/W pore-water pressure analysis
Basic Parameters
Layer Soil Model
Unit Weight Phi Cohesion
1 Mohr-Coulomb 18 25 5
2 Mohr-Coulomb 20 30 10
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4 SIGMA/W Tutorial
This chapter introduces you to SIGMA/W by presenting the step-by-step
procedures involved in analyzing a simple stress/deformation problem. By
executing each step in the sequence presented, you will be able to define a
problem, solve the problem, and view the results. By completing this exercise, you
can quickly obtain an overall understanding of the features and operations of
SIGMA/W.
To solve this problem in this tutorial, you do not need to have purchased a full
license. The tutorial lessons for each product within GeoStudio excluding
VADOSE/W (i.e., CTRAN/W, SIGMA/W, SEEP/W, QUAKE/W, TEMP/W and
SLOPE/W) can be set up, solved and analyzed using the student license. Once you
have completed the tutorial lesson and are familiar with the commands, you can
continue to learn how to model specific cases by analyzing additional Student
Edition Lessons. These problems can be defined and solved using the free Student
license included with each GeoStudio product.
4.1 Introduction
The problem is to estimate the settlement of a circular, water-filled tank. The tank
is 10 m in diameter and 4 m high. It has a completely flexible base, and the applied
pressure on the ground when the tank is full is 40 kPa. The upper 5 m of soil has
an undrained modulus E of 3000 kPa, and the lower 20 m of soil has an E modulus
of 4000 kPa. Since the problem is symmetrical about the vertical center-line of the
tank, the required finite element grid extends out from the tank center-line (the
center-line is at the zero x-coordinate). Figure 4-1 shows a schematic diagram of
the problem, including the foundation region considered in the analysis.
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2. Once GeoStudio has been opened, choose New from the File pull
down menu. The following dialogue box will appear:
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4. Click in the check box beside SIGMA/W and then select OK. You
are now in SIGMA/W DEFINE.
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It is assumed that you are readily familiar with the fundamentals of the Windows
environment. If you are not, then you will first need to learn how to navigate within the
Windows environment before learning how to use SIGMA/W. The SIGMA/W tutorial does
not provide instructions on the fundamentals of using Windows. You will have to get this
information from other documentation.
1. Click in the check box beside the Standard toolbar several times to
“flash” the standard toolbar on and off. Once you have located
where the Standard toolbar is located in the GeoStudio environment,
ensure the check box is selected, then move onto the next toolbar
option (i.e., Analysis) and repeat the procedure to learn the name
and location of each toolbar within GeoStudio.
Before exiting this dialogue box, ensure the Show ToolTips box has been selected as tool
tips are very helpful when you are learning a new GeoStudio program. The tool tips appear
when the cursor is held over a toolbar icon.
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1. Choose Page from the Set menu. The Set Page dialog box appears.
The Printer Page group box displays the name of the printer selected and the
printing space available on one printer page. This information is presented to help
you define a working area that will print properly.
2. Select mm in the Page Units group box.
3. Type 250 in the Working Area Width edit box. Press the TAB key to
move to the next edit box.
5. Select OK.
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1. Choose Scale from the Set pull-down menu. The Set Scale dialogue
box appears.
3. Unselect the Lock Scales check box. Notice that the Scale edit fields
will become grayed out and the maximum x and y extents edit fields
will become active.
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Minimum x: -3 Minimum y: -3
Maximum x: 40 Maximum y: 30
The Horz. 1: scale will change to 172 and the Vert. 1: scale to 165. Now you know
an approximate convenient scale. It is undesirable to work at an uneven scale. An
even scale of 1:175 in both directions appears acceptable for this problem.
5. Check the Lock Scales box to activate the scale fields and to lock
the maximum extents.
6. Type 175 in the Horz. 1: edit box, and type 175 in the Vert. 1: edit
box.
The Maximum x will change to 40.75 and the Maximum y will change to 32. This
means that at a scale of 1:175, the allowable problem extents are from -3 to
40.75 m in the x direction and from -3 to 32 m in the y direction for the previously
selected working area 250 mm wide and 200 mm high.
7. Select OK.
The Unit Weight of Water and the air pressure are not required, although the
default values of 9.807 kN/m3 and 101.33 kPa will be displayed when the units are
selected as meters.
1. Choose Set Grid from the DEFINE menu. The Set Grid dialog box
will appear.
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The actual grid spacing on the screen will be a distance of 5.7 mm between each
grid point when the Zoom is at 100%. This value is displayed in the Actual Grid
Spacing group box.
3. Check the Display Grid check box.
5. Select OK.
The grid is displayed in the DEFINE window. As you move the cursor in the
window, the coordinates of the nearest grid point (in engineering units) are
displayed in the status bar at the lower right corner of the screen.
1. Choose Save from the File menu. The following dialog box appears.
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The file name may include a drive name and directory path. If you do not include a
path, the file will be saved in the directory name displayed in the Save In box.
All GeoStudio files have a GSZ file name extension. SIGMA/W will add the
extension to the file name if it is not specified. If you have several different
GeoStudio modules, it is likely wise to be descriptive in your file name, i.e., if you
had simply called this SIGMA/W tutorial example TUTORIAL.GSZ and then
completed a SLOPE/W tutorial example which you also called TUTORIAL.GSZ,
one file would replace the other if they were saved to the same directory.
The next time you choose File Save, the file will be saved without first bringing up
the Save File As dialog box. This is because a file name is already specified.
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Sketch axis
Sketching an axis facilitates sketching the problem as well as viewing and
interpreting the results. The Snap to Grid option should still be activated. Drawing
an axis with the Snap to Grid feature enabled will allow you to define an evenly-
spaced region for the axis.
¾ To sketch an axis:
1. Choose Axes from the Sketch menu. The following dialog box
appears:
2. Ensure the Left Axis, Bottom Axis and Axis Numbers check boxes
in the Display group box are selected. The Top Axis and Right Axis
check boxes should be unchecked.
3. Type an appropriate title for the bottom X-axis in the Bottom X edit
box.
4. Type an appropriate title for the left Y-axis in the left Y edit box.
6. Move the cursor near position (0,0). Hold the left mouse button
down, but do not release it. As you move the mouse, a rectangle
appears.
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7. Using the coordinates that appear in the status bar on the bottom
right corner of the GeoStudio window as a guide, “Drag” the mouse
near (38, 25) and release the left mouse button.
1. In the toolbar, click on the Zoom Page button with the left mouse
button.
4. Move the cursor up near (0,25) and click the left mouse button. The
cursor snaps to (0,25) and a line is drawn from (0,0) to (0,25).
5. Move the cursor to the right near (38,25) and click the left mouse
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6. Move the cursor down near (38,0) and click the left mouse button. A
line is drawn from (38,25) to (38,0).
7. Move the cursor back to (0,0) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (38,0) to (0,0).
8. Click the right mouse button or press ESC to finish sketching a line.
The cursor will change from a cross-hair back to an arrow; you are
then back in Work Mode.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
If you sketch a line in the wrong position, use the Modify Objects command to move it. For
more information about this command, see the on-line help.
You should now know how to sketch a line. Sketch the tank in the same way you
sketched the foundation:
1. Choose Sketch Lines.
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2. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (0,25), (0,29),
(5,29), and (5,25).
3. Click the right mouse button or press ESC to finish sketching the
tank.
4. In the tool bar, click on the Zoom Objects tool with the left mouse
button.
The drawing is enlarged so that the lines you just sketched fill the DEFINE
window. If you are using a mouse with a scroll wheel, you can zoom in and out of
the drawing by moving the scroll wheel.
Sketch the stratigraphic boundary line in the same way:
1. Choose Sketch Lines.
2. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (0,20) and then
at (38,20).
3. Click the right mouse button or press ESC to finish sketching the
boundary line.
¾ To label the tank:
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3. To specify the size of the text, select the Font button. The following
dialog box appears:
4. Select 24 in the Size list box and select OK in the Font dialog box.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair and the status bar indicates that
"Sketch Text" is the current operating mode.
6. Click the left mouse button at approximately (1,26).
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
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1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn pull down menu. The
following dialog box appears.
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2. Type in any appropriate text in the Title edit box and the Comments
edit box.
This information will be written to all data input and output files. Leave the
dialogue box open.
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selected in the Type group box and the Adjust Fill to Design
Elevation option should be unchecked.
4. Select OK.
1. Choose Material Properties from the KeyIn pull down menu. The
following dialog box appears, containing one default material:
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2. To define the upper soil layer, click on Material #1 in the list box.
The values for Material #1 are copied into the edit boxes below the
list box.
3. Click the down arrow beside the Model edit box. A drop-down list
appears, containing the different soil models available. Select
Linear-Elastic from the list.
The E Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio edit boxes appear in the dialog box.
4. Type 4000 in the E Modulus edit box.
In the Parameter Type drop-down list box, leave it set to the default selection
(Total).
6. Select Copy .
The new parameter values for Material #1 are copied from the edit boxes into the
list box. A default colour (yellow) has been assigned to Material #1.
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7. Type 2 in the # edit box to indicate that you are now defining
Material 2 (the bottom soil layer).
Linear-Elastic and Total should already by selected as the soil model and drainage
type for Material 2.
10. Select Copy.
The values contained in the edit boxes are copied into the list box, creating a
second material. A default colour (green) has been assigned to Material #2. The
dialog box should look like the following:
By omitting the entries for the A- and B- functions, we are not calculating the change in
pore-water pressure in response to the change in total stress in the soil.
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Draw regions
For this problem the finite element mesh will be generated in four regions. All
elements will be quadrilaterals. 8-noded elements will be used near the tank while
4-noded elements will be used in the remainder of the grid. The first two regions
will be defined as Material 1, and the last two regions will be defined as
Material 2. The problem could be defined in only 2 regions (Material #1 and
Material #2) if all the elements within each region were all going to have the same
number of nodes (i.e., all higher order elements). The number of nodes created in
the development of a finite element mesh is directly proportional to the time
required to solve the problem and the file size so it is prudent to use secondary
nodes only when necessary.
¾ To draw the first region of the problem
1. Choose Regions from the Draw menu. The cursor will change to a
crosshair and “Draw regions” will appear to the status bar,
indicating the mode in which you are operating.
2. Move the cursor near (0,0) and click the left mouse button.
SIGMA/W snaps to the grid and creates a region point (Point #1) at
this position. As you move the mouse, a red line is drawn from the
Point to the new cursor position.
6. Move the cursor back to (0,0) and click. The first region will be
created, the soil colour associated with Soil #1 will appear by default
and the following Region Properties dialogue box will appear:
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8. Select the Elements Tab and click in the check box beside
“secondary nodes” as shown below:
The default subdivisions associated with each edge of Region 1 appears. Edge 1,2
is already selected and the associated values for this edge appear in the edit boxes.
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11. Select Copy to write this new value to the list box.
12. Select Close. Your screen should look like the following:
Region #1 has now been created but note that the cursor is still a cross-hair and the
current operating mode in the status bar is “Draw regions”.
¾ To draw the second region of the problem
4. Move the cursor near (10,0) and click. The second region will be
created with a default mesh, and the Region Properties dialogue box
will once again appear.
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5. Select the Elements Tab and ensure the secondary nodes box is
unchecked.
6. Select the Edges Tab. Edge 3,4 should have a Min subdivision value
of 5. Highlight Edge 4,5 and type 7 in the Min edit box. Select Copy
to write this information to the list box. Your screen should look like
the following:
7. Select Close.
Region #2 has now been created but note that the cursor is still a cross-hair and the
current operating mode in the status bar is “Draw regions”.
1. Define Region #3 by clicking on points (0,20), (0,25), (10,25), (10,
20) and (0,20). The Regions Properties dialogue box will reappear.
On the Material Tab, select “2” from the drop down menu beside
Material Type as shown below:
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2. Select the Elements Tab and select the secondary nodes check box.
3. Select the Edges Tab. Highlight Edge 2,7. Type 5 in the Min. edit
box.
4. Select Copy.
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2. In the Regions Property dialogue box select the Material Tab, select
“2” from the drop down menu. Select the Elements Tab and ensure
the secondary nodes option is unchecked.
3. Select Close.
4. Click the right mouse button to exit from “Draw regions” mode.
At this point, the problem has been completely discretized and should look like the
following:
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box appears:
The Preferences group box can be used to check or un-check any of the options
found in the Items to View group box. The Font size and type can be set for points,
regions, nodes, elements and axes using the Font Size group box options. Checking
the Convert All Sketch Text Fonts option and selecting a font will convert all of
the sketch text to the corresponding font.
2. In the Items To View group box under Mesh Information, check the
Node Numbers check box to display node numbers on the drawing
4. Select OK.
You can also select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
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• Along the left vertical boundary, the soil cannot move in the x
direction but is free to move in the y-direction.
• Along the exposed ground surface, the soil is free to move in both
the x and y directions.
¾ To specify the pressure boundary conditions applied by the tank:
1. Use the Zoom In button on the Zoom Toolbar to bring the area
under the tank into closer view so you can see the node numbers.
2. Choose Edge Boundary Conditions from the Draw menu. The cursor
changes from an arrow to a cross-hair and the status bar indicates
that “Draw Edge Boundary Conditions” is the current mode. The
following dialog box appears:
3. Select Normal/Tan Stress from the drop down menu in the Type
edit box. Both stresses are defaulted to 0.0.
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5. Move the cursor near the top left corner of the mesh (-1, 26) and
hold the left mouse button down.
6. Drag the mouse along the top of the mesh so that a rectangle
encompasses all the edges along the bottom of the tank (Node
numbers 21,32, 53, 64, 85, 96, 117, 128, 149, 160 and 181). Then,
release the left mouse button.
Blue arrows are drawn pointing in a normal direction to the selected edges,
indicating that a normal force is applied at these edges. A thick, blue line is
displayed indicating that the pressure is being applied along the edge of the
elements.
7. Click the right mouse button (or select Done) to finish defining the
tank pressure boundary conditions.
8. Use the Zoom Objects button on the Zoom Toolbar to ensure all
defined objects appear within the view window.
¾ To specify the x condition at the upper left corner of the mesh:
3. Click on the upper left corner of the mesh (Node 21), and a zero-
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Do not close the Draw Node Boundary Conditions dialog box, since it will be used
to define the remaining boundary conditions.
¾ To specify the boundary conditions along the right vertical and bottom
horizontal boundaries:
2. The X-Boundary Action edit box should be set to the default value
of 0. If not, Type 0.0 in the X-Boundary Action edit box
4. The Y-Boundary Action edit box should be set to the default value
of 0.0. If not, Type 0.0 in the Y-Boundary Action edit box.
5. Select all nodes along the right vertical and bottom horizontal
boundaries of the mesh. While you can click on each node
individually, the easiest way to select the nodes is to drag a rectangle
around all nodes along the bottom of the mesh and then to drag a
rectangle around all nodes along the right side of the mesh.
As each node is selected, two zero-displacement symbols are drawn at the node;
indicating that the specified displacement is zero in both directions.
The Draw Node Boundary Conditions dialog box can be moved out of the way if
necessary, by clicking inside the title bar and dragging the box to a new position.
This is useful when the dialog box blocks the display of the nodes.
Do not close the Draw Boundary Conditions dialog box, since it will be used to
define the remaining boundary conditions.
¾ To specify the boundary conditions along the left vertical boundary:
1. Click the down arrow beside the Y-Boundary Type edit box, and
select (none) from the drop-down list. Use the remaining default
values in the dialog box:
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2. Select all nodes along the left vertical boundary, except for the top
and bottom nodes; that is, select Nodes 2 to 20 inclusive.
Since node numbers are no longer required, choose View Preferences and uncheck
the Node Numbers check box or click the View Nodes button on the View
Preferences Toolbar.
After you have defined the boundary conditions, your screen should look like the
following:
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2. To verify the problem, press the Verify button in the dialog box.
Messages appear in the dialog list box stating which verification step is being
performed. Error messages will also appear in the list box if necessary. The
following messages appear in the dialog box:
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Scroll up in the list box to see all the messages displayed by SIGMA/W during the
verify process.
3. Select Done to finish verifying the problem.
Finish DEFINE
The problem definition is now complete. Choose File Save to save the SIGMA
Tutorial.GSZ data file to disk.
A series of engineering books have been written as supporting documentation for each
GeoStudio product. These books are available in PDF format within GeoStudio and a link
can be found on the Start Page. At any time during development or analysis of a simulation
you can gain access to this important resource by clicking on the Show Start Page icon
which appears in the Analysis Toolbar on the left side of the screen in GeoStudio.
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Start solving
¾ To start solving the problem, click on the Start button in the SOLVE
window:
A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress.
Information about the computations is displayed in a list box in the SOLVE
window while the problem is being solved. The Deleting old output files portion
will only be displayed when you re-run the analysis.
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In this example, the Step # is 1, because only one time step is required. In addition,
only linear-elastic materials are used, consequently, only one iteration is required
to achieve a solution. Iterations are only required when non-linear elastic or
elastic-plastic materials are used.
The Displacement Norm, Unbalanced Load Norm and Stress Norm parameters
provide information on the convergence characteristics of an analysis. For a
detailed description of these parameters, refer to the Deformation Modeling with
SIGMA/W book which is available for viewing in PDF form on the start screen in
GeoStudio.
When iterations are necessary, computations will stop when the convergence
criterion is satisfied. For example, the displacement convergence criterion is
considered to be satisfied when the percentage change in the Displacement Norm
from one iteration to the next is less than a specified percentage tolerance. You can
specify the convergence criterion with the KeyIn Convergence command. During
an analysis, you can halt the computations manually by clicking the Stop button.
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Finishing SOLVE
You have now finished solving the problem. Click the Minimize button in the top-
right corner of the SOLVE window to reduce the window to an icon or choose the
File Exit command to exit from SOLVE. .
To start looking at the results, click on the CONTOUR button in the Analysis
toolbar. This is the same way in which SOLVE was launched previously.
Once you are in CONTOUR, a DEFINE button will appear in the Analysis toolbar.
To return to DEFINE, just click on this button
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The drawing displayed in the CONTOUR window will be drawn according to the
View Preference options selected at the time you launched SOLVE. You can view
different parts of the drawing by choosing Preferences from the View menu or
choosing items on the View Preference toolbar.
Since the nodes and elements do not need to be displayed, choose View
Preferences and uncheck the Nodes and Elements check boxes, and select OK.
Alternatively, uncheck these items on the View Preferences toolbar.
You can select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
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The maximum displacement calculated by SOLVE is 0.076 meters (76 mm). All
displacements are magnified 23.021 times so that they are visible on the drawing.
The maximum displacement is represented by a distance of 10 mm on the drawing.
You can change this value or the magnification value in order to change the
amount of deformation on the drawing.
2. Type 35 in the Magnification edit box.
Moving the cursor out of the Magnification edit box (by pressing TAB or
SHIFT+TAB) will change the value in the Max. Length edit box to 15.204.
3. Select OK.
The displaced mesh is now displayed with the displacement magnified by 35 times
the actual deformation.
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1. Choose Contours from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
Default contour values are displayed in the edit boxes, and the range of vertical
stress values is displayed in the Data window.
3. Change the default values by typing 5 in the Starting Contour Value
edit box, 5 in the Increment By edit box, and 7 in the Number of
Contours edit box. The Ending Contour Value is changed to 35.
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values.
The contour lines are displayed along with the deformed mesh.
5. To view the contours with shading, choose View Preferences or use
the View Preferences toolbar to deselect the Nodes, Elements, and
Deformation options since these items do not need to be viewed
with the stress contours. You can also use the drop down menu
beside “shading” to select Contour Shading as shown in the
following View Preferences dialogue box appears:
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Each contour interval is shaded a different color. You can alter the shading with
the Contour Shading controls in the Draw Contours dialog box. You can try
various methods, and start and end colors to see the effect. After each new
selection, click Apply to see what you get. Finally, click on Cancel to return to the
default shading you created earlier.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and “Draw Contour Labels” is
displayed on the status bar.
2. Move the cursor to a convenient point on a contour, and click the
left mouse button.
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The contour value appears on the contour. If you wish to remove the contour label,
simply re-click on the label, and the label disappears. Click again, and the label
will re-appear.
3. Repeat Step 3 for as many contours as you wish.
The View Preferences command allows you to change the font and the size of the contour
values.
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representation of the magnitude and direction of the total stress, effective stress, or
strain state at any node or within any element Gauss region.
¾ To display Mohr circles:
1. Choose Mohr Circles from the Draw menu. The cursor changes
from an arrow to a cross-hair and the status bar indicates that “Draw
Mohr Circles” is the current mode.
If the nodes are not turned on, they will automatically appear. You can turn on the
node numbers by clicking on the View Node Numbers icon on the View
Preferences Toolbar that extends down the right side of GeoStudio.
2. Move the cursor underneath the right edge of the tank at elevation
20 (e.g., Node 181) and click the left mouse button.
The cursor snaps to the nearest node, or, if the cursor is not near a node, to the
element Gauss region in which the cursor is contained. A Mohr Circle window
appears, showing the stresses at the selected node or element Gauss region.
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5. If you wish, click the left mouse button anywhere in the mesh. The
Mohr Circle window is updated to display the stresses at the selected
node or element Gauss region.
6. Click the right mouse button or press ESC to finish drawing Mohr
Circles.
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1. Choose Node Information from the View menu. The nodes are
displayed on the drawing, and the Node Information dialog box
appears.
2. Click on any node to see the results computed at the node. For
example, click on the node at the top-left corner of the mesh. The
node is selected on the drawing, and the following information is
displayed in the dialog box:
3. To see all the information that was computed at the node, scroll
through the list box. Alternatively, you can re-size the dialog box by
placing the cursor above the bottom edge of the window, holding the
left mouse button down and dragging down until all information is
displayed as follows:
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4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all nodes at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
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The only parameters that SIGMA/W computes at the nodes are deformation and
boundary force. The remaining parameters, such as stress and strain, are computed
at the Gauss regions and projected to the nodes by CONTOUR for display
purposes.
¾ To see the actual computed results at the Gauss regions:
2. Click within any element Gauss region to see the results computed
at the element Gauss point. For example, click inside the element
Gauss region at the top-left corner of the mesh. The element Gauss
region is selected on the drawing, and the following information is
displayed in the dialog box:
The Element Information dialog box can be re-sized in the same way as the Node
Information dialog box.
3. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all elements at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
4. Select Done or press ESC when you are finished displaying the
element Gauss region information.
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You can use the View Edge Information command to verify that SOLVE applied
the proper pressure boundary conditions along the specified element edges. This is
useful when you have specified the pressure boundary conditions using a boundary
function.
¾ To view the specified pressure boundary conditions:
1. Choose Edge Information from the View menu. The View Edge
Information dialog box is displayed.
The Edge Information dialog box can be re-sized in the same way as the Node
Information dialog box.
3. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all edge at which you want to see the
specified boundary conditions. Select the Copy button if you wish to
copy the information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into
other applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
4. Select Done or press ESC when you are finished displaying the edge
information.
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1. Choose Graph from the Draw menu. The cursor changes from a
white arrow to a black selection arrow and the status bar indicates
that “Draw Graph” is the current mode. The following dialog box
appears:
2. In the Graph Type group box, select X-Displacement from the first
drop-down list box. Select Y-Coordinate from the second drop-
down list box.
Moving the mouse pointer outside of the dialog box will change the pointer to a
large black pointer indicating you are in a selection mode. This is used to select the
nodes from which to generate the graph,
3. If the snap-to-grid is currently displayed, turn it off by clicking on
the Snap Grid button in the Grid toolbar. (If the Grid toolbar is not
displayed, choose View Toolbars and click on the Grid check box).
4. Move the cursor near the node at the lower-right corner of the tank
and hold down the left mouse button. As you drag the cursor down,
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5. Click on the Graph button in the Draw Graph dialog box. The
following graph will be displayed.
6. Select File Print from the Graph window menu if you wish to print
the graph on the default printer. Select Edit Copy from the Graph
window menu if you wish to copy the graph to the Windows
Clipboard for importing into other applications.
8. Select Done from the Draw Graph dialog box to finish with the
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graphing.
See the Draw Graph command reference in the on-line help for a complete
discussion of the CONTOUR graphing capabilities, since there are other features
of the command that have not been discussed in this section.
You have reached the end of this introductory learning session. You have learned
sufficient concepts to give you a general understanding of the operation and
capability of SIGMA/W. Not all of the powerful features of SIGMA/W have been
used in this learning session, nor have all of the technical details been discussed
about the features that have been used. Details about each command are available
in the on-line help and in the supporting documentation for SIGMA/W.
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Table 4-1.
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3. Repeat the analysis with E = 3000 kPa and again with E = 10,000
kPa. How does the pressure bulb change with the soil stiffness?
Given:
18
16
Elevation (metres)
14
12
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Distance - metres
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Required:
1. Create a contour plot of the vertical pressures below the footing.
Draw the contours starting at 10 kPa, in increments of 10 up to
90 kPa.
3. Repeat the analysis with E = 3000 kPa and again with E = 10,000
kPa. How does the pressure bulb change with the soil stiffness?
Given:
2. Verify with hand calculations that the vertical stresses at the ends of
the problem at directly related to the overburden stress.
3. Why is the vertical stress near the slope surface not directly equal to
the overburden stress?
4. Draw other contour plots of interest to you such as, for example, the
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Given:
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Given:
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• The fill material needs to be a null material for the insitu phase of the
analysis. The elements must be present but not included in the
analysis.
• Use higher order elements
5m
5m 1
10 m
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900
800
B-Coefficient (x 0.001)
700
600
500
400
300
200
0 10 20 30 40 50
P.W.P.
Given:
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10 m Strut
26
24
3m
22
20
18 7m
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Distance - m
0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 0 0
0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 0 0
0 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 0 0
0 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 0 0
0 0 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 0 0
0 0 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 0 0
0 0 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 0
0 0 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Figure 4-7 Excavation lifts and steps
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Required:
1. Set up and solve a finite element SIGMA/W simulation. In
CONTOUR show the total vertical stresses that develop.
3. Find the critical slip surface and factor of safety of the slope using
limit equilibrium (Use the Spencer method). Compare the computed
factor of safety with the finite element stability factor.
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Figure 4-8 Finite element mesh for SIGMA/W load deformation analysis
Figure 4-9 Slip surface definition for SLOPE/W finite element method
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The Student Edition is limited to saturated consolidation. The Student Edition cannot be
used to analyze saturated-unsaturated conditions.
Required:
1. Create a plot of pore-water pressure changes with time during the
consolidation of a 1 meter high column of soil with drainage only at
the top.
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• Run analysis for 11 steps such that total elapsed time is 2047 hours
(about 85 days)
• Set the unit weight of water to 10 kN/m3 to make spot checking the
results more convenient.
• For the second double drainage analysis, the bottom boundary
condition needs to be specified such that the pore-pressure is again
hydrostatic after consolidation.
Modeling Hints:
The applied load has to act only during time Step 1. If we use a pressure boundary
condition, the pressure will act during each time step. This is like applying the load
again and again each step. The situation could be correctly modeled with a
boundary function but boundary functions are not available in the Student Version.
Consequently, we need to use a trick in achieve the same result. We can apply the
pressure with a second soil layer that is 0.1 m thick and has a unit weight (body
load) of 1000 kN/m3. Lastly, the fictitious soil is considered as a fill layer that
becomes active during Step 1.
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This problem can create many megabytes of data. Consequently, only the data definition is
included in the included files. When you run the problem you can also reduce the volume
of data by saving the results every other time step for example.
Required:
1. Create a plot of pore-water pressure versus time at a node 2 m below
the original ground surface directly below the embankment crest.
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Given:
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5 QUAKE/W Tutorial
This chapter introduces you to QUAKE/W by presenting the step-by-step
procedures involved in analyzing a simple problem. By executing each step in the
sequence presented, you will be able to define a problem, solve the problem, and
view the results. By completing this exercise, you can quickly obtain an overall
understanding of the features and operations of QUAKE/W.
To solve the problem in this tutorial, you do not need to have purchased a full
license. The tutorial lessons for each product within GeoStudio excluding
VADOSE/W (i.e., CTRAN/W, SIGMA/W, SEEP/W, QUAKE/W, TEMP/W and
SLOPE/W) can be set up, solved and analysed using the student license. Once you
have completed the tutorial lesson and are familiar with the commands, you can
continue to learn how to model specific cases by analyzing additional Student
Edition Lessons. These problems can be defined and solved using the free Student
License included with each GeoStudio product.
5.1 Introduction
The primary objective here is to illustrate procedures and features. The problem is
not intended to necessarily be representative of an actual field case.
The problem is to look at the dynamic response of an embankment on a loose soil
deposit. The one objective is to look at the motion at the crest of the embankment
due to some earthquake excitation in the underlying bedrock. The second objective
is to estimate the excess pore-water pressures that may develop in the loose
foundation soils.
Figure 5-1 shows a schematic diagram of the problem. The embankment is 5 m
high with 2:1 side slopes and the crest width is 5 m. The loose soil deposit is 10 m
deep. Underneath the loose soil is a very competent material and for analysis
purposes will be considered to be bedrock. The water table is at the ground surface.
For this tutorial, we will take the soil to be liner-elastic with the same properties
for the foundation and for embankment, in order to keep the problem fairly simple.
The material has an E modulus of 10,000 kPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.334. This
Poisson’s ratio is equivalent to a Ko of 0.5.
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4m
2 2
1 1
5m
10 m
10 m 24 m 10 m
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2. Once GeoStudio has been opened, choose New from the File pull
down menu. Highlight the GeoStudio original settings and then
select OK. . The following Analysis Selection dialogue box will
appear.
3. Once the dialogue box opens, click in the check box beside
QUAKE/W and then select OK. You are now in GeoStudio
(QUAKE/W DEFINE).
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It is assumed that you are readily familiar with the fundamentals of the Windows
environment such as using pull-down menus. If you are not, then you will first need to
learn how to navigate within the Windows environment before learning how to use
SLOPE/W. The SLOPE/W tutorial does not provide instructions on the fundamentals of
using Windows. You will have to get this information from other documentation.
1. Click in the check box beside the Standard toolbar several time to
“flash” the standard toolbar on and off. Once you have located
where the Standard toolbar is located in the GeoStudio environment,
ensure the check box is selected, then move onto the next toolbar
option (i.e., Analysis) and repeat the procedure to learn the name
and location of each toolbar within GeoStudio.
Before exiting this dialogue box, ensure the Show ToolTips box has been selected as tool
tips are very helpful when you are learning a new GeoStudio program. The tool tips appear
when the cursor is held over a toolbar icon.
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1. Choose Page from the Set menu. The Set Page dialog box appears.
The Printer Page group box displays the name of the printer selected and the
printing space available on one printer page. This information is presented to help
you define a working area that will print properly.
2. Select mm in the Page Units group box.
3. Type 260 in the Working Area Width edit box. Press the TAB key to
move to the next edit box.
5. Select OK.
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2. Select meters in the Engineering Units group box and uncheck the
Lock Scales option. The first objective is to get an idea of an
appropriate scale depending on the extents of the problem.
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The Horz. 1: scale will change to 211.54 and the Vert. 1: scale to 150. Since we
want to work at a uniform scale, a scale of 1:200 in both directions appears
acceptable for this problem. Now turn the Lock Scales option back on.
4. Type 200 in the Horz. 1: edit box, and type 200 in the Vert. 1: edit
box.
The Maximum x will change to 47 and the Maximum y will change to 30. This
means that at a scale of 1:200, the allowable problem extents are from -5 to 47 m
in the x direction and from -10 to 30 m in the y direction for the previously
selected working area 260 mm wide and 200 mm high.
5. Select OK.
The Unit Weight of Water is 9.807 kN/m3 and air pressure is 101.33 kPa, which is
the default value when the units are selected as meters.
1. Choose Set Grid from the DEFINE menu. The Set Grid dialog box
will appear.
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The actual grid spacing on the screen will be a distance of 5 mm between each grid
point when the zoom is at 100%. This value is displayed in the Actual Grid
Spacing group box.
4. Check the Display Grid check box.
6. Select OK.
The grid is displayed in the DEFINE window. As you move the cursor in the
window, the coordinates of the nearest grid point (in engineering units) are
displayed in the status bar.
1. Choose Save from the File menu. The following dialog box appears.
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2. Type a file name in the File Name edit box. For example, type
QUAKE Tutorial Initial.
3. Select Save. The data will be saved to the file QUAKE Tutorial
Initial.GSZ. Once it is saved, the file name is displayed in the
DEFINE window title bar.
The file name may include a drive name and directory path. If you do not include a
path, the file will be saved in the directory name displayed in the Save In box.
All GeoStudio files have a GSZ file name extension. QUAKE/W will add the
extension to the file name if it is not specified. If you have several different
GeoStudio modules, it is likely wise to be descriptive in your file name, i.e., if you
had simply called this QUAKE/W tutorial example TUTORIAL.GSZ and then
completed a SLOPE/W tutorial example that you also called TUTORIAL.GSZ,
one file would replace the other if they were saved to the same directory.
The next time you choose File Save, the file will be saved without first bringing up
the Save File As dialog box. This is because a file name is already specified.
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Sketch Axes
Sketching an axis on the drawing facilitates sketching the problem as well as
viewing and interpreting the results. The Snap to Grid option should still be
activated. Drawing an axis with the Snap to Grid feature enabled will allow you to
define an evenly-spaced region for the axis.
¾ To sketch an axis:
1. Choose Axes from the Sketch menu. The following dialog box
appears:
2. Check the Left Axis and Axis Numbers check boxes in the Display
group box. The Top Axis, Bottom Axis, and Right Axis check boxes
should be unchecked.
3. Type an appropriate title for the bottom x axis in the edit box (i.e.,
type Distance (meters)).
4. Type an appropriate title for the left Y-axis in the Left Y edit box
(for example, type Elevation (meters)).
6. Move the cursor near position (0,0). Hold the left mouse button
down, but do not release it. As you move the mouse, a rectangle
appears.
7. "Drag" the mouse near (45,16), and release the left mouse button.
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An axis is generated within the region that represents 45 m in the x direction and
16 in the y direction. The View Preferences command allows you to change the
font and the size of the axis numbers. For more information about this command,
see View Preferences in the on-line help.
The number of increments along each axis is calculated by QUAKE/W when the
axis is generated. Choose the Set Axes command and select OK to bring up the
axis edit menu if you wish to override these values.
1. In the toolbar, click on the Zoom Page button with the left mouse
button. Use the ToolTips to locate the Zoom page button. Hold the
cursor over a button and the purpose of the button will appear as a
ToolTip.
2. Choose Lines from the Sketch menu. A dialogue box will appear
which can be used to alter the appearance of a sketch line, creating a
thick or thin line with arrow heads. Notice the cursor has changed
from an arrow to a cross-hair, and the status bar indicates that
“Sketch Lines” is the current operating mode.
The cursor position (in engineering units) is always displayed in the status bar. It is
updated as you move the cursor with the mouse.
4. Move the cursor up near (0,10) and click the left mouse button. The
cursor snaps to (0,10) and a line is drawn from (0,0) to (0,10).
5. Move the cursor to the right near (44,10) and click the left mouse
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6 Move the cursor back to (0,0) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (44,0) to (0,0).
7. Click the right mouse button or press ESC to finish sketching a line.
The cursor will change from a cross-hair back to an arrow; you are
then back in Work Mode.
8. In the zoom toolbar, click on the Zoom Objects tool with the left
mouse button.
The drawing is enlarged so that the lines you just sketched fill the DEFINE
window.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
If you sketch a line in the wrong position, use the Modify Objects command to move it. For
more information about this command, see the on-line help.
You should now know how to sketch a line. Sketch the embankment in the same
way you sketched the foundation. If the sketch lines dialogue box is in the way
when it first appears, you can click on the status bar and drag it to one side.
1. Choose Sketch Lines.
2. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (10,10),
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3. Click the right mouse button or press ESC to finish sketching the
embankment.
The drawing is enlarged so that the lines you just sketched fill the DEFINE
window.
2. Type in any appropriate text in the Title edit box and the Comments
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edit box.
This information will be written to all data input and output files.
1. The Analysis Settings dialogue box should still be open, if not open
it using KeyIn Analysis Settings from the DEFINE menu and select
the Type tab. The dialog box appears as follows:
3. Under the Initial Conditions list box, select PWP from Initial
Water Table.
4. Select OK.
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3. Click the down arrow beside the Model edit box. A drop-down list
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The E Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio edit boxes appear in the dialog box. All the
other edit boxes are unavailable.
4. Type 10000 in the E Modulus edit box.
6. Select Copy .
The new values for Material 1 are copied from the edit boxes into the list box.
Note that the G modulus value is computed and displayed for information
purposes. The default color is yellow.
7. Type 2 in the # edit box to indicate that you are now defining
Material 2 (the embankment).
The values contained in the edit boxes are copied into the list box, creating the
second material. The default color is green. The dialog box should look like the
following:
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All the other function edit boxes are not available for an Initial Static analysis.
1. Choose KeyIn Body Load from the DEFINE menu. The following
dialog box will appear.
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3. Type 18 in the Vertical edit box. This value stands for 18 kN/m3.
Leave the Horizontal edit box as 0.
4. Click Copy.
5. Click on Material 2.
6. Type 16 in the Vertical edit box for 16 kN/m3. Leave the Horizontal
edit box as 0 and click Copy.
1. Choose Regions from the Draw menu. The cursor will change to a
crosshair and “Draw regions” will appear to the status bar, indicating
the mode in which you are operating.
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2. Move the cursor near (0,0) and click the left mouse button.
QUAKE/W snaps to the grid and creates a region point (Point #1) at
this position. As you move the mouse, a red line is drawn from the
point to the new cursor position.
4. Move the cursor near and click on the following locations (10,10),
(20,10), (24,10),(34,10), (44,10), (44,0), (34,0), (24,0), (20,0), (10,0),
and then back to first point (0,0).
The first region will be created, the soil color associated with Material #1 will
appear along with a default mesh of “structured quad” elements. The material will
appear “hatched” indicating that a body load has been assigned to the soil and the
following dialogue box will appear:
6. Select the Elements Tab and click in the check box beside “secondary
nodes” as shown below to create higher-order elements:
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The default subdivisions associated with each edge of Region 1 appear. Edge 1,2 is
already selected and the associated values for this edge appear in the edit boxes.
8. Type 5 in the Min. edit box for Edge 1,2. Select Copy.
9. Highlight Edge 2,3 and type 5 in the Min. edit box. Select Copy.
10. Highlight Edge 3,4 and type 5 in the Min. edit box. Select Copy.
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11. Highlight Edge 5,6 and type 5 in the Min. edit box. Select Copy.
12. Highlight Edge 6,7 and type 5 in the Min. edit box. Select Copy.
Notice that the actual number of subdivisions on the remaining edges have
automatically adjusted such that the actual subdivisions are different than the Min.
value.
13. Select Close.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
The above procedure will now be repeated to generate the three remaining regions
that will define the embankment.
¾ To generate elements in the second region (left side of embankment):
1. Your cursor should still be a crosshair and “Draw regions” should still be
in the status bar, indicating the mode in which you are operating. If not,
then select Regions from the Draw menu.
2. Move the cursor near (10,10) and click the left mouse button. Move the
cursor and click on (20,10),.(20,15) and back to (10,10).
The second region will be created, the soil color associated with Material #1 will
appear along with a default mesh of “structured mixed” indicating triangular
elements are used as well as quadrilateral elements. The following dialogue box
will appear:
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1. If you are not in Draw regions mode, select Draw under the Regions
menu.
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2. Move the cursor near (20,10) and click the left mouse button. Move
the cursor and click on (20,15),.(24,15), (24,10) and back to (20,10).
2. Move the cursor near and click on (24,10), (24,15), (34,10) and
(24,10)
The last region will be created, the soil color associated with Material #1 will
appear along with a default mesh.
3. Select 2 from the Material drop down menu to change the default
material property.
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After you have completed the above steps, your mesh should look like the
following:
1. Choose Preferences from the View menu. The following dialogue box
appears:
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The Preferences group box can be used to check or un-check any of the options
found in the Items to View group box. The Font size and type can be set for points,
regions, nodes, elements and axes using the Font Size group box options. Checking
the Convert All Sketch Text Fonts option and selecting a font will convert all of
the sketch text to the corresponding font.
2. In the Items To View group box under Mesh Information, check the
Node Numbers check box to display node numbers on the drawing.
4. Select OK.
You can also select and un-select the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the
View Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over
the icon. A ToolTip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the
status bar at the bottom of the window.
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1. Chose Draw Initial Water Table from the DEFINE menu. The
following dialog box will appear.
If Initial Water Table is greyed out and you are unable to select it, you must go
back on the Type Tab under KEY-IN: Analysis Settings, and ensure the radio
button beside PWP from Initial Water Table has been selected.
2. Type zero for the Max. Negative Pressure Head so that the pore-
pressure above the water table will be set to zero.
3. Click OK
6. Move the cursor horizontally across the profile and click on a point
at elevation 10 on a grid point to the right and outside the problem.
7. Click the right mouse button to finish drawing the water table. The
water table is displayed as a blue dashed line as shown in the figure
below.
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3. The X-Boundary Action edit box should be set to the default value
of 0. If not, Type 0.0 in the X-Boundary Action edit box
5. The Y-Boundary Action edit box should be set to the default value
of 0.0. If not, Type 0.0 in the Y-Boundary Action edit box.
6. Select all nodes along the bottom horizontal boundary of the mesh.
While you can click on each node individually, the easiest way to
select the nodes is to drag a rectangle around all nodes along the
bottom of the mesh.
As each node is selected, two zero-displacement symbols are drawn at the node;
one symbol points in the positive x-direction, and one symbol points in the positive
y direction, indicating that the specified displacement is zero in both directions.
The Draw Node Boundary Conditions dialog box can be moved by clicking inside
the title bar and dragging the box to a new position. This is useful when the dialog
box blocks the display of the nodes.
Do not close the Draw Boundary Conditions dialog box, since it will be used to
define the remaining boundary conditions.
¾ To specify the boundary conditions along the vertical boundaries:
1. Click the down arrow beside the Y-Boundary Type edit box, and
select (none) from the drop-down list. Use the remaining default
values in the dialog box:
2. Select all nodes along the left vertical boundary except for the
bottom left corner node, which should already have a pinned
boundary condition applied to it.
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3. Do the same for all the nodes along the right vertical boundary.
4. Click the right mouse button (or select Done) to finish defining all
boundary conditions.
After you have defined the boundary conditions, the mesh with the applied
boundary conditions should look like the following:
2. To verify the problem, press the Verify button in the dialog box.
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Messages appear in the dialog list box stating which verification step is being
performed. Error messages will also appear in the list box if necessary. The
following messages appear in the dialog box:
Finish DEFINE
The problem definition is now complete. Choose File Save to save the QUAKE
Tutorial Initial.GSZ data file to disk.
A series of engineering books have been written as supporting documentation for each
GeoStudio product. These books are available in PDF format within GeoStudio and a link
can be found on the Start Page. At any time during development or analysis of a simulation
you can gain access to this important resource by clicking on the Show Start Page icon
which appears in the Analysis Toolbar on the left side of the screen in GeoStudio.
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The SOLVE window appears. SOLVE automatically opens the QUAKE Tutorial
Initial.GSZ data file and displays the data file name in the SOLVE window.
Start solving
¾ To start solving the problem, click on the Start button in the SOLVE
window:
A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress.
Information about the computations is displayed in a list box in the SOLVE
window while the problem is being solved.
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In this example, the Step # is 1, since only one time step is required. In this
analysis, only linear-elastic materials are used; consequently, only one iteration is
required to achieve a solution. Iterations are only required when equivalent-linear
soil model are used.
The Displacement Norm and % Change provide information on the convergence
characteristics of an analysis. For a detailed description of these parameters, refer
to the Dynamic Modeling with QUAKE/W book that is available for viewing in
PDF form on the start screen in GeoStudio.
When iterations are necessary, computations will stop when the convergence
criterion is satisfied. For example, the displacement convergence criterion is
considered to be satisfied when the percentage change in the Displacement Norm
from one iteration to the next is less than a specified percentage tolerance. You can
specify the convergence criterion with the KeyIn Analysis Settings command.
During an analysis, you can halt the computations manually by clicking the Stop
button.
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Finishing SOLVE
You have now finished solving the problem. Click the Minimize button in the top-
right corner of the SOLVE window to reduce the window to an icon or choose the
File Exit command to exit from SOLVE.
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Once you are in CONTOUR, a DEFINE button will appear in the Analysis toolbar.
To return to DEFINE, just click on this button
The drawing displayed in the CONTOUR window will be drawn according to the
View Preference options selected at the time you exited from the DEFINE
function. You can view different parts of the drawing by choosing Preferences
from the View menu or choosing items on the View Preference toolbar.
Since the nodes, elements and body load cross-hatching do not need to be
displayed, choose View Preferences and uncheck the Nodes and Elements check
boxes and uncheck body load to remove the cross-hatching on the profile. Ensure
that the check boxes beside Contours and Shading (Contour Color) are checked.
Select OK.
You can select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
1. Choose Contours from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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Default contour values are displayed in the edit boxes, and the range of vertical
stress values is displayed in the Data window.
3. Change the default values by typing 0 in the Starting Contour Value
edit box, 20 in the Increment By edit box, and 13 in the Number of
Contours edit box. The Ending Contour Value will be 240.
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Each contour interval is shaded a different color. You can alter the shading with
the Contour Shading controls in the Draw Contours dialog box. You can try
various Methods, and Start and End Colors to see the effect. After each new
selection, click Apply to see what you get. Finally, click on Cancel to return to the
default shading you created earlier.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and "Draw Contour Labels" is
displayed on the status bar.
2. Move the cursor to a convenient point on a contour, and click the
left mouse button.
The contour value appears on the contour. If you wish to remove the contour label,
simply re-click on the label, and the label disappears. Click again, and the label
will re-appear.
3. Repeat Step 3 for as many contours as you wish.
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After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look similar to the
following:
1. Choose Mohr Circles from the Draw menu. The cursor changes from
an arrow to a cross-hair and the status bar indicates that "Draw Mohr
Circles" is the current mode.
2. Click the left mouse button on a node or Gauss region within the
profile.
The cursor snaps to the nearest node, or, if the cursor is not near a node, to the
element Gauss region in which the cursor is contained. A Mohr Circle window
appears, showing the stresses at the selected node or element Gauss region.
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5. If you wish, click the left mouse button anywhere in the mesh. The
Mohr Circle window is updated to display the stresses at the selected
node or element Gauss region.
6. Click the right mouse button or press ESC to finish drawing Mohr
Circles. For a detailed description of the Mohr Circle, see Draw
Mohr Circles in the CONTOUR Reference.
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1. Choose Node Information from the View menu. The nodes are
displayed on the drawing, and the Node Information dialog box
appears.
2. Click on any node to see the results computed at the node. For
example, click on the node at the top-left corner of the mesh. The
node is selected on the drawing, and the following information is
displayed in the dialog box:
3. To see all the information that was computed at the node, scroll
through the list box. Alternatively, you can re-size the dialog box by
placing the cursor above the bottom edge of the window, holding the
left mouse button down and dragging down until all information is
displayed as follows:
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4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all nodes at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
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The only parameters that QUAKE/W computes at the nodes are deformation and
boundary force. The remaining parameters, such as stress and strain, are computed
at the Gauss regions and projected to the nodes by CONTOUR for display
purposes.
¾ To see the actual computed results at the Gauss regions:
2. Click within any element Gauss region to see the results computed
at the element Gauss point. For example, click inside the element
Gauss region at the top-left corner of the mesh. The element Gauss
region is selected on the drawing, and the following information is
displayed in the dialog box:
The Element Information dialog box can be re-sized in the same way as the Node
Information dialog box.
3. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all elements at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
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information.
4. Select Done or press ESC when you are finished displaying the
element Gauss region information.
You can use the View Edge Information command to verify that SOLVE applied
the proper pressure boundary conditions along the specified element edges. This is
useful when you have specified the pressure boundary conditions using a boundary
function.
1. Choose Graph from the Draw menu. The cursor changes from a
white arrow to a black selection arrow and the status bar indicates
that "Draw Graph" is the current mode. The following dialog box
appears:
2. In the Graph Type group box, select Pore-water Pressure from the
first drop-down list box versus Y-Coordinate in the second drop-
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Moving the mouse pointer outside of the dialog box will change the pointer to a
large black pointer indicating you are in a selection mode. This is used to select the
nodes from which to generate the graph,
3. If the snap-to-grid is currently displayed, turn it off by clicking on
the Snap Grid button in the Grid toolbar.
4. Move the cursor near the node at the center of the dam crest and
hold down the left mouse button. As you drag the cursor down, a
rectangle is drawn around. Drag a rectangle over all the nodes down
the center of the problem. Release the left mouse button. The nodes
are displayed on the drawing in reverse video to indicate that they
have been selected:
5. Click on the Graph button in the Draw Graph dialog box. The
following graph will be displayed.
6. Select File Print from the Graph window menu if you wish to print
the graph on the default printer. Select Edit Copy from the Graph
window menu if you wish to copy the graph to the Windows
Clipboard for importing into other applications.
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8. Select Done from the Draw Graph dialog box to finish with the
graphing.
1. Choose File Save As from the DEFINE menu. A Save As dialog box
appears.
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3. Select the initial condition files. Click on the button beside Stress:
Analysis Result. The following dialogue box appears:
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4. Select the Use External File check box and then click the Browse
button. A browse window will open where you can find and select
the QUAKE Tutorial Initial.GSZ file that was previously solved.
The following information will appear
5. Click OK.
6. Select the PWP From radio button and click on the button. Select
the Use External File check box and then click the Browse button.
Browse and select the QUAKE Tutorial Initial.GSZ file.
The pore-water pressure and initial stress information from QUAKE Tutorial
Initial.GSZ will now be used as the initial conditions for this dynamic analysis.
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QUAKE/W has determined from the record that peak acceleration is 341.7
cm/sec/sec at 2.14 seconds into the record and the duration of the record is 10
seconds. The peak acceleration of 341.7 cm/sec/sec corresponds to 0.34842 g as
shown in the Modifier edit box.
In the problem description it was stated that desired peak acceleration is 0.065 g.
3. Type 0.065 in the Modified Peak Acc dialog box and then click
Apply. The entire earthquake record will be scaled so that the peak
now is 0.0.065 g.
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5. Click OK.
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5. Select Done.
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5. Select Done.
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1. Choose Cyclic Number under Stress Functions from the KeyIn pull
down menu.
2. Select Edit on the Cyclic Number list dialogue box. The following
dialogue box appears
The two previously defined correction functions can now be attached to this Cyclic
Number function. The Cyclic Number function is modified by the correction
functions as necessary.
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7. Select Done.
¾ To specify the Pore Pressure function:
1. Choose Pore Pressure under Stress Functions from the KeyIn pull
down menu.
2. Select Edit on the Pore Pressure list dialogue box. The following
dialogue box appears
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The previously defined Cyclic Number function can now be attached to this Pore
Pressure function.
4. From the Attached Number Function drop down list box ensure 1 is
selected (default).
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4. Select 1 from the P-Fn# drop down list box to attach Pore Pressure
Function 1 to Soil 1 (yellow).
5. Click Copy.
8. Click Copy.
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1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu and select the Time
tab. The following dialog box appears.
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6. Click Generate. The time sequence list box fills up with the entire
time integration sequence.
The time sequence can be generated as many times as you wish until you get what
you want and can be manually modified if necessary.
7. Click OK to accept the time integration sequence.
Motion history
Looking at the complete motion history of key selected points is useful in a
dynamic analysis. In QUAKE/W it is possible to flag up to 10 nodes for which to
obtain the complete motion history (It is possible to save every time step and
therefore get the complete motion record of every node in the entire mesh. This
however can produce enormous amounts of data, particularly for a big mesh.
Selecting a few key locations can reduce the amount of data generated.)
In this tutorial example, select just one node at the crest of the embankment.
¾ To identify key nodes for recording the complete motion record:
1. Choose History Nodes from the Draw menu. The cursor changes to
a cross-hair and the status bar gives instructions to select one or
more nodes for saving complete histories.
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3. Select Y-Disp for the Y direction and make the action (Disp) zero.
4. Drag a rectangle over all the nodes along the left vertical boundary.
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Note that the data file and initial conditions files are listed. This is displayed for
information purposed. It provides a check that the main processor is using the
correct files.
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The main processor reads the data files and begins processing. The green button at
the bottom of the SOLVE window will flash as the processing continues.
It will take a little while to complete the 500 time steps.
The Displacement Norm and % Change data is required to control the convergence
of nonlinear analyses when you use the equivalent-linear soil model. In this tutorial
example we are using only linear-elastic models and so there is no convergence
issue. The Displacement Norm and %Change data can therefore be ignored in this
case.
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1. Select Time Increments from the View menu, the following dialog
box will appear:
2. Click the Add All button to select all the saved data files.
3. Click OK.
The CONTOUR window will appear. Find Preferences under the View menu and
remove body load hatching, node, element, region and point numbers, boundary
conditions and axis information. Since these features are not necessary at this
moment, turning them off in CONTOUR allows a clearer, unobstructed view of the
results.
When done, your screen should resemble the following:
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QUAKE/W displays the deformation as a deformed mesh for each saved time step.
A similar procedure can be used to view the displacement vectors. You can also
change the magnification by either changing the magnification factor or the length
of the Max. Length of the vectors. Click Stop at any time to halt the animation.
The animation can be ended completely by clicking Done.
2. Select X-Acceleration from the Graph Type drop down list box.
3. Click on the node on the crest with the white box or click on Node
308 in the Select Data box.
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The units in these graphs are in meters and seconds. The velocity is in m/sec and
displacement in meters.
The peak acceleration is higher than the peak in the input earthquake record
indicating the motion at the crest is magnified. The crest peak acceleration is
around 0.15 g more than twice the peak input of 0.065 g.
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3. Scroll down to Step 500 in the Increments available list box and
double-click Step 500. This copies Step 500 to the Increments to
view list box.
4. In the Initial Increment to View drop down list box, select (init).
This means the initial static conditions will be subtracted from the
dynamic conditions at the end of the shaking. This way we can look
the dynamic effects alone. The dialogue box should now look like
the following:
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5. Click OK
The pore pressures of interest are in the foundation. Therefore the embankment
results can be removed from the view to make the foundation results clearer.
¾ To view results only for the foundation soil:
3. Click OK
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1. Choose Contours from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
will appear.
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The reddish areas indicate the highest excess pore-pressures. There is a zone of
high excess pore-pressures under the crest of the dam in the foundation. The high
excess pore pressure zones in the lower corners outside the embankment should
reflect a dynamic response under level ground conditions. There may be boundary
effects in a dynamic analysis. In a real case analysis the boundary conditions
should be further away. The results nonetheless show what can be done.
1. Click the Liquefaction Zone icon in the View Preference tool bar.
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The yellow shaded zones are where the pore-pressure has reached the maximum
which is equal to the initial static effective confining stress σ'3.
There is liquefaction under the central portion of the dam in the foundation and
near the ground surface outside the embankment where the confining stresses are
very low.
There is almost an unlimited number of ways to view the results. Only a few have
been documented here to give you an introduction to the QUAKE/W extensive
visualization capabilities.
You have reached the end of this introductory learning session. You should have
learned sufficient concepts to give you a general understanding of the operation
and capability of QUAKE/W. Not all of the powerful features of QUAKE/W have
been used in this learning session, nor have all of the technical details been
discussed about the features that have been used. Details about each command are
available in the on-line help and in the supporting documentation for QUAKE/W.
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Given:
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“Example.acc”.
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6 TEMP/W Tutorial
This chapter introduces you to TEMP/W by presenting the step-by-step procedures
involved in analyzing a simple geothermal problem. By executing each step in the
sequence presented, you will be able to define a problem, solve the problem, and
view the result. By completing this exercise, you can quickly obtain an overall
understanding of the features and operations of TEMP/W.
To solve the problem in this tutorial, you do not need to have purchased a full
license. The tutorial lessons for each product within GeoStudio (CTRAN/W,
SIGMA/W, SEEP/W, QUAKE/W, TEMP/W and SLOPE/W) can be set up, solved
and analysed using the student license. Once you have completed the tutorial
lesson and are familiar with the commands, you can continue to learn how to
model specific cases by analyzing additional Student Edition Lessons. These
problems can be defined and solved using the free Student license included with
each GeoStudio product.
6.1 Introduction
Figure 6-1 presents a schematic diagram of a geothermal problem. The objective of
the analysis is to compute the depth of the frozen zone beneath the ice surface after
nearly 8 months. The ice surface temperature is -5°C for a period of nearly 8
months (227 days). Outside the ice surface, the floor in the building is insulated so
that no heat crosses this part of the floor. Prior to placing the ice, the insitu ground
temperature is at a steady state condition of 3°C at the ground surface and 3.1°C at
a depth of 4m.
The material properties are the following:
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The relationship between the unfrozen water content and temperature is described
as:
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2. Once GeoStudio has been opened, choose New from the FILE pull
down menu. The following dialogue box will appear:
3. Highlight the GeoStudio original settings and then select OK. The
following Analysis Selection dialogue box will appear.
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3. Click in the box beside TEMP/W and then select OK. You are now
in TEMP/W DEFINE. Notice on the Analysis Toolbar on the left
hand side, the TEMP/W icon has been highlighted.
It is assumed that you are readily familiar with the fundamentals of the Windows
environment such as using pull-down menus. If you are not, then you will first need to
learn how to navigate within the Windows environment before learning how to use
TEMP/W. The TEMP/W User’s Guide does not provide instructions on the fundamentals
of using Windows. You will have to get this information from other documentation.
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2. Click in the check box beside the Standard toolbar several times to
“flash” the standard toolbar on and off. Once you have located
where the Standard toolbar is located in the GeoStudio environment,
ensure the check box is selected, then move onto the next toolbar
option (i.e., Analysis) and repeat the procedure to learn the name
and location of each toolbar within GeoStudio.
Before exiting this dialogue box, ensure the Show ToolTips box has been selected as tool
tips are very helpful when you are learning a new GeoStudio program. The tool tips appear
when the cursor is held over a toolbar icon.
1. Choose Page from the Set menu. The following dialog box appears.
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The Printer Page group box displays the name of the printer selected and the
printing space available on one printer page. This information is presented to help
you define a working area that will print properly.
2. Select mm in the Page Units group box if not already selected
3. Type 260 in the Working Area Width edit box. Press the TAB key to
move to the next edit box.
5. Select OK.
1. Choose Scale from the Set menu. The following dialog box appears:
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The Horz. 1: scale will change to 38.462 and the Vert. 1: scale to 40. We do not
want to work at such an odd scale. An even scale of 1:40 in both directions appears
acceptable for this problem.
5. Re-select the Lock Scales check box. The horizontal and vertical
scale field will once again become active.
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The Maximum x will change to 8.4. This means that at a scale of 1:40, the
allowable problem extents are from -2 to 8.4 m in the x direction and from -1 to
7 m in the y direction for the previously selected working area 260 mm wide and
200 mm high.
7. Select OK.
Since the problem is defined in terms of meters and kilojoules (kJ), the latent heat
of water must be 3.34 x 105 kJ/m3, which is the default value when the engineering
dimensions are defined in meters. The phase change temperature is defined as 0°C,
which is also the default value.
1. Choose Grid from the Set menu. The following dialog box appears:
The actual grid spacing on the screen will be a distance of 5 mm between each grid
point. This value is displayed in the Actual Grid Spacing group box.
4. Check the Display Grid check box.
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6. Select OK.
The grid is displayed in the DEFINE window. As you move the cursor in the
window, the coordinates of the nearest grid point (in engineering units) are
displayed in the status bar.
1. Choose Save from the File menu. The following dialog box appears:
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The file name may include a drive name and directory path. If you do not include a
path, the file will be saved in the directory name displayed in the Save In box.
The file name extension must be GSZ. TEMP/W will add the extension to the file
name if it is not specified. If you have several different GeoStudio modules, it is
likely wise to be descriptive in your file name, i.e., if you had simply called this
TEMP/W tutorial example TUTORIAL.GSZ and then completed a SEEP/W
tutorial example which you also called TUTORIAL.GSZ, one file would replace
the other if they were saved to the same directory.
The next time you choose File Save, the file will be saved without first bringing up
the Save File As dialog box. This is because a file name is already specified.
Sketch axes
Sketching an axis on the drawing facilitates viewing the drawing and interpreting
the drawing after it is printed.
¾ To sketch an axis:
1. Choose Axes from the Sketch menu. The following dialog box
appears:
3. Ensure the Left Axis, Bottom Axis, and Axis Numbers check boxes
have been selected in the Display group box. The Top Axis and
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This will cause an X-axis to be sketched along the bottom side of the specified
region and a Y axis to be sketched along the left side of the specified region.
4. Type an appropriate title for the bottom X-axis in the Bottom X edit
box.
5. Type an appropriate title for the left Y-axis in the Left Y edit box.
7. Move the cursor near position (0,0). Hold the left mouse button
down, but do not release it. As you move the mouse, a rectangle
appears.
8. "Drag" the mouse near (7.2,5), and release the left mouse button.
The axes are generated within the region with default increments. If you want to
change the default increments, they can be adjusted through the following steps:
9. Choose Axis under the Set Menu. The same Axis dialogue box
appears that was used to initially sketch the axis.
11. Type in 0.8 in the X-Axis Increment Size edit box and increase the
number of increments to 9.
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12. Type in 0.4 in the Y-Axis Increment Size edit box and increase the
number of increments to 10.
1. In the Zoom toolbar, click on the Zoom Page button with the left
mouse button.
Since we don’t want to change the line thickness or add arrowheads to the line, you
can ignore the box completely or dismiss it by hitting Done.
3. Using the mouse, move the cursor near position (0,0), as indicated in
the status bar at the bottom of the window, and click the left mouse
button. The cursor snaps to the grid point at (0,0). As you move the
mouse, a line is drawn from (0,0) to the new cursor position.
The cursor position (in engineering units) is always displayed in the status bar. It is
updated as you move the cursor with the mouse.
4. Move the cursor near (7.2,0) and click the left mouse button. The
cursor snaps to (7.2,0) and a line is drawn from (0,0) to (7.2,0).
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5. Move the cursor near (7.2,4) and click the left mouse button. A line
is drawn from (7.2,0) to (7.2,4).
6. Move the cursor near (0,4) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (7.2,4) to (0,4).
7. Move the cursor near (0,0) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (0,4) to (0,0).
8. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching a line. The cursor
will change from a cross-hair back to an arrow; you are then back in
Work Mode.
If you sketch a line in the wrong position, use the Modify Objects command to move it. For
more information about this command, see the on-line help.
Now that you know how to sketch a line, sketch a vertical wall at the edge of the
ice surface:
9. Choose Lines from the Sketch menu.
10. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (5,4), (5,5),
(4.8,5), and (4.8,4).
11. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching the vertical wall.
13. Position the cursor and click the left mouse button at (7.2,6), (7.2,4),
(5.6,4), (5.6,4.6), (6.4,4.6), (6.4,5.2), and (7.2,5.2).
14. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching the bleachers.
15. In the Zoom toolbar, click on the Zoom Objects button with the left
mouse button.
The drawing is enlarged so that the lines you just sketched fill the DEFINE
window.
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After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
1. Choose the Project ID tab from the KeyIn Analysis Settings dialog
box. The following dialog box appears:
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2. Type in any appropriate text in the Title edit box and the Comments
edit box.
This information will be written to all data input and output files.
1. Keep the Analysis Settings dialogue box open from the previous
step.
2. Select the Type tab and ensure that the Transient radio button is
selected.
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3. Select the Control tab and ensure that the 2-Dimensional radio
button is set.
1. Keep the Analysis Settings dialogue box open from the previous
step, or if you have closed the dialogue box, reopen it by selecting
Analysis Settings under the Key-In menu.
3. Type 0.1 in the Tolerance (%) edit box (this is the default value).
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1. Select the Time tab from the Analysis Settings dialogue box and the
following dialog box appears:
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The value in the Starting Time edit box is already set to the desired value of 0.
3. Type 1 in the Initial Increment Size edit box.
5. Check (turn on) the Max Inc. Size option, and type 100 in the Max
Inc. Size edit box.
8. Select Generate.
Eight time increments are generated in the list box. The total elapsed time (Time
Step 8) is 227 days.
9. Select OK.
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3. Type 1 in the Function Number edit box and select Edit. The
following dialog box appears to let you enter the data points in
Function 1:
4. Type 1 in the # edit box, -2.5 in the Temperature edit box, and 190
in the Conductivity edit box.
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5. Select Copy. The values you typed in the edit boxes will be copied
into the list box, creating the first function point.
6. Type 2 in the # edit box, 0 in the Temperature edit box, and 110 in
the Conductivity edit box.
The graph window toolbar contains commands for moving points, adding more
points, copying the graph to the Windows clipboard, and printing the graph. For
more information about these commands, refer to the on-line help. To close the
graph, click on the X in the top right hand corner.
9. Type an appropriate name for the function in the Description edit
box. The function name is helpful when later choosing a function to
edit or import into another analysis.
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11. Select Done in the KeyIn Conductivity Functions dialog box from
Step 2.
There are many more features of the KeyIn Functions Conductivity command that
are not discussed in this section including estimating the thermal conductivity
function. Refer to the on-line help and supporting documention for more
information on this and other features.
A series of engineering books have been written as supporting documentation for each
GeoStudio product. These books are available in PDF format within GeoStudio and a link
can be found on the Start Page. At any time during development or analysis of a simulation
you can gain access to this important resource by clicking on the Show Start Page icon
which appears in the Analysis Toolbar on the left side of the screen in GeoStudio.
2. Type 1 in the Function Number edit box and select Edit. The
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following dialog box appears to let you enter the data points in
Function 1:
The function used in this example is defined by the data points in the above dialog
box. Steps 3 to 6 define the extremities of the function first, allowing you to later
use the Graph window to visually define the remaining function points. If you
would prefer to type the point coordinates manually (as you did for the
conductivity function), type in each coordinate shown in the above dialog box and
select Copy, and then go to Step 11. Otherwise, proceed to Step 3.
3. Enter the minimum x- and y-coordinates of the function by typing 1
in the # edit box, -5.0 in the Temperature edit box, and 0.18 (the
minimum unfrozen water content value) in the Unfrozen W.C. edit
box.
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4. Select Copy. The values in the edit boxes are copied into the list
box.
When the View button is pressed, TEMP/W computes a graph scale that
encompasses the function extremities.
The Graph window can be resized by clicking on the border of the window and
dragging. To view the graph at maximum size, click on the Maximize button in the
top-right corner of the window; click again to return the window to its previous
size and position.
Steps 8 to10 define the remaining points in the unfrozen water content function.
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The cursor changes to a cross-hair, indicating that points will be added to the
function as you click the mouse.
9. Move the cursor near (-4, 0.2) on the Graph window and click the
left mouse button.
A new point is added to the function. This point is displayed in the Graph window
and is also added to the listbox in the KeyIn Functions dialog box. The Graph
window looks like the following:
If you need to move the point that you just added, click on the Select button in the
Graph toolbar. Move the point by clicking on the point and holding the left mouse
button down, dragging the point to a new position, and then releasing the left
mouse button. The point can be deleted by clicking on the point and pressing the
DELETE key.
10. In the Graph window, click the left mouse button near the following
coordinates: (-3.0, 0.23), (-2.0,0.27), (-1.0,0.45), (0.0,1.00), and
(0.2,1.00).
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The function is redrawn after you define each point, and should look similar to the
following:
If the function you just defined does not look like the one above, click on the
Select button in the Graph toolbar and move the points on the graph.
Since the function points were defined by clicking on the graph, the coordinates
will not be exactly as given in the problem definition. You can make the
coordinates the same by selecting a point in the KeyIn Functions list box, typing
the exact values, and selecting Copy (as in Steps 3 to 6).
11. Click on the X in the upper-right corner of the graph window. This
closes the graph window.
12. Type an appropriate name for the function in the Description edit
box. The function name is helpful when later choosing a function to
edit or import.
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14. Select Done in the KeyIn Unfrozen Water Content Functions dialog
box from Step 2.
There are many more features of the KeyIn Functions Conductivity command that
are not discussed in this section including estimating unfrozen water content
function. Refer to the Manual and the on-line help for more information on this
and other features
• Conductivity Function 1.
• Unfrozen Water Content Function 1.
• Frozen volumetric heat capacity is 1.9 x 103.
• unfrozen volumetric heat capacity is 2.3 x 103.
• volumetric water content is 0.5.
¾ To define the properties of Material 1:
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2. Type 1 in the # edit box to indicate that you are defining Material 1.
3. Click the down arrow beside the K-Fn # edit box. A drop-down list
appears, containing the numbers of all defined conductivity
functions. Select 1 from the list.
4. Click the down arrow beside the W.C.Fn edit box. A drop-down list
appears, containing the numbers of all defined unfrozen water
content functions. Select 1 from the list.
8. Select Copy. The values contained in the edit boxes will be copied
into the list box, creating the material.
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1. Choose Regions from the Draw menu. The cursor changes into a
cross-hair and the status bar will indicate that “Draw regions” is the
current operating mode.
2. Click the left mouse button near (0,0). TEMP/W snaps to the grid
and creates a region point (Point #1) at this position. As you move
the mouse, a red line is drawn from the node to the new cursor
position.
3. Move the cursor near (7.2,0) and click the left mouse button.
TEMP/W snaps to the grid, creates a region point (Point #2) at this
position, and draws a line from Point 1 to Point 2. As you move the
mouse, a red line is drawn from Node 2 to the new cursor position.
6. Move the cursor back to (0,0) and click. The following dialog box
appears:
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2. Highlight Edge 1,2. Type 9 in the Min. edit box and click Copy.
3. Highlight Edge 2,3. Type 5 in the Min. edit box and click Copy.
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The mesh will now consist of 45 elements with 9 elements along the horizontal
edge and 5 along the vertical edge. Notice that while the Min. number for the
remaining two sides do not reflect the new discretization, the Actual number of
subdivisions have changed accordingly.
4. Click on the Elements Tab. The following information is displayed:
The Element Properties should be the Quad. Integration Order. (4 nodes) option.
Leave the Secondary Nodes check box unchecked. The Element Thickness should
be 1. This value is appropriate for a two-dimensional analysis such as this problem.
5. Click Close to accept the mesh generation when you are satisfied
that the mesh is correct.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
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The region point numbers and the element numbers are shown on the mesh. Node
numbers will appear once the Draw regions mode is exited. Currently, Draw
regions is still the active mode and the cursor still appears as a cross hair. This
way, a second region can be generated immediately.
The above procedure will now be repeated to generate elements in the last region.
¾ To generate elements in the second region:
1. Assuming the current mode is still Draw regions, move the cursor
and click near (0,2), (7.2, 2), (7.2, 4), (0,4) and then back to (0,2).
2. When the Region Properties dialog box appears, click on the Edges
tab and select vertical Edge 3,5 either by clicking the edge on the
screen or selecting it from the list in the box. Type 5 in the Min. edit
box and click Copy.
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5. Select 9 from the drop down box beside the Quad Integration order.
The Element Thickness should be 1 (the default parameter).
7. Right-click the mouse to exit the Draw regions Mode. The cursor
will change from a cross-hair back to an arrow.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
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information so it is not confused with the node numbers. This is achieved under
View Preferences.
¾ To set the view preferences for the drawing:
The Preferences group box can be used to check or un-check any of the options in
the Items to View group box.
The Font size and type can be set for nodes, elements, points, regions and axes
using the Font Size group box options. Checking the Convert All Sketch Text
Fonts option and selecting a font will convert all of the sketch text to the
corresponding font.
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3. In the Node # Font Size drop-down list box, select 10. This will
display the node numbers at 10 points.
4. Select OK. The problem will be re-drawn with the node numbers
displayed at 10 points and the region numbers turned off.
You can also select and unselect the View Preference by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
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3. Click the left mouse button near Node 1. The cursor snaps to Node 1
and the node symbol is changed to a red circle, indicating the node is
a temperature boundary.
4. The remaining boundary nodes along the bottom of the mesh will be
defined by dragging a rectangle around a group of nodes. Move the
cursor above and to the left of Node 23. Hold the left mouse button
down, but do not release it. Now move the mouse to the right, and a
rectangle appears. "Drag" the mouse to the right until the rectangle
encompasses all nodes along the bottom of the mesh (Nodes 23, 45,
67, 89, 111, 133, 155, 177, and 199). Now release the left mouse
button, and all of these nodes are redrawn as red circles.
Node boundary conditions can therefore be defined by clicking on each node individually
or by dragging a rectangle around a group of nodes. Another way of specifying boundary
nodes is to hold down the SHIFT key and select nodes along any straight line.
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7. Select Done
After you have completed defining the boundary conditions, your screen should
look like the following:
If you wish to experiment with zooming your drawing, you may select any of the
zoom buttons from the toolbar. For more information about zooming, see Zoom
Toolbar in the on-line help.
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Please note that when a boundary condition is not specified at a boundary node, a
zero flux default is assumed. In other words, the nodes located under the bleachers
and along the left and right boundaries are set to a no flow boundary by default.
1. Choose Verify from the Tools menu or click on the Verify button in
the Analysis toolbar:
TEMP/W verifies the mesh, checks to ensure that material properties have been
assigned to a soil material and that any flux sections have been properly drawn.
Messages appear in the dialog list box stating which verification step is being
performed. Error messages will also appear in the list box if necessary. The
following messages appear in the dialog box for this example:
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2. To create a different file, which will have the same geometry and
material properties but will be modified to be the initial conditions
file, choose File Save As. The following dialog box appears:
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4. Select Save. The problem is saved under the new file name.
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8. To specify the initial conditions below the ice surface, the Boundary
Type should be T and 3.0 should be entered in the Action edit box.
9. Drag a rectangle around all nodes along the top of the mesh (i.e.,
Nodes 16, 22, 38, 44, 60, 66, 82, 88, 104, 110, 126, 132, 148, 154,
170, 176, 192, 198, and 214). All of these nodes are redrawn as red
circles, indicating each node is a temperature boundary. Turn on the
node numbers if necessary to make sure you are applying the
boundary conditions at the correct location.
11. Verify the problem by selecting Verify from the Tools Menu.
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The name of the file, and information about the file are summarized within the
SOLVE window.
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A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress. Information about the computations is displayed in a
list box in the SOLVE window while the problem is being solved.
The vector norm is determined for two iterations. The vector norm is the normal of
the computed temperature vector. As the percentage change between the vector
norm for both iterations is less than the defined convergence tolerance (which was
0.1%), the SOLVE function writes out the necessary data files into the TEMP
Tutorial Initial.GSZ file and stops.
2. Click on the X in the right-hand corner to close the SOLVE window.
The initial conditions have now been established for use in the transient analysis.
2. You may be prompted to save the most recent changes to the TEMP
Tutorial Initial.GSZ file.
3. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu and select the Type
Tab. The following dialogue appears:
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4. For the Initial Temp File, click on the button. The following
window appears:
5. .Check the “Use External File” box which will enable the Browse
button. Click the Browse button and locate the steady-state TEMP
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Tutorial Initial.GSZ file and click Open. The selected file will be
displayed in the dialogue box.
Finish DEFINE
The problem definition for the transient skating rink example is now complete.
Choose File Save to save the TEMP Tutorial.GSZ data file.
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Start solving
Click on the Start button in the SOLVE window to begin the analysis.
A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress. Information about the computations is displayed in a
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list box in the SOLVE window while the problem is being solved. Once the
computations have finished, the green light will stop flashing and Done will appear
at the bottom of the window.
Use the scroll bar within the SOLVE window to review the solve process. A
certain number of iterations was required to establish the phase change region for
the first time step. Then at least one more iteration (11) was required to achieve the
specified convergence tolerance. A similar procedure followed for all 8 time steps.
When the analysis is finished, the SOLVE window will look like the following:
Finish SOLVE
You have now finished solving the problem. Click the Minimize button in the top-
right corner of the SOLVE window to reduce the window to an icon, or choose
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between clicking on the X in the corner or the File Exit command to exit from
SOLVE.
Once you are in CONTOUR, a DEFINE button will appear in the Analysis toolbar.
To return to DEFINE, just click on this button
TEMP/W CONTOUR reads the last increment (time step # 8) number and the
window shows the resulting positions of the freeze-thaw line together with the unit
flux vectors at this time step.
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Alternatively, you can start CONTOUR by selecting CONTOUR from the Tools
menu. The drawing displayed in the CONTOUR window will be drawn according
to the View Preference options selected at the time you exited from the DEFINE
function. You can view different parts of the drawing by choosing View
Preferences from the CONTOUR menu or choosing items on the View Preferences
Toolbar.
You can select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
1. Choose Time Increments from the View menu. The following dialog
box appears:
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Draw Contours
¾ To draw the temperature contours for the last (8th) time increment:
1. Open the View Increments dialogue box. Hold the Shift key down
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2. Choose Preferences from the View menu, and check only the
Contour Lines, Contour Shading, Freeze Thaw Line, Vectors,
Sketch Objects and DEFINE Sketch Objects check boxes as shown
in the dialogue below.
3. Click OK
4. Select Contours from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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Each contour interval is shaded a different color. You can alter the shading with
the Contour Shading controls in the Draw Contours dialog box. Try various
Methods and Start and End Colors to see the effect. After each new selection, click
Apply to see what you get. Finally, click on Cancel to return to the default shading
you created earlier.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair and the status bar indicates that
“Draw Contour Labels” is the current operating mode.
2. Move the cursor to a convenient point on a contour, and click the
left mouse button.
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The contour value appears on the contour. If you wish to remove the contour label,
simply re-click on the label, and the label disappears. Click again, and the label
will re-appear.
3. Repeat Step 2 for as many contours as you wish.
4. Press ESC or click the right mouse button to finish drawing contour
labels.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look similar to the
following:
The View Preferences command allows you to change the font and the size of the contour
values.
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1. Choose Node Information from the View menu. The nodes are
displayed on the drawing, and the following dialog box appears:
2. Click on any node to see the results computed at the node. For
example, click on the node underneath the right edge of the ice
surface. The node is selected on the drawing, and the following
information is displayed in the dialog box:
3. To see all the information that was computed at the node, scroll
through the list box or re-size the dialog box by dragging the bottom
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4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all nodes at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
The parameters that TEMP/W computes at the nodes are temperature and
boundary flux. The remaining parameters, such as thermal conductivity and unit
flux, are computed at the Gauss regions and projected to the nodes by CONTOUR
for display purposes.
¾ To see the actual computed results at the Gauss regions:
2. Click within any element Gauss region to see the results computed
at the element Gauss point. For example, click inside the element
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Gauss region underneath the right edge of the ice surface. The
element Gauss region is selected on the drawing, and the following
information is displayed in the dialog box:
3. To see all the information that was computed at the element Gauss
region, scroll through the list box.
4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all elements at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
5. Select Done when you are finished displaying the element Gauss
region information.
1. Choose Graph from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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2. In the Graph Type group box, select Temperature from the first
drop-down list box, and select Y Coordinate from the second drop-
down list box.
Moving the mouse pointer outside of the dialog box will change the pointer to a
large black pointer indicating you are in a selection mode. This is used to select the
nodes from which to generate the graph,
3. If the snap-to-grid is currently displayed, turn it off by clicking on
the Snap Grid button in the Grid toolbar.
4. Move the cursor near the node underneath the right edge of the ice
surface (4.8, 4.0) and hold down the left mouse button. As you drag
the cursor down along a vertical section of nodes, a rectangle is
drawn around the nodes to graph. Release the left mouse button
when the column of nodes is completely contained within the
rectangle.
5. Click on the Graph button in the Draw Graph dialog box. The
following graph will be displayed.
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6. Select File Print from the Graph window menu if you wish to print
the graph. Select Edit Copy from the Graph window menu if you
wish to copy the graph to the Windows Clipboard for importing into
other applications.
8. Select Done from the Draw Graph dialog box to finish with the
graphing.
You have reached the end of this introductory learning session. You have learned
sufficient concepts to give you a general understanding of the operation and
capability of TEMP/W. Not all of the powerful features of TEMP/W have been
used in this learning session, nor have all of the technical details been discussed
about the features that have been used. Details about each command are available
in the on-line help and in the supporting documentation for TEMP/W.
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Required:
1. Conduct a steady-state 2D simulation to obtain the temperature
profile beneath the tank.
Given:
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Figure 6-2 Location of the hot tank and finite element mesh for a 2D analysis
Temperature K Temperature K
(°C) (kJ/(day m °C)) (°C) (kJ/(day m °C)))
-5 200 0 10
0 155 10 10
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Given:
• Neglect the fact that temperatures far away from the actual freeze
pipes do not change with time. In other words, you should use infinite
elements but they are disabled in the Student Edition.
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Temperature Unfrozen
(°C) water content
0 1
-5 0
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7 CTRAN/W Tutorial
This chapter introduces you to CTRAN/W by presenting the step-by-step
procedures involved in analyzing a simple contaminant migration problem. By
executing each step in the sequence presented, you will be able to define a
problem, solve the problem, and view the results. By completing this exercise, you
can quickly obtain an overall understanding of the features and operations of
CTRAN/W.
To solve the problem in this tutorial, you do not need to have purchased a full
license. The tutorial lessons for each product within GeoStudio excluding
VADOSE/W (i.e., CTRAN/W, SIGMA/W, SEEP/W, QUAKE/W, TEMP/W and
SLOPE/W) can be set up, solved and analysed using the student license. Once you
have run the tutorial and are familiar with the commands, you can continue to learn
how to model specific cases by analyzing additional Student Edition laboratory
problems. These problems can be defined and solved using the free Student
License included with each GeoStudio product.
Before you can use CTRAN/W, you must learn how to use SEEP/W. Do not
proceed to conduct a CTRAN/W analysis unless you are fully satisfied that the
SEEP/W results make sense. The SEEP/W file (CTRAN Tutorial Seep
Results.GSZ) associated with this tutorial example has been included in the
tutorials folder which was installed with the software (C:\Program Files\GEO-
SLOPE\GeoStudio2004\Tutorials). The tutorial in this chapter assumes that you
are familiar with the operation of SEEP/W.
7.1 Introduction
Figure 7-1 presents a diagram of a contaminant transport problem. On the upland is
a pit containing a contaminant fluid with a relative concentration of 10. To the
right of the pit is a valley where the water table is at the floor of the valley. The
objective is to model the movement of the contaminated fluid from the pit to the
valley floor. This will be first approximated by a particle tracking analysis, and
then modeled by an advection-dispersion analysis.
Where the contaminant fluid is in contact with the excavated pit, the concentration
will be set to 10. At the valley floor, the boundary conditions will be defined as a
free exit boundary, which allows both dispersive and advective flux to cross the
boundary.
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It is assumed that you are readily familiar with the fundamentals of the Windows
environment such as using pull-down menus. If you are not, then you will first need to
learn how to navigate within the Windows environment before learning how to use
GeoStudio. The Getting Started Guide does not provide instructions on the fundamentals of
using Windows. You will have to get this information from other documentation.
1. Select GeoStudio2004 from the Start Programs menu under the GEO-
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2. Once GeoStudio has been opened, choose Open from the FILE pull
down menu. The open file dialogue box will appear:
You are now in the SEEP/W DEFINE component of GeoStudio. Notice that the
SEEP/W icon has been highlighted in the Analysis Toolbar that extends down the
left side of the GeoStudio window.
You can review the input parameters in DEFINE or view the SEEP/W results by
clicking on the CONTOUR button on the Analysis Toolbar. Once you are
comfortable that you understand the flow regime and are ready to use CTRAN/W
you need to activate the CTRAN/W module:
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1. Click on Select Analysis from under the File pull down menu. The
Analysis Selection box will appear as shown below:
Now both the CTRAN/W and SEEP/W icons will be activated within the Analysis
Toolbar, but the module “in use” will still be SEEP/W as indicated in the Project
Title Bar at the top of the screen.
To change the DEFINE view from the SEEP/W module to the CTRAN/W module,
click on the CTRAN/W icon in the Analysis Toolbar. The Project Title Bar will
indicate that you are now working within the CTRAN/W module. The problem
definition appears in the CTRAN/W DEFINE window, using the settings saved by
SEEP/W DEFINE.
You can scroll and zoom the drawing in the same way as in SEEP/W DEFINE.
Since the scale and page size of the problem are common to the SEEP/W DEFINE
file, the Set Page and Set Scale commands are unnecessary in CTRAN/W
DEFINE.
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The mesh and profile settings that were originally defined in SEEP/W will be
common to CTRAN/W. The pull-down menus will have changed to those required
for a CTRAN/W analysis and the boundary conditions that were only applicable to
the SEEP/W analysis have been removed from the mesh as shown in the picture
below.
The SEEP/W specific properties and boundary conditions will still be present if
you flip back to the SEEP/W module.
As mentioned earlier, the GeoStudio environment can be thought of as having
three components; DEFINE, SOLVE and CONTOUR. A simple means of
analyzing the contaminant migration is to track "particles" as they are carried along
by the flowing water. The particles in this example problem will be specified in the
CTRAN/W DEFINE component and then moved within the flow system by the
SOLVE component. The paths along which the particles traveled then will be
viewed with the CONTOUR component.
2. Click in the check box beside the Standard toolbar several time to
“flash” the standard toolbar on and off. Once you have located
where the Standard toolbar is located in the GeoStudio environment,
ensure the check box is selected, then move onto the next toolbar
option (i.e., Analysis) and repeat the procedure to learn the name
and location of each toolbar within GeoStudio.
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Before exiting this dialogue box, ensure the Show ToolTips box has been selected as tool
tips are very helpful when you are learning a new GeoStudio program. The tool tips appear
when the cursor is held over a toolbar icon.
1. Choose the Analysis Settings command from the KeyIn menu and
select the Type tab. The following dialog box appears:
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3. Select OK.
1. Choose Save As from the File menu. The following dialog box will
appear:
The default file name is CTRAN Tutorial Seep Results.GSZ, which is the same
name as the SEEP/W file you originally opened.
2. To keep the integrity of the SEEP/W results file, change the name in
the File Name edit box to CTRAN Tutorial Tracking.GSZ. It is
also a good idea to save your file to a new directory. Saving your
tutorial file to a location other than C:\Program Files\GEO-
SLOPE\GeoStudio2004\Tutorials will ensure that the completed
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It is best to assign a file name that is different than the original SEEP/W file to keep the
original file intact for future reference. The new file you create will contain both the
SEEP/W results and the new particle tracking CTRAN problem.
3. Select Save. The data will be saved to the file and the file name is
displayed in the DEFINE window title bar.
The file name may include a drive name and directory path. If you do not include a
path, the file will be saved in the directory name displayed in the Save in box.
Now that the CTRAN/W file has been saved, you can later open the file in
GeoStudio by choosing the File Open command and selecting the file name; you
no longer need to import the SEEP/W file first.
1. Turn on the background grid by selecting Grid from the Set pull
down menu. The following dialogue box appears:
3. Click OK.
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A grid point is displayed every 0.25 m on the drawing. This spacing value was
initially defined in SEEP/W; it was read into CTRAN/W when the SEEP/W data
file was imported.
4. Choose Particles from the Draw menu. The cursor changes from an
arrow to a cross-hair and the status bar indicates that “Draw
Particles” is the current operating mode.
5. Move the cursor near (0,10) and click the left mouse button.
CTRAN/W snaps to the grid and displays a particle at this position. Zoom in the
drawing if the particle is too small to see clearly.
6. Click the left mouse button at (0.5,10), (1.0,10), (1.5,10), (2,10), and
(2.25,10.25) to define particles along the base of the pit.
Another way of defining particles is to use the KeyIn Particles command and enter
the exact particle coordinates. For more information on entering particle
coordinates, see the KeyIn Particles command in the on-line help.
After completing the above steps to draw particles, the starting positions of the
particles should be displayed on the mesh as follows:
4
11
2 3
10
9
Define the analysis settings
¾ Time Sequence - Particle Tracking
To define the incremental time sequence for the particle tracking analysis:
1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu. Select the Time tab
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The value in the Starting Time edit box is already set to the desired value of 0.
3. Type 50 in the Initial Increment Size edit box.
5. Check (turn on) the Max Inc. Size option, and type 50 in the Max
Inc. Size edit box.
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for every fifth time step will be saved to the data files.
Please note that the time step size used in particle tracking is automatically
determined by SOLVE. Therefore, the time step size specified here will not affect
the solution. A time step with the save flag specified as Yes means that the particle
tracking solution will be stored and you may then use CONTOUR to view the
solution at that time step.
¾ Select SEEP/W analysis to be used for the particle tracking simulation
1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu. Select the Type tab.
The following dialogue box appears:
2. Click on the button beside the Seepage Results From: edit box.
The following box will appear.
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3. Select SEEP/W from the drop down Analysis menu. Click OK.
Finishing DEFINE
You have now finished defining the particle tracking problem. Save the problem
definition before proceeding. In the next section, DEFINE will be used to start the
SOLVE function and automatically load the example problem.
A series of engineering books have been written as supporting documentation for each
GeoStudio product. These books are available in PDF format within GeoStudio and a link
can be found on the Start Page. At any time during development or analysis of a simulation
you can gain access to this important resource by clicking on the Show Start Page icon
which appears in the Analysis Toolbar on the left side of the screen in GeoStudio.
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SOLVE automatically opens your tutorial data file and displays the SEEP/W and
CTRAN/W data file names in the SOLVE window, along with the starting time
step number.
¾ To perform particle tracking:
A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress. SOLVE displays the number of particles inside and
outside the mesh for each time step. This allows you to determine when a particle
has moved outside the mesh and is no longer being moved by SOLVE.
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SOLVE creates a particle file and a property file for each time step that was
flagged to be saved. For this example, the files created are:
1. CTRAN Tutorial Tracking.P?? Particle file containing the location of
each particle.
The last two digits ?? of the file name extension are replaced by the number of the
time step. In this example (where every 5th time step was saved), the file name
CTRAN Tutorial Tracking.P05 would identify the particle file for Step Number
5.
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The files created by SOLVE are in text format and compressed into one archive
file, the *.GSZ file. Once extracted using a program like WinZip, these files can be
viewed with Windows Notepad, WordPad, or any other text editor. CONTOUR
reads these files, however, and allows you to view the information graphically.
Once you have clicked the CONTOUR button, the CONTOUR window appears
with the latest time step results information displayed (time step 55).
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The Windows Title Bar indicates you are within CONTOUR. The drawing
displayed in the CONTOUR window will be drawn according to the View
Preference options selected at the time you exited from the DEFINE function. You
can view other time step results and adjust features of the CONTOUR window by
choosing View Preferences from the CONTOUR menu in the same way you chose
View Preferences from the DEFINE menu.
If you want to view other time steps, select the View Time Increments dialog box
to display other available data.
Since concentration files were not created for this problem, the Particle Type is
selected by default and the Concentration Type is disabled. The time increments
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for which results are available are listed in the Increments Available list box. The
last time step, #55 is automatically loaded into the Increments to View window. To
view results from Time Step 30:
2. Select 55 (the last time increment) in the Increments to View list
box.
5. Click Add to move the file name to the Increments to View list box
6. Click OK.
The particle migration paths are displayed as blue lines. The blue circles at each
end of the lines represent particle positions at the initial time and at the time step
selected in the View Time Increments dialog box (Time 30). The water table is
displayed as a blue dashed line.
2. Choose Particle Shading from the Draw menu. The cursor changes
from an arrow to a cross-hair, material property shading turns off and
the status bar indicates that “Draw Particle Shading” is the current
operating mode. The following dialog box appears:
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3. Move the cursor near the left-most particle line and click the left
mouse button.
4. Move the cursor to the right near the adjacent particle line and click
the left mouse button.
The region between the two particle lines is shaded yellow. Your screen should
appear as follows:
5. Click on each of the four remaining particle lines in order from left
to right. If you click on the wrong particle line and wish to begin
again, select Remove All in the dialog box to remove all particle
shading and go back to Step 3.
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The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and the status bar indicates that
"View Particle Information" is the current operating mode.
2. Move the cursor near any part of a particle path and click the left
mouse button. The nearest point on the particle path is selected and the
following dialog box is displayed, containing the particle information
at the selected point:
Elapsed Time The amount of time for the particle to travel to the selected
point.
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selected point.
3. Repeat Step 2 for every point on the particle path that you wish to
view.
You have now completed a typical example of a particle tracking analysis. There
are other CONTOUR features not covered in this section that apply to a particle
tracking analysis. Head, Pressure, Courant numbers, and other parameters can be
contoured, plotted, or viewed at nodes and element Gauss regions. See the on-line
help for complete coverage of the Draw Contour options.
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¾ To create a new CTRAN/W problem that will still contain the results from
previously solved SEEP/W analysis:
1. Choose Save As from the File menu. The following dialog box will
appear:
The default file name will be the name you named the tutorial earlier i.e., CTRAN
Tutorial Tracking.GSZ
2. Type the desired file name in the File Name edit box.
To differentiate from the particle tracking problem, assign a different file name,
such as CTRAN Tutorial Advection.GSZ.
3. Select Save. The data will be saved to the file, and the new file name
is displayed in the DEFINE window title bar.
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1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu and select the Type
tab. The following dialog box appears:
3. Select OK.
Earlier in this tutorial lesson the corresponding SEEP/W results for this problem
were identified under Settings. The SEEP/W results will also be used for the
Advection-Dispersion problem.
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Only Material 1 is listed, since it is the only material defined for the seepage
analysis.
2. Click on the Material 1 line in the list box. The properties of
Material 1 are copied into the edit boxes.
Since molecular diffusion, decay, and adsorption are not considered in this
example, leave D-Fn #, S-Fn #, Decay Half-Life, and Dry Density set at the default
values of 0.
5. Select Copy. The values contained in the edit boxes are copied into
the list box.
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1. Choose Preferences from the View menu. Check the Node Numbers
check box to display the node numbers and uncheck the Particles
check box to hide the particles. If particles are displayed you will
not be able to see the boundary condition symbols. (Alternatively,
you can delete the particles with the KeyIn Particles command, since
particles are ignored in advection-dispersion analysis).
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6. To specify the free exit boundary condition along the valley floor,
select Qm as the boundary type with an Action of zero, and an Exit
Review type Qd>0.
After defining the boundary conditions, your screen should look as follows:
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1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu. Select the Time tab:
3. Click OK.
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1. Choose Flux Sections from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
2. Use the default value in the Section Number box. It should be set to
1.
4. Using the mouse, move the cursor near position (8.5,-0.5), below the
bottom boundary of the finite element mesh. Click the left mouse
button. As you move the mouse, a dashed black line is drawn from
(8.5,-0.5) to the new cursor position.
5. Move the cursor near (8.5,11.5), just above the top boundary of the
mesh, and click the left mouse button. A blue dashed line is drawn,
indicating a flux section along this area.
6. Click the right mouse button to finish defining this flux section.
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Flux sections must be drawn such that they cut through an element but do not
intersect any nodes. As a result, it is sometimes necessary to turn off the snap to
grid feature if the nearby nodes happen to line up with the grid points
Finish DEFINE
You have now finished defining the problem. Save the problem definition before
verifying and solving the problem.
¾ To Verify the problem:
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3. Click Verify and the program will check to make sure all the
required input parameters, flux sections and boundary conditions
have been defined.
The SOLVE window appears. SOLVE automatically opens the CTRAN Tutorial
Advection.GSZ data file and displays it as the SEEP/W and CTRAN/W data file
names in the SOLVE window, along with the starting time step number.
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A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress.
SOLVE displays information about the computations as the analysis progresses. In
this example, a single iteration is required for each time step, since there is no
adsorption defined. The Vector Norm and % Change are required for nonlinear
analyses that include adsorption.
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SOLVE creates a series of files for each time step with the Save flag specified as
Yes. For this example, the files created are:
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The ?? of the file name extension are replaced by the number of the time step. In
this example (where every 10th time step was saved), the file name CTRAN
Tutorial Advection.C10 would identify the concentration file for Step Number
10.
The files created by SOLVE are in text format and compressed into one archive
file designated with a *.GSZ ending, i.e., CTRAN Tutorial Advection.GSZ.
Once extracted using a Windows program like WinZip, these files can be viewed
with Windows Notepad, WordPad, or any other text editor. CONTOUR reads
these files, however, and allows you to view the information graphically.
Alternatively, you can start CONTOUR by selecting CONTOUR under the Tools
pull-down menu.
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The Concentration type is selected by default and the Particle type is disabled,
since no particle files were created for this problem. The time increments for which
results are available are listed in the Increments Available list box and Step #55 is
already in the increments to view list box.
3. Select OK.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should appear as follows:
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The velocity vectors and location of the phreatic surface as determined by SEEP/W
appear on the profile by default. These results can be turned off under View
Preferences.
2. Choose Contours from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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6. Select OK.
Each contour region is filled with different shades of color. All elements with
computed concentration values greater than or equal to the highest contour value
(in this case, 10.0) are shaded with red. All elements with computed concentration
values less than the lowest contour value (0.0) are shaded with blue. The remaining
elements are shaded with intermediate colors between blue and red proportional to
their computed concentration values. Choose View Preferences and uncheck the
Contour Shading check box if you do not wish to see the contour shading.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and the status bar indicates that
"Draw Contour Labels" is the current operating mode.
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The contour label appears on the contour. If you wish to remove the contour label,
simply re-click on the label, and the label disappears. Click again, and the label
will re-appear.
4. Repeat Step 3 for as many contours as you wish.
6. If you wish to change the size of the contour labels, choose the View
Preferences command and select or type a new size value in the Font
Size Contours drop-down list box.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and the status bar indicates that
"Draw Flux Labels" is the current operating mode.
2. Move the cursor to a convenient point on the flux section, and click
the left mouse button.
The value of the total mass flux across the section appears on the section. If you
wish to remove the flux label, simply re-click on the label, and the label
disappears. If you wish to place the label elsewhere on the section, click again on a
different part of the flux section.
3. Click the right mouse button to finish labeling flux sections.
¾ To display advective, dispersive, stored, or decayed flux values on the flux
section:
1. Choose Preferences from the View menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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2. Click on the right arrow of the Flux Sections drop-down list box to
display the mass flux types, and select Advective Flux, Dispersive
Flux, Stored Flux, or Decayed Flux.
3. If you wish to change the font size of the mass flux label, select or
type a new font size value in the Font Size Flux drop-down list box.
4. Select OK.
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The flux section that is labeled now displays the selected mass flux value (i.e.,
advective, dispersive, stored, or decayed) across the section, rather than the total
mass flux. Choose Draw Flux Labels if you wish to remove the mass flux value
label.
The only way of knowing which type of mass flux values are currently displayed on the
drawing is to observe which mass flux type is selected in the View Preferences dialog box.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look similar to the
following:
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1. Choose Node Information from the View menu. The nodes are
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2. Click on any node to see the results computed at the node. For
example, click on the node at the top-left corner of the mesh. The node
is selected on the drawing, and the following information is displayed
in the dialog box:
3. To see all the information at the node, scroll through the list box.
Alternatively, resize the dialog box by pointing the mouse to any
edge of the dialog box and “drag” the edge of the box to change the
size.
4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all nodes at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
The parameters that CTRAN/W SOLVE computes at the nodes are concentration,
boundary mass flux, sum of boundary mass flux, fluid mass, solid mass, dispersive
coefficients, Peclet and Courant numbers. For completeness, other parameters
computed by SEEP/W SOLVE such as total head, water flux and velocities are
also included in the list box.
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1. Choose Element Information from the View menu. The View Element
Information dialog box is displayed.
2. Click within any element Gauss region to see the results computed at
the element Gauss point. For example, click inside the element Gauss
region at the top-left corner of the mesh. The element Gauss region is
selected on the drawing, and the following information is displayed in
the dialog box after it has been resized as described above:
4. Repeat Step 2 for all elements at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
The parameters that CTRAN/W SOLVE computes at the Gauss region are fluid
mass, solid mass, dispersive coefficients, adsorption, slope of adsorption function,
Peclet and Courant numbers. For completeness, other parameters computed by
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SEEP/W SOLVE such as volumetric water content and velocities are also included
in the list box.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and the status bar indicates that
"View Mass Accumulation" is the current operating mode.
The following dialog box is displayed, showing the total mass in the system, the
portion of the system mass that is contained in fluids, and the portion of the system
mass that is contained on solids:
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4. Click the right mouse button or select Done to finish viewing the
accumulated mass information.
1. Choose Graph from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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The cursor changes from an arrow to a black arrow and the status bar indicates that
“Draw Graph” is the current operating mode.
2. In the Graph Type group box, leave Concentration selected in the
first drop-down list box, and select Y-Coordinate from the second
drop-down list box.
3. Click the All button under Select Time Steps to highlight Time Step
#55.
4. If the grid is currently displayed, turn it off by choosing the Set Grid
command and unchecking the Snap to Grid check box in the Grid
dialog box. Alternatively, press the Snap Grid button in the Grid
toolbar to disable the grid.
5. Move the cursor near the flux section arrow-head at the top of the
mesh and hold down the left mouse button. As you drag the cursor
down the middle of the mesh, a rectangle is drawn around the nodes
to graph. Release the left mouse button when a single column of
nodes is completely contained within the rectangle.
The nodes are displayed on the drawing in reverse video to indicate that they have
been selected:
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6. Select the Graph button to display the graph. The following Graph
window is displayed:
In this instance, it is not especially intuitive to have the y-coordinate values exist
on the horizontal axis. It is also beneficial to define axis titles for the graph
7. Select Options under the Set menu. The following dialogue box
appears:
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8. Under Graph Display, click in the check box beside Rotate 90°.
This will redraw the graph such that the concentration will exist on
the x-axis and the y-coordinate will be on the y-axis.
11. Unselect the check box beside Use Auto Scale. The edit boxes under
the Vert. axis will become active. For the Vert. Axis (i.e., y-
coordinate), type a Max. value of 12 and increment of 2.
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13. Select File Print from the Graph window menu if you wish to print
the graph on the default printer. Select Edit Copy from the Graph
window menu if you wish to copy the graph to the Windows
Clipboard for importing into other applications.
14. To close the Graph window, choose File Close or click the close
button at the far right of the Graph window title bar.
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1. Choose Time Increments from the View menu. The following dialog
box appears where you can select the Time Increments you want to
view.
The number in the Increments To View list box is 55, since we are currently
viewing the results at the 55th time increment.
2. Select Add All. All of the available time increment numbers are
added to the Increments To View list box, and the Value to Contour
edit box is now enabled.
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You can turn on the material color through View Preferences. The concentration
contours should look like the following picture.
You have reached the end of this introductory learning session. You have learned
sufficient concepts to give you a general understanding of the operation and
capability of CTRAN/W. Not all of the powerful features of CTRAN/W have been
used in this learning session, nor have all of the technical details been discussed
about the features that have been used. Details about each command are available
in the on-line help and in the supporting documentation for CTRAN/W.
• No density-dependent flow
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Modeling Hint:
Modeling Hint:
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• When setting time steps remember the linear groundwater velocity will
be equal to: v = U/θ or 0.1 m/s. Therefore for the advective front to
travel 40 meters will require 400s
• Be sure that your spatial discretization and temporal discretization
satisfy the Peclet and Courant criteria
Given:
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Pickens, J.F. and Lennox, W.C. 1976. Numerical simulation of waste movement in
steady groundwater flow systems. Water Resources Research, 12(2), pp. 171-180.
In this paper the authors produced a sensitivity analyses on the parameter
dispersivity, illustrating how the magnitude of dispersivity in the longitudinal and
transverse directions influences the shape of a contaminant plume.
Required:
1. Develop the SEEPW and CTRANW models of the case presented
by Pickens and Lennox (1976).
αL = αT = 5, 10 or 100 m
αL 10 m , αT = 0.5 m and αL 100 m , αT = 5 m
αL / αL = 20, 5 or 1 with αL = always 10 m
Given (for SEEP/W analysis):
Modeling Hint:
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Figure 7-5 Flow system discretization from Pickens and Lennox (1976) model
Figure 7-6 Head contours from Pickens and Lennox (1976) model
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8 VADOSE/W Tutorial
This chapter introduces you to VADOSE/W by presenting the step-by-step
procedures involved in analyzing a simple evaporation problem with vegetation.
Ground freezing is left out of this example. By executing each step in the sequence
presented, you will be able to define a problem, solve the problem, and view the
result. By completing this exercise, you can quickly obtain an overall
understanding of the features and operations of VADOSE/W.
To solve the problem in this tutorial, you will need to have purchased a full
license. Alternatively, you can use the free Viewer License to create the problem in
DEFINE without saving it. You can then open the previously solved tutorial
problem from the examples folder and view the results in CONTOUR.
8.1 Introduction
The figure below presents a schematic diagram of a typical problem where a cover
is placed over a waste material. The cover is comprised of a loose growth medium
material over a compacted material. The objective is to examine the total
infiltration through the bottom of the compacted layer as well as to observe that the
compacted layer degree of saturation remains above 85% in order to mitigate any
diffusion of oxygen through to the waste where it may react with water in the
waste to produce acidic discharge (in the case of mine waste rock).
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Distance (m)
The left end boundary is a constant head value equal to 3 meters, which assumes
that there is a water source (such as a lake) to the left of the figure that can provide
unlimited water (if necessary) to maintain this head at the left end of the figure.
The right edge of the figure is assumed to be a zero flow boundary in this case
which may be true if the right end of the waste pile was situated next to a vertical
wall of an excavated open pit mine.
1. Select GeoStudio2004 from the Start Programs menu under the GEO-
SLOPE folder. If you do not have a full-license mode to select, then
use the viewer mode. The viewer mode will allow you to set up a
problem, but it will not allow you to save or solve the problem.
2. Once GeoStudio has been opened, choose New from the FILE pull
down menu. The following dialogue box will appear:
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3. Highlight the GeoStudio original settings and then select OK. The
following Analysis Selection dialogue box will appear.
4. Once the dialogue box opens, click on the box beside VADOSE/W
and then select OK. You are now in VADOSE/W DEFINE.
It is assumed that you are readily familiar with the fundamentals of the Windows
environment such as using pull-down menus. If you are not, then you will first need to
learn how to navigate within the Windows environment before learning how to use
VADOSE/W. The VADOSE/W tutorial does not provide instructions on the fundamentals
of using Windows. You will have to get this information from other documentation.
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1. Click in the check box beside the Standard toolbar several times to
“flash” the standard toolbar on and off. Once you have located where
the Standard toolbar is located in the GeoStudio environment, ensure
the check box is selected, then move onto the next toolbar option (i.e.,
Analysis) and repeat the procedure to learn the name and location of
each toolbar within GeoStudio.
Before exiting this dialogue box, ensure the Show ToolTips box has been selected as tool
tips are very helpful when you are learning a new GeoStudio program. The tool tips appear
when the cursor is held over a toolbar icon.
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1. Choose Page from the Set menu. The Set Page dialog box appears.
The Printer Page group box displays the name of the printer selected and the
printing space available on one printer page. This information is presented to help
you define a working area that will print properly.
2. Select mm in the Page Units group box.
3. Type 260 in the Working Area Width edit box. Press the TAB key to
move to the next edit box.
5. Select OK.
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1. Choose Scale from the Set menu. The following dialog box appears:
2. Select the kJ, day, meters, degree Celsius units in the Engineering
Units group box.
4. Type 200 in the Horz. 1: edit box, and type 200 in the Vert. 1: edit
box.
5. Select OK.
Since the problem is defined in terms of meters and kN, the unit weight of water
must be 9.807 kN/m3, which is the default value when the engineering dimensions
are defined in meters.
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Since the problem heat units are kJ and the time units days, the latent heat of water
for the phase change from liquid to ice is set as 3.34e+005 kJ/m3 and the phase
change temperature is defaulted to zero Celsius.
1. Choose Grid from the Set menu. The Set Grid dialog box will appear.
The actual grid spacing on the screen will be a distance of 5 mm between each grid
point. This value is displayed in the Actual Grid Spacing group box.
4. Check the Display Grid check box.
6. Select OK.
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The grid is displayed in the DEFINE window. As you move the cursor in the
window, the coordinates of the nearest grid point (in engineering units) are
displayed in the status bar.
1. Choose Save from the File menu. The following dialog box will
appear.
2. Type a file name in the File Name edit box. For example, type
VADOSE Tutorial.
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3. Select Save. The data will be saved to the file VADOSE Tutorial.gsz.
Once it is saved, the file name is displayed in the DEFINE window
title bar.
The file name may include a drive name and directory path. If you do not include a
path, the file will be saved in the directory name displayed in the Save In box.
All GeoStudio files have a GSZ file name extension. VADOSE/W will add the
extension to the file name if it is not specified. If you have several different
GeoStudio modules, it is likely wise to be descriptive in your file name, i.e., if you
had simply called this VADOSE/W tutorial example TUTORIAL.GSZ and then
completed a SLOPE/W tutorial example, which you also called TUTORIAL.GSZ,
one file would replace the other if they were saved to the same directory.
The next time you choose File Save, the file will be saved without first bringing up
the Save File As dialog box. This is because a file name is already specified.
Sketch axes
Sketching an axis on the drawing facilitates viewing the drawing and interpreting
the drawing after it is printed.
¾ To sketch an axis:
1. Turn on the background grid by choosing Set Grid and checking the
Snap to Grid option or by clicking on the Snap Grid button on the Grid
toolbar. This will re-display the background grid and allow you to
define an evenly-spaced region for the axis.
2. Click on the Zoom Page button in the Zoom toolbar. (If the Zoom
toolbar is not displayed, choose View Toolbars and click on the Zoom
check box). The entire working area is displayed in the DEFINE
window.
3. Choose Axes from the Sketch menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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4. Check the Left Axis, Bottom Axis, and Axis Numbers check boxes in
the Display group box. The Top Axis and Right Axis check boxes
should be unchecked.
This will cause an X-axis to be sketched along the bottom side of the specified
region and a Y axis to be sketched along the left side of the specified region.
5. Type an appropriate title for the bottom X-axis in the Bottom X edit
box.
6. Type an appropriate title for the left Y-axis in the Left Y edit box.
7. Select OK. The cursor will change from an arrow to a cross-hair, and
"Sketch Axes" will be added to the status bar, indicating the mode in
which you are operating.
8. Move the cursor near position (0,0). Hold the left mouse button down,
but do not release it. As you move the mouse, a rectangle appears.
9. "Drag" the mouse near (36,19), and release the left mouse button.
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Figure 8-2 Axis drawn by dragging cursor from (0,0) to (36,19)
The View Preferences command allows you to change the font and the size of the
axis numbers. For more information about this command, see View Preferences in
the on line help.
The number of increments along each axis is calculated by VADOSE/W when the
axis is generated. Choose the Set Axes command if you wish to override these
values.
1. In the Zoom toolbar, click on the Zoom Page button with the left
mouse button.
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Lines" is the current operating mode. You will be given the option to
draw arrows, thick, or thin lines. Make your selection and theN move
the selection box out of the way so you can sketch your problem
geometry.
3. Using the mouse, move the cursor near position (0,0), as indicated in
the status bar at the bottom of the window, and click the left mouse
button. The cursor snaps to the grid point at (0,). As you move the
mouse, a line is drawn from (0,0) to the new cursor position.
The cursor position (in engineering units) is always displayed in the status bar. It is
updated as you move the cursor with the mouse.
4. Move the cursor near (0,5) and click the left mouse button. The cursor
snaps to (0,5) and a line is drawn from (0,0) to (0,5).
5. Move the cursor near (5,5) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (0,5) to (5,5).
6. Move the cursor near (29,17) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (5,5) to (29,17).
7. Move the cursor near (35,17) and click the left mouse button. A line is
drawn from (29,17 to (35,17). Draw another line from (35,17) to
(35,0) and then back to (0,0).
8. Click the right mouse button to finish sketching a line. The cursor will
change from a cross-hair back to an arrow; you are then back in Work
Mode. This is now the outline of the main mesh you will draw over the
region of the waste material. The cover will be meshed separately.
9. In the Zoom Toolbar, click on the Zoom Objects button with the left
mouse button.
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The drawing is enlarged so that the lines you just sketched fill the DEFINE
window.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look like the
following:
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If you sketch a line in the wrong position, use the Modify Objects command to move it. For
more information about this command, see the on-line help.
1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu. The following dialog
box appears.
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2. Type in any appropriate text in the Title edit box and the Comments
edit box.
3. Select OK.
This information will be written to all data input and output files.
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1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu and select the Type
property sheet tab. The following dialog box will appear:
4. Select OK.
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1. Choose Analysis Settings from the KeyIn menu and select the Control
property sheet tab. The following dialog box will appear:
You want to allow surface water to pond at low points in the mesh where climate
boundary conditions are specified. Therefore, leave the bottom check box selected
4. Select OK.
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Max # of Iterations: 25
Tolerance: 01
Maximum Change: 1
Rate of Change: 1.05
Minimum Change: 0.0001
Select Iterative Equation Solver:
Tolerance: 1.0E-10
Max. Number of Reviews: 8
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5. Click Generate.
Now there are 365 time steps. In this case, each step is equal to one day. The
starting time is zero, and each increment is 1. The expansion factor is also 1 which
means that all time steps are the same size. The first day and every 15th day after
have been selected to be saved.
You will need to manually set a Save day on day 365 as this is not an even
increment of 15.
6. Scroll down the list and select the row of data for time step 365.
Change the No value in the Save column to Yes using the small pull
down list box as shown below.
7. Click COPY button to update the table and save day 365.
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You will also use adaptive time stepping in order for the solver to apply less than 1
day steps if necessary.
8. Check the Use Adaptive time step box
9. Enter a maximum % change in Head value of 2.5 and a minimum
applied increment size of 0.04167 days (or 1 hour).
10. Select Calculate from Iteration Count. This will reduce time steps if
convergence takes more iterations and increase time steps if the
solution converges quickly.
11. Select OK when done.
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Storage functions
You will need to import three storage functions: the waste rock material, the
compacted layer material, and the loose surface layer material. You should import
or create the storage functions first as these can be used to predict they hydraulic
conductivity and thermal functions you will enter later.
¾ To define a volumetric water content function
You will be creating three functions so initially, ensure the function number "1" is
visible.
2. Click the Import... button.
A file open dialogue box will appear and you will have to browse to locate the
folder where the example files shipped with the software or downloaded from the
internet have been stored. In the examples folder will exist a file called GeoStudio
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When you open this file, you will see the following dialogue that lists the soil
functions that are available to select from.
4. Hold the control key down and select soils number 1, 8 and 18. This
will insert these soils as soils 1, 2 and 3 respectively in your project.
After the soils are imported into your project, the import dialogue will disappear
and you can edit the three imported. You can add a description and also edit any of
the parameters to adjust them to your specific site.
5. To edit the data for soil 1, ensure that soil function 1 is visible in the
following dialogue.
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As you have imported a complete function, you do not have to adjust any curve fit
parameters or saturated water content values. You will have to enter the
description of the material as you would like it to be for your project.
7. Put the cursor in the Description edit box and type Waste Material.
At this point you can view the function in logarithmic mode or arithmetic mode by
selecting the check box at the bottom of the dialogue. It is recommended for all
evaporative flux analysis to view both water content and hydraulic conductivity
functions in Log Suction mode as your functions must be defined over the full
range of possible pressures (as small as minus 1 million kPa or equivalent PSF).
8. Select OK.
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You can now edit the descriptions associated with Soils 2 and 3 in the same
manner
Soil 2: compacted layer
Soil 3: loose surface layer
2. Click Import.
Browse and open the same database file as above and import the hydraulic
conductivity functions for soils 1, 8 and 18 respectively.
You will also have to change the value of the saturated hydraulic conductivity.
This is necessary because the time units of your analysis are "days" but the
saturated conductivity value in the database is in units of "seconds".
3. Select 1 from the pull down function number menu.
4. Click Edit.
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All the values in the function will be automatically updated to reflect the new Ksat
value. The correct Ksat in units of meters/day are listed in the Ksat box below for
all soils.
7. Select OK
8. Select 2 from the pull down function number menu. Change the Ksat
of Function #2 to be 1.296E-3 m/day. Select OK.
9. Select 3 from the pull down function number menu. Change the Ksat
of Function #3 to be 8.64 m/day. Select OK.
Now we need to import one last function which will represent the dry, cracked
surface soil. The very top surface soil is the same as the soil below but it has a
different shaped function to reflect the fact there is loose material and cracking
right near the surface.
To create the top layer of the Loose Cover Material
10. Type 4 in the pull down function number menu to create a 4th function.
11. Select Import and import function #18 from the data base file. Once
the function exists in VADOSE. ,modify the Ksat of Function #4 to be
8.64 m/day. Press the TAB key to update the function without closing
the dialogue box.
You will modify the function by deleting data points at the high suction (negative
pressure) range. You will then enter a couple points to smooth out the function as
suctions get higher.
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To remove points, you can either delete them from the list box table by
highlighting them and then clicking “Delete” or by using the mouse, dragging a
box around the points you want to delete in the graph window and hitting the
Delete key on your keyboard. Delete all points at suctions above 100 and then
manually enter new points (# 11 – 15) as shown above in the figure. You can enter
the new points in the table or select the node button in the graph view and just
click the location of the new point. The new points are:
This manual creation of the surface 4 inches is somewhat arbitrary. There is a
discussion relating to why this is done in VADOSE/W engineering book.
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You will create three functions, one for each soil type.
2. Type in 1 for the function number (if not already present).
3. Click Edit. Press the Estimate button in the top right corner of the
dialogue box to access the estimation routine for this function. The
following dialogue appears.
4. Select 1 from the pull down menu beside Vol. W.C. Fn #. This ensures
the volumetric specific function will be estimated using the volumetric
water content function #1.
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The mass specific heat value can be found in the VADOSE/W on-line help by
clicking on the ? in the top right hand corner of the dialogue box. Remember to
select a value that has the same time and heat units as your problem geometry. In
this case, kJ and days.
6. Accept the default water content values. Click OK.
The function points will be displayed. To view the graph, click View.
7. Type Waste Material in the description field.
8. Select OK.
Now enter the volumetric specific heat functions for the compacted and loose
cover materials using water content functions 2 and 3 respectively. You can use
soil mineral specific heat values of 0.8 for the compacted layer and 1.674 for the
loose cover layer in the respective estimation routines.
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2. Enter 1 in the list box and select Edit. The following dialogue appears.
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The material mineral thermal conductivity can be obtained from a table of typical
values for thermal conductivity in the on-line help. Click on the ? in the top right
corner to view this table..
5. Type in 216 in the Material Mineral Thermal K field.
Repeat the procedure for estimate the thermal conductivity for the compacted layer
and the loose cover.
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1. Select Climate Data under the KeyIn menu. The following dialogue
box appears
.
2. Select New to create an empty data set. The climate data dialogue box
will appear.
3. Click the Import button. Browse to locate the data base file used
earlier to import soil properties. A list of available sites will appear.
5. Select OK. All data will enter into the climate dialogue.
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Because you imported the climate data, the dates of the analysis and the latitude of
the site were included and have been entered into the dialogue box.
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1. Select Vegetation Leaf Area Index from the KeyIn Climate Functions
pull down menu.
3. Type Poor Quality Grass in the description field and then press the
Estimate button.
7. Select OK.
The following function is generated. The function shows the leaf area index
increases early in the simulation and reduces by about the 150th day. Based on the
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climate data, the first simulation day was May 1 so the function below shows a
growing season of about 5 months, or mid May to October.
There is no estimate option for this function so you will enter the data points
manually in the edit boxes.
3. Type 1 in the # edit field. Press TAB or use the mouse to click in the
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11. Type a description of 1500 kPa wilting point in the Description field.
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1. Select Root Depth from the KeyIn Climate Functions pull down menu.
3. Click Edit.
4. Enter the 5 data points as shown in the figure below. Remember to hit
“copy” after entering in each row of data to write the information up to
the table list.
Once you have a couple of points in the table, you can view the function and graphically
add or edit points with the mouse.
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2. Type 1 in the # edit box to indicate that you are defining Material 1.
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3. Click the down arrow beside the HK-Fn # edit box. A drop-down list
appears, containing the numbers of all defined conductivity functions.
Select 1 from the list.
4. In a similar manner, assign W.C. Fn #1, TK-Fn and S.H. Fn. #1 to the
first material as well.
The K-Ratio is 1.0, and the K-Direction is 0.0. Leave these values unchanged,
since these are the values you will use for this material.
5. Select Copy. The values contained in the edit boxes will be copied
into the list box, creating the material.
6. Repeat the steps for all soils. You will notice that soil number 4 uses
the hydraulic conductivity function 4 which was modified from soil 3.
It also uses the same water content and thermal functions as soil 3.
This is because it is the same soil as soil 3. The only difference is how
the soil behaves in the top few inches as high negative pressures.
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¾ To define the first region
2. Move the cursor and click on (0,5), (4,5), (5,5), (7,6), (27,16), (29,17),
(31,17), (35,17), (35,0), (31,0), (29,0), (27,0), (7,0), (5,0),
An unstructured finite element mesh will be generated that looks like the following
figure. A dialogue box will also appear to allow you to edit various parts of the
region.
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6. Select Copy. The mesh will update and you can then select another
side to adjust.
7. Highlight Edge 9,10 (the right hand vertical edge of the profile) and
type 12 in the Min. subdivisions edit box. Select Copy..
8. Continue to select sides and type in Min. Subdivisions until the mesh
looks like the one shown below.
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The Preferences group box can be used to check or un-check any of the options in
the Items to View group box.
The Font size and type can be set for nodes, elements and axes using the Font Size
group box options. Checking the Convert All Sketch Text Fonts option and
selecting a font will convert all of the sketch text to the corresponding font.
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1. Ensure that the Zoom toolbar is displayed. If the Zoom toolbar is not
displayed, choose View Toolbars and click on the Zoom check box.
2. In the Zoom toolbar, click on the Zoom In button with the left mouse
button.
The cursor changes to a magnifying glass with a plus sign and the Zoom In button
appears pushed-in to indicate that you are in a Zooming In mode.
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The selected region is enlarged so that it fills the entire window. The Zoom In
button returns to its normal state. The edit box in the Zoom toolbar shows the
percentage the drawing is reduced or magnified. To display the drawing at its
previous size click on the Zoom Out button in the Zoom toolbar with the left
mouse button. The drawing is displayed at the previous size.
Modifying a region
Notice there are more sub-divisions at the bottom break in the slope. This is
important because this is where any seepage face water will want to come out of
the slope and therefore it must be discretized finer.
Currently, the two breaks in the slope face are very angular. It is good modeling
practice to round these angles. This is achieved by using the Modify Objects tool.
¾ To modify an existing region
1. Set the grid spacing to 0.25 instead of 1. This can be done by clicking
the arrows in the Grid toolbar
2. Select Objects from the Modify menu. The modify objects dialogue
box will appear. Move it aside if necessary, but do not close it
3. Zoom in on the area around Region Point #4 at the toe of the slope.
4. Click on region point #4 and holding the mouse button down, drag
region point #4 upwards slightly i.e., one grid space, and release the
mouse.
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5
3 4
5. Click on region point #7 and move it down one grid spacing to round
the crest of the embankment.
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6
The end result should be a mesh like in the following figure. In this figure, the soil
material for the waste material is shaded yellow using the View Preferences
command and selecting Show Element Shading. Region point numbers have also
been turned off.
You can also select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
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Notice the slight adjustment to the two slope break regions points gives the
geometry a more natural look. It is also numerically easier to avoid angular breaks
in geometry.
1. Select Surface Regions from the Draw menu. The mouse cursor will
turn to cross hairs. Draw Surface Regions appears in the status bar at
the bottom of the screen indicating the mode in which you are
currently working.
2. Click the left mouse button on the top left most node in your existing
mesh and then click the right node. A red line will be drawn on the
element edges where a cover will be applied and a cover dialogue box
will appear.
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3. Enter each soil layer number, material number, element divisions, and
layer depth for the surface region as shown in the figure above. After
you enter each row, COPY the data to the list box.
4. When finished select Apply to see what the new cover region will look
like, then OK to exit the dialogue box.
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The cover layers are drawn on to the mesh as shown above. In the above figure, the
element lines and region points and lines have been turned off using the view
preferences options or toolbar buttons. You can also turn off the nodes in the
surface region cover layers you created if it looks cluttered by de-selecting the
View Surface Mesh details button or using the similar command in the View
Preferences dialogue box. It is often more clear if you do not view all the surface
region nodes because they often appear to lie on top of one another. If you choose
to not view surface region nodes, only the nodes that are at the interface between
surface regions will be visible. Any nodes within a surface region will be made not
visible.
Boundary conditions
You will need to specify initial conditions as well as boundary conditions that are
applied as part of the climate transient analysis. Initial conditions are necessary so
the program knows temperature, head and oxygen concentration at every point
prior to marching forward in time.
Initial conditions
Water table
In this example, the initial hydraulic conditions will be specified by drawing a
water table position. The position of the water table allows all nodes below and
above to have a known head condition based on certain assumptions that are
discussed in the VADOSE/W engineering book.
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1. Select Initial Water Table from the Draw menu. A dialogue box will
appear.
3. Select OK. The dialogue box will disappear and the cursor will change
to a crosshair.
4. Move the cursor to a position near (-1,3) and click the mouse. Move
the mouse to the right to a location near (36,3) and click the mouse
button. A water table will be drawn between the two points as shown
below.
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Temperatures
The initial temperature profile throughout the entire mesh will be 10° C.
¾ To define the initial temperature profile
1. Select Initial Conditions from the Draw menu. The following dialogue
box appears
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4. Click the mouse outside and above the mesh on the left hand side.
Holding the left mouse button down, “drag” and select the entire mesh.
Release the mouse button once the entire mesh has been selected.
5. Select Done.
A red box will be drawn around each node to indicate that a temperature has been
specified for an initial condition as shown below.
You can choose not to view the initial condition symbol or the initial water table
line using the View Preferences menu or toolbar buttons.
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Gas concentrations
Oxygen gas concentrations can also be specified using the Draw Initial Conditions
command. In this case, you want to assume the concentration is zero throughout
the mesh. Since this is the default value, you do not have to specify it directly.
Boundary conditions
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4. Using the mouse, click and drag a box to encompass all the nodes at or
below an elevation of 3 m on the left vertical side of the mesh.
Alternately, click each node you want to apply the boundary condition
to. You should end up with a mesh that looks like the following figure.
1. Select 1 Spokane WA from the Climate Boundary data set pull down
menu and specify the LAI, RD and PML functions as 1. These are the
three vegetation functions you defined earlier. Note the hydraulic
boundary condition has changed to a unit flux boundary.
2. Ensure you can see the entire profile by using the zoom features in
VADOSE/W or by rolling the scroll ball on your mouse.
3. Click the left mouse button and drag a rectangle to encompass the
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entire profile.
The cover boundary will only be applied to the surface so you do not need to worry
about only selecting surface nodes. This is done automatically. A pink line with
pink triangles will be drawn on the cover nodes that have climate data applied to
them.
When you are finished drawing the boundary conditions, press Done.
1. Turn off the grid by choosing Set Grid and un-checking the Snap to
Grid option or by clicking on the Snap Grid button on the Grid toolbar.
(The flux section you draw will not be snapped to a grid point). Use
the ZOOM option to zoom into the toe section of the slope.
3 Choose Flux Sections from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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4. Use the default value in the Section Number box. It should be set to 1.
5. Select OK. The cursor will change from an arrow to a cross-hair and
the status bar will indicate that "Draw Flux Sections" is the current
operating mode.
6. Using the mouse, move the cursor near position (-1, 5), and click the
left mouse button. Move the mouse to a position at about (6,5) and
click, then move it up the slope beneath the cover and click again.
While two arrow sections are displayed, this is only a single flux
section (which does not have to be on a straight line as illustrated).
7. Click the right mouse button to finish defining this flux section.
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A flux section must not pass through a node. This is one reason why turning off the snap to
grid is an important step when defining a flux section.
8. Choose Draw Flux Sections and type 2 in the section number edit box.
9. Draw a second flux section as a vertical section from near the right end
of the first flux section and extending up through the cover.
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Flux data will report instantaneous flux rates and the cumulative flux volume
across this section during the analysis.
VADOSE/W sorts the node and element numbers and deletes any duplicate nodes
(nodes that have the same coordinates). Since the node and element data has not
been changed since we generated multiple elements, none of the node and element
numbers will change. VADOSE/W also performs a number of checks on the node
and element data, including filling any missing node numbers. Messages appear in
the dialog list box stating which sorting or verification step is being performed.
Error messages will also appear in the list box if necessary. The following
messages appear in the dialog box:
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Finish DEFINE
The problem definition is now complete. Choose File Save to save VADOSE
Tutorial.GSZ to disk.
A series of engineering books have been written as supporting documentation for each
GeoStudio product. These books are available in PDF format within GeoStudio and a link
can be found on the Start Page. At any time during development or analysis of a simulation
you can gain access to this important resource by clicking on the Show Start Page icon
which appears in the Analysis Toolbar on the left side of the screen in GeoStudio.
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Start solving
To start solving the problem, click on the Start button in the SOLVE window.
A green dot appears between the Start and Stop buttons; the dot flashes while the
computations are in progress. In addition, the when the green dot flashes on, data
in the solve window list box will be updated.
Information about the computations is displayed in a list box in the SOLVE
window while the problem is being solved.
When the problem is started, the above window is modified to include adaptive
time stepping information if adaptive time stepping has been activated as shown
below.
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Information about the Review #, Iteration # and Residual values can be found in
the chapter on Numerical Issues in the VADOSE/W Engineering book.
The Cumulative Volumetric Water Balance is an indication of how well the solve
is proceeding from a water balance perspective. The values are in units of volume
and must be interpreted relative to the entire volume of water applied or removed
through boundary conditions. For example, in the above figure the volume of water
in error is -0.013 meters cubed. This is about 13,000 cubic mm of water,
HOWEVER, at this point in the analysis, over 20 meters cubed or 20,000,000
cubic mm of water has been applied as precipitation to the entire problem. This is
much less than a 1% water balance error relative to precipitation.
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The computations come to a halt when the percentage change in the Residual from
one elevation to the next is less than the specified percentage tolerance. You can
halt the computations manually by clicking the Stop button.
Finish SOLVE
You have now finished solving the problem. Click the Minimize button in the top-
right corner of the SOLVE window to reduce the window to an icon or choose the
File Exit command to exit from SOLVE.
The figure below shows what the final solved Residual values were for each time
step. In this figure, only 2 time steps out of hundreds have questionable final
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residual values clearly outside of the allowable tolerance. At this point, the water
balance should be reviewed in CONTOUR to see how significant any error may be
by having these two time steps not properly converged.
More information about using the solve Graph feature is given in the VADOSE/W
engineering book.
To start CONTOUR and automatically load the data file, click on the CONTOUR
button in the Standard toolbar. The CONTOUR window appears.
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Once you are in CONTOUR, a DEFINE button will appear in the Analysis toolbar.
To return to DEFINE, just click on this button
CONTOUR automatically opens the data file with data from the last saved time
step. You can choose your own time step by pressing the watch icon and importing
data from one or all time steps.
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The drawing displayed in the CONTOUR window will be drawn according to the
View Preference options selected at the time you exited from the DEFINE
function. You can view different parts of the drawing by choosing Preferences
from the View menu or choosing items on the View Preference toolbar.
Since the nodes and elements do not need to be displayed, choose View
Preferences and uncheck the Nodes and Elements check boxes, and select OK.
Alternatively, uncheck these items on the View Preferences toolbar.
You can select and unselect the View Preferences by clicking on the icons in the View
Preferences toolbar. You can learn about each of the icons by placing the cursor over the
icon. A tool tip will appear for a few seconds and a description is displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the window.
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In the above figure, additional sketch text items have been drawn to label the
various soil layers. Additionally, the soil properties list has been automatically
added to the view. This list can be added by selecting the Sketch Text option and
pressing the Soil List button. This will populate the list box with the dynamic
sketch text code to make the soil list. You can edit the code manually or use the
defaulted list. Once the list is made, click on the screen at the point you want to
insert the text.
Draw contours
¾ To draw contours of the results:
1. Select Contours from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
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Each contour interval is shaded a different color. You can alter the shading with
the Contour Shading controls in the Draw Contours dialog box. You can try
various Methods, and Start and End Colors to see the effect. After each new
selection, click Apply to see what you get. Finally, click on Cancel to return to the
default shading you created earlier.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and "Draw Contour Labels" is
displayed on the status bar to indicate the current mode.
3. Move the cursor to a convenient point on a contour, and click the left
mouse button.
The contour value appears on the contour. If you wish to remove the contour label,
simply re-click on the label, and the label disappears. Click again, and the label
will re-appear.
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After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look similar to the
following:
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The View Preferences command allows you to change the font and the size of the contour
values.
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Once the data is loaded, press the View Vectors button or go to the Draw Velocity
Vectors menu.
¾ To change the length at which the velocity vectors are displayed:
1. Choose Vectors from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
3. Type 10 in the Length edit box. The longest vector drawn will be 10
mm.
4. Select OK.
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VADOSE/W draws a vector in each element, with the end point of the vector at the
center point of the element. The vector represents the average velocity within the
element. The element with the highest velocity has a vector length of 10 mm. All
other vector lengths are directly proportional to this length as a ratio of the average
velocity to the maximum velocity. In the above figure there is an upward flow
though the cover system and then in the near surface layer, a strong uphill flow AT
THIS TIME STEP.
The cursor changes from an arrow to a cross-hair, and "Draw Flux Labels" appears
on the status bar to indicate the current mode.
2. Move the cursor to a convenient point on the flux section, and click
the left mouse button.
The value of the total flux across the section appears on the section. The first value
before the "/" is the instantaneous flux and the second value is the cumulative
volume to this point in the analysis. If you wish to remove the flux label, simply
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re-click on the label, and the label disappears. If you wish to place the label
elsewhere on the section, click again on a different part of the flux section.
3. Click the right mouse button to finish labeling flux sections.
After you have completed the above steps, your screen should look similar to the
following:
1.5993e-002 / 1.7724e+000
2.9950e-005 / 2.0375e+000
1. Ensure that the portion of the drawing you want printed is displayed in
the window before printing. To display the entire drawing in the
window click on the Zoom Objects button in the Zoom toolbar. (If the
Zoom toolbar is not displayed, choose View Toolbars and click on the
Zoom check box). You can also choose to select a portion of the
drawing for printing by selecting the Print Selection option.
2. Click on the Print button and the following dialog box appears:
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1. Choose Node Information from the View menu. The nodes are
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2. Click on any node to see the results computed at the node. For
example, click on the node at the top-left corner of the mesh. The node
is selected on the drawing, and the information is displayed in the
dialog box:
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3. To see all the information that was computed at the node, scroll
through the list box or drag its size larger to show all information at
the same time.
4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all nodes at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
The parameters that VADOSE/W computes at the nodes are total head, pressure,
and pressure head. The remaining parameters, such as conductivity and velocity,
are computed at the Gauss regions and projected to the nodes by CONTOUR for
display purposes.
¾ To see results at Gauss regions:
1. Choose Element Information from the View menu. The View Element
Information dialog box is displayed.
2. Click within any element Gauss region to see the results computed at
the element Gauss point. For example, click inside the element Gauss
region at the top-left corner of the mesh. The element Gauss region is
selected on the drawing, and the following information is displayed in
the dialog box:
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3. To see all the information that was computed at the element Gauss
region, scroll through the list box.
4. Repeat Steps 2 to 3 for all elements at which you want to see the
computed results. Select the Copy button if you wish to copy the
information to the Windows Clipboard for importing into other
applications, or select the Print button if you wish to print the
information.
5. Select Done when you are finished displaying the element Gauss
region information.
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analyzed, you may wish to plot a graph of the actual transpiration at a position
down slope and a different position up slope.
Prior to graphing, use the View Time Increments menu to import data for all time
step.
¾ To plot the graph:
1. Choose Graph from the Draw menu. The following dialog box
appears:
2. In the Graph Categories group box, select Surface Nodes from the first
drop-down list box. Next, select Node Cumulative Act. Transpiration
from the "y" type list and select X-Coordinate from the "x" type drop-
down list box.
Moving the mouse pointer outside of the dialog box will change the pointer to a
large black pointer indicating you are in a selection mode. This is used to select the
nodes from which to generate the graph
3. You can select individual or multiple nodes to graph data at, or, in the
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case of Surface Nodes, you can drag box around the entire problem to
select all surface nodes. Select all the surface nodes.
4. Click on the Graph button in the Draw Graph dialog box. The
following graph will be displayed.
The actual transpiration near the toe of the slope is more negative than the value
higher on the slope. This is due to the different availability of water at both
locations. You can look at the numerical values at each node with the View Node
Information command.
5. Select File Print from the Graph window menu if you wish to print the
graph on the default printer. Select Edit Copy from the Graph window
menu if you wish to copy the graph to the Windows Clipboard for
importing into other applications.
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6. Select File Close in the Graph Window or click on the X in the upper-
right hand corner of the Graph Window to close the window.
7. Select Done from the Draw Graph dialog box to finish with the
graphing.
The previous figure shows the computed volumetric water content versus time in
the middle of the compacted layer at the top of the slope (which is where you
would anticipate the most dry conditions). It is clear that the water content drops
to about 20% just prior to winter and this value is about half (or 50%) of the
porosity value – which means the 85% saturation requirement is not achieved.
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This figure shows the cumulative total nodal fluxes across the base of the cover as
a function of position at the end of the simulation. It is clear there is a large
negative (downward) flux at the toe of the slope while not as much infiltration up
the slope and at the top of the slope.
The final figure, below, shows the cumulative total flux volumes across all surface
layers over time. The ground surface has a positive value (inflow) while the
negative values at all other layer interfaces indicates a downward flow. The total
flow across the bottom of the compacted layer (layer 3) is about four cubic meters.
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See the Visualization of Results chapter in the Engineering book for a more
complete discussion of the CONTOUR graphing capabilities, since there are other
features of the command that have not been discussed in this section. Information
is also available in the on line help.
You have reached the end of this introductory learning session. You have learned
sufficient concepts to give you a general understanding of the operation and
capability of VADOSE/W. Not all of the powerful features of VADOSE/W have
been used in this learning session, nor have all of the technical details been
discussed about the features that have been used. Details about each command can
be found in the on-line help and in the supporting documentation for VADOSE/W.
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