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*Corresponding author
Dr. Om Prakash Rout, Lecturer, Dept of Dravyaguna, Rajiv Lochan Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Chandkhuri, Gundardehi Road, Durg,
Chhatisgarh, India Email: omprakash_rout2000@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Guggulu is an oleogum resin that exudes spontaneously as a result of injury from the bark of Commiphora wightii Bhandari (Syn : Commiphora
mukul Hook. ex Stocks or Balsamodendron mukul Hook. ex Stocks). In Ayurveda guggulu enters into the preparation of several compound medicines
most of which are named with suffix ‘guggulu’. It is a complex mixture of steroids, diterpenoids, aliphatic esters, carbohydrates, amino acids and
variety of inorganic compounds. Traditionally it is used to treat arthritis, obesity, and other disorders. Guggul has been shown to lower cholesterol and
triglycerides. This review is an effort to compile all the available information reported on its macroscopic features, chemical constituents,
pharmacological activities, toxicity and adverse reactions,
Keywords: Guggulu, Commiphora wightii, macroscopic features, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, toxicity, adverse reactions.
INTRODUCTION Samhita
Guggulu is an oleogum resin that exudes spontaneously It is observed that the internal usage of Guggul increased
as a result of injury from the bark of Commiphora wightii during Samhita period only. Acharya Charaka included
Bhandari (Syn : Commiphora mukul Hook. ex Stocks or Guggul in “Sangya Sthapana Maha Kashaya” (Su. 4/48)
Balsamodendron mukul Hook. ex Stocks). Guggul, more and in “Kashaya Skandha” (Vi.8/144)7. Maharishi
popularly known as Bdellium, is derived from the gummy Sushruta has described Guggul in the list of seven most
resinous exudate of a plant closely related to myrrh that is important drugs for the treatment of Sthaulya (Su. 15/32).
found in arid to semi-arid areas of Northern India, He has prescribed Guggul with Go-mutra in condition of
Bangladesh and Pakistan1. The Sanskrit definition of the vitiated Vata with Medodhatu dominated Kapha dosha
term "guggul" is "one that protects against diseases." This (Chi. 5/35). The drug is also mentioned as highly
attests to the wide respect and therapeutic Ayurvedic effective in the treatment of Vrana as a fumigating agent
applications for this botanical, considered the most (Su. 5/10-12), Kushtha (Chi. 9/6), Vidradhi (Chi. 17/32),
important for the removal of "ama," toxic substances Pratisaranartha (Chi. 22/5), Shotha (Chi. 23/12), Gulma
which accumulate as a result of sluggish digestion and (Utt. 42/63)8,9 etc. Acharya Kashyapa has quoted Guggul
circulation associated with a slowing of metabolism2,3. in different formulations to treat various diseases. Ghrita,
Guggul is a resin, the major ingredient in joint care and Taila, Avaleha, Dhoopana etc. many formulations of it are
immuno care that has been regarded as a remedy in also described for the treatment of many ‘Bala Rogas’10.
Ayurvedic medicine, known to increase white blood cell Maharishi Bhela has prescribed that Dhoomrapana of
count and to possess strong immuno-modulating Guggulu should be taken after bath and after taking meal.
properties. Guggul is one of the "broad spectrum" health He also described the Vrana ropana property of
products with a wide range of benefits. Mode of action Guggulu11. Maharishi Harita has elaborated Guggulu in a
makes this product very helpful not only in protecting separate chapter titled “Guggulu Kalpa” (5th Chap.6-8).
against the common cold but also in various other Here, he has opined that Guggulu from Marudesha must
conditions. It has been shown to have remarkable be collected in Ushna Ritu and Guggulu from hilly areas
properties as an adjuvant of other types of therapies. In must be collected in Sheeta Ritu12. Many formulations of
addition, lower cholesterol and triglycerides, while Guggulu have been mentioned in Sharangadhara Samhita.
maintaining the HDL to LDL ratio has long known However, in Vati kalpadhyaya (Sha. Sam. M. Kha. 7),
Guggul. It has been subjected to hundreds of clinical Guggulu has been suggested specifically for the Vati
studies4. preparation, because it facilitates the binding capacity.
Sarangadhara quoted it among the drugs to be used when
HISTORY they are older (Purana)13.
Veda Vagbhata has described that it is a drug of choice for
Guggul is described as “Agni Sthana” and used for Medoroga and Vatavikaras.He has also quoted its
‘Dhupa’. In Atharva Veda, it is mentioned that Yaksma Medohara action along with other drugs like Shilajatu,
and other diseases will not spread to the areas fumigated Rasanjana and Brihat panchmula (A. H. Su. 14/23). He
by Guggulu. ‘Sayana also introduced it as a well known has also used Guggul in Sneha vyapada chikitsa (A. H.
‘Dhupana dravya’. It was used for the treatement of Su. 16/34) and prescribed Guggulu in diseases produced
diseases of cattle2,3,5,6. due to vitiated Vata, Kapha, Medodhatu and in Amavata
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Om Prakash Rout et al / IJRAP 3(1), Jan – Feb 2012
(A. H. Chi. 21/50). Vagbhata has also mentioned Guggul variety has been prescribed for specifically in human and
in the list of selected drugs for the treatment of certain animals.
important diseases like Kushtha, Prameha, Shopha14 etc. The Kanaka type has been told as best among all and
Nighantu prescribed to use as medicine in human beings.
An elaborative description can be traced about Guggul as Mahishaksha can be used as medicine in humans,
regards its synonyms, types, properties and uses in Mahaneel and Mahishaksha have been told to be useful in
Dhanvantari nighantu, Madanpal nighantu, Raj nighantu, elephants and Kumuda and Padma has been said to be
Bhavaprakasha nighantu, etc15-21. useful in horse.
Rasa Granthas Synonyms (Paryaya)
Guggul is not included anywhere in Maharasa, Uparasa, Unfolding the hidden meanings of the paryayas or
Sadharanarasa etc. groups in Rasa shastra. But it is quoted synonyms of the drugs, mentioned in Ayurvedic texts
in Dravaka Gana and Mitra Panchaka gana as a reducing becomes more relevant as these define various
agent for different metals and minerals22-24. characteristics of the drugs and hence help in identifying
Mythological origin of Guggul by God Vishnu has been them15-21.
described in Prathmollas of Anand Kanda. It has also Rasapanchaka
quoted five types of Guggulu2-3. Rasa: Tikta, Katu
Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya, Rasendra Sar Sangraha, Rasa Guna: Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna, Visada, Sukshma, Sara,
Ratnakar, Chakradatta, Yoga Ratnakar etc. have Sugandhi (Purana Guggulu) & Snigdha, Picchila (Navina
prescribed many Yogas of Guggul for various ailments22- guggulu)
29
. Virya: Ushna
Gana( Classification) Vipaka: Katu
Different Acharya have described Guggulu under Dosakarma: Tridosahara
different Ganas, which are described as follows – Dhatu karma: Rasayana, vrisya (old Guggulu), lekhana
Grantha: Gana/Varga (new Guggulu)
Charaka Samhita7: Sangyasthapana, Kashaya Skandha Rogaghnata: Sthoulya/ medoroga, amavata, vata vyadhi,
Sushruta Samhita8-9: Eladi, Kaphasmari bhedana prameha, apaci, gandamala, sotha, pitaka, ashmari, arsha
Ashtanga Sangraha28: Eladi and kustha32,34
Ashtanga Hridaya14: Eladi, Rasayana Apathya
Harita Samhita12: Rasayana During the administration of Guggulu the patients should
Dhanvantari Nighantu17: Chandanadi be advised not to take Amla rasa, Tikshna guna
Madanpala Nighantu19: Karpooradi predominant drug and diet. Should also not drink Madya
Kaiyadeva Nighantu20: Aushadhi and to avoid Ajirna bhojana, Maithuna, Vyayama, Atapa
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu16: Karpooradi sevana and Krodha32.
Rajavallabha Nighantu30: Nanoushadhi Side effects
Saligrama Nughantu21: Karpuradi On improper use, it gives bad effect to livers and lungs.
Madhava Dravyaguna15: Vividhaousadhi Long term and higher dose administration of Guggulu
Nighantu Adarsha31: Guduchyadi may lead to Timira, Mukhasosa, Klaibya, Krisata,
Dravya Guna Vigyana32: Vedana Sthapana (P. V. Murcha, Sauthilya and Roukshata32.
Sharma) Sodhana (Purification process) of Guggulu
Again Vagbhata has quoted that Guggulu was evolved as Different shodhana processes are described for the
“Amrita” by Lord Vishnu during Devasur Sangrama for various drugs in our classics. For the Shodhana of
replenishing lost Bala, Shourya and Teja of Devas. (As. Guggulu, Gomutra, Godugdha, Triphala kasaya, vasa
San. Utt. 49)33. kasaya/svarasa and Nirgundi svarasa with Haridra curna
Types of Guggulu are used as media reported in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
In Atharva veda, it is reported that Guggulu has two types of India, Part II, Volume, II; 2008:277.
i.e.3. Scientific Clasification
1. Nadi Sameepottha, Which is found near the Sindhu Kingdom: Plantae - Plants
River. Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
2. Samudra Sameepottha, This is found near the ocean. Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Bhavaprakasha has reported five types of Guggulu on the Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
basis of color16 – Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
These are: Subclass : Rosidae
A. Mahishaksha Order: Sapindales
B. Mahanela Family: Burseraceae – Frankincense family
C. Kumuda Genus: Commiphora Species
D. Padma Commiphora wightii (Arnott.) Brand33
E. Hiranya Vernacular Names
Each type has its specific color, as Mahishaksha has the Bengali: Guggulu, Guggul, Guggal, ranghan turb, Makal,
color either of Bhringa or Anjana. Mahaneel is extremely Guggal; Canarese: Guggulu; Dukshini: Gugul, Guggul,
blue in color, Kumuda type has the color of Kumuda Mukul, Ranghan turb; Gujarati: Gugul, Gugal,
flower i.e. white, Padma looks dark red like ruby color, Bhesaghgala, Guggul, Gugara, Mukul, Ranghanturb,
while Hiranya looks like gold. However, each type of Bhaisoguggul; Hindi: Gugala, Guggal, Guggul, guggulu,
Gugava, gugavik, Kukul, Rranghanturb, Gogil,
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Om Prakash Rout et al / IJRAP 3(1), Jan – Feb 2012
Bhasagugul; Kannad: Kanthgal, Kangah, Guggul, Ivadol- found to be a relatively safe and effective supplement for
guggala, Idbol; Marathi: Gugal, Guggal, Guggul, osteoarthrtiis of the knee47. Research studies showed that
hansaguggul, kantguggul, Mahaishsguggul; Sindhi: guggul is effective against aspects of cardiovascular
Gugaru; Tamil: Kukkil, Gukkal, Guggal, Gugal, Gukkula, disease. Guggul reduced the stickiness of platelets48. The
Maishskshi, maisachhi, Kungiliyam; Telugu: Meshakshi, crude gum guggul and each of the fractions containing the
Gukkal, Guggal, Guggal, Gugal, Gukkula, maishakshim, E- and Z-guggulsterones have hypocholesteremic activity:
Mahishaksh-Gugilamu, Cheetu mahishashi; Arabic: the ethyl acetate extract, the neutral compounds from the
Mukulyahuda, Mulkarjak, Mushkilerarjak, Mogla, Mogal, extract, the ketonic compounds in the neutral fractions,
Mokhit, Aphalatana, Mukal, Ahlatan, Mogal, and that containing the purified E- and Z-
Arzagiaglatam; English: Gum giggulu, Indian bdellium, guggulsterones49.
Indian bdellium, salativee, Bdellium, Guggulu, Borassus, Chemical Constituents
Flabelliformis; Persian: Baijahundanas, Boejahudan; A detailed chemical study of guggulu revealed that it is a
Pharsi: Boejahudon, Buejahudan, Boe, jhoodan, complex mixture of steroids, diterpenoids, aliphatic
Vorojahudan; Sinhali: Rata dummula, Guggulu, tatayy, esters, carbohydrates, amino acids and variety of
Jauya; Unani: Afaletana, Mikal32,35 inorganic compounds. Besides known sesamin and
Macroscopic Features cholesterol, Sukh Dev et al have isolated Z-
Translucent, vernacular or stalactic, tears of varying sizes, guggulsterone, E-guggulusterone, 16 β-
reddish yellow or brown in colour, more often occurring hydroxyprogesterone and three new sterols viz.
in resinous lumps which turn darker in colour on long guggulsterols I, II & III50. Later workers have isolated
storage. Fracture-brittle, exposing a rough or waxy two more new sterols guggulsterol- IV and guggulsterol-
surface having a moist unctuous appearance; balsamic V51,52. Besides a new alcohol viz. mukulol52, four steroids
odour, acrid, bitter and aromatic taste. 36 too have been isolated from guggulu53.
Traditional Uses Extracts of the oleoresin include compounds known for
In Ayurvedic, Indian traditional system of medicine, their hypolipidemic properties, on which this report
herbs are usually used in combinations37. Yogaraj focuses the Z- and E-isomers of guggulsterone and its
guggulu is traditionally for detoxifying, treating obesity, related guggulsterols54. Other types of chemicals that
joint pain, arthritic conditions, muscle aches, rheumatism, were named as gum guggul constituents were a tetrol,
and gout. Punavadi guggulu is for detoxifying the nonadecan-1,2,3,4-tetrol, lignans and terpenes. The
kidneys, eliminating fluid, helping heart conditions, and lignans included guggullignan I; guggullignan II;
inflammations. Triphala guggulu is for joint pain, arthritic octadecane-1,2,3,4-tetraol-1-yl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-
conditions, muscle aches, rheumatism, and weight loss38. methoxyphenyl) propanoate, ferulic acid [1135-24-6], and
Gum guggul is used as incense, to make lacquers, sesamin [607-80-7]56-58. The terpenes included mukulol
varnishes, and ointments, as a fixative in perfumes, and in [41943-03-7]; allylcembrol I [39012-00-5]; cembrene A
medicine39. Gum guggul is used to treat dysmenorrhea, [31570-39-5] (Dev, 1983); cembrene [20016-72-2]; α-
dyspepsia, endometritis, hypercholesteremia, camphorene I [532-87-6] (Rücker, 1972); myrcene [123-
hypertension, impotence40, bronchitis, caries, catarrh, 35-3], and dimyrcene45. Bajaj, A.G et. al. 1982 lists the
gingivitis, hay fever, hysteria, inflammation, laryngitis, components of the essential oil of C. mukul and their
lochia, mania, pharyngitis, phthisis, pyorrhea, percentages by weight:57: α-pinene, 4.75%; myrcene,
rheumatism, sores, sore throat, stimulant, tonsillitis, 3.50%; eugenol, 14.70%, cadinene, 5.50%; geraniol,
tumors, wounds41, bone fractures42, gout, scrofula, 6.20%; methyl heptanoate, 17.50%; (+)-α-phellandrene,
sciatica, facial paralysis, diplegia, leprosy, leucoderma, 5.50%; (+)-limonene, 6.50; (±)-bornyl acetate, 7.30%;
pectoral disorders, otorrhea, epilepsy, fever, strangury, (±)-linalool, 8.70%; methyl chavicol, 5.40%; α-pineol,
hemorrhoids, dysmenorrheal, amenorrhea, ulcers, anemia, 4%; 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), 3.5%; and unidentified
coronary, thrombosis, stomatopathy, pharyngopathy, compounds. The crude gum guggul was found to contain
spermatorrhea, urinary calculus, diabetes, trichosis, to 2% guggulsterones. Its ethyl acetate extract contains 4%
enhance phagocytosis, to increase leukocytes37, to induce to 4.5% guggulsterones. The neutral subfraction contains
abortion43, and as a tonic for the uterus41. Traditional uses 4.2% to 4.7% guggulsterones. The ketonic subfraction of
of C. mukul include as an anti-inflammatory, the neutral subfraction contains 35% to 40%
antispasmodic, carminative, emmenagogue, guggulsterones, from which the 10% E- and Z-
hypoglycemic40, alterative, antiseptic, astringent, sedative, guggulsterones are derived49.E- and Z-Guggulsterones in
stomachic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, gum guggul were profiled using ultraviolet (UV)
expectorant41, antispasmodic, antisuppurative, aperient, monitoring27. Guggulsterols in gum guggul were
expectorant, a thyroid stimulant37, anthelmintic, identified by 1 HNMR, and spectrometers and
depurative, vulnerary, antiseptic, demulcent, aphrodisiac, spectrophotometers were used to gather spectral and
stimulant, liver tonic, detergent, anti-spasmodic, analytical data53.
hematinic, diuretic, and lithonotriptic44. Pharmacology
Modern Uses Lipid-lowering effects
Modern therapeutic uses of guggul include nervous Typical guggulipid preparations contain 2.5-5% of the
diseases, hemiplegia, leprosy, marasmus, muscle spasms, plant sterols guggulsterones E and Z. These two
neuralgia, ophthalmia, pyelitis, pyorrhea, scrofula, skin components have been reported to exert effects on
diseases, spongy gums, ulcerative pharyngitis, lipids.55-56
hypertension, ischaemia, hypertension, hemorrhoids, and
urinary tract disorders45,46. More recently, C. mukul was
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Om Prakash Rout et al / IJRAP 3(1), Jan – Feb 2012
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Om Prakash Rout et al / IJRAP 3(1), Jan – Feb 2012
related since a rechallenge dose failed to reproduce the 15. Sharma PV. Madava dravyaguna, Chaukhamba Vidyabhawana,
symptoms and the patient had a past history of urticaria. Varansi; 1973.p.3.
16. Chunekara KC. Pandey GS. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu of
Another subject had stomatitis; he, however, also had a Bhavamishra, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi; 2009.p.
history of recurrent stomatitis99. In other studies reporting 204.
no significant side effects, adult obese patients were 17. Ojha JK. Dhanwantari Nighantu, Chaukhamba Surabharati
Prakasana, Varanasi; 2004.p. 150.
administered medohar, a guggulu formulation, for 30 days
18. Singh AK. Mahasadha Nighantu, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy,
for weight loss100, and patients with primary Varanasi; 2006.p. 75.
hyperlipidemia received gugulipid three times a day for 19. Madanapala Nighantu , Khemraj Srikrishna Prakashna, Bombay;
six weeks103. A standardized gugulipid extract had a few 2004.p. 84.
side effects, including minor gastrointestinal disturbances, 20. Sharma P, Sharma GP, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Chaukhamba
Orientalia varansai; 1979. P. 260.
such as dyspepsia, fullness102. Caution is recommended 21. Shaligrama Nighantu, Khemraja Srikrishna prakshana, Mumbai;
when using guggul in people with liver disease, 2004.p. 22.
inflammatory bowel disease, or diarrhea103. It should not 22. Tripathy I, Panta T, Rasarnavam, Chowkhanba sanskrita Series
be used during pregnancy and it can cause diarrhea, office, varansai; 1978.
23. Mishra S, Rasaprakasha Sudhakara by Acharaya Yashodhara,
hiccups, apprehension, and restlessness. Gum guggul Chaukhanmba Orintalia, Varanasi; 1998.
possibly interacts with several drugs104. More side effects 24. Mishra S, Rasendra Chudamani, Chaoukhamba orintalia, Varanasi;
are associated with the crude gum guggul. These include 1984.
25. Mishra S, Rasa manjari by Acharaya Shalinatha, Chaukhambha
skin rashes, irregular menstruation, diarrhea, headache,
Orientalia, Varanasi; 1995.
mild nausea, eructation, hiccough, and with very high 26. Shastri A, Bhaishajya ratnavali, Chaukhamba sanskrita samsthana,
doses, liver toxicity1,42. Varansi;1997.
27. Rasa Ratnakara – Siddha Nityanatha, published by Khemraj Shri
Krishnadas, Shri Venkateshwara Presss, Bombay; 1996.
CONCLUSION
28. Rasa Ttarangini – Sadananda Sharma, edited by Pt. Kashinath
Although the results from this review are quite promising Shastry, 11th edition, published by Motilal Banarasidas, Varanasi;
for the use of guggulu as a multi-purpose medicinal agent, 1989.
several limitations currently exist in the current literature. 29. Rasendra Sara sangraha, Krishna Gopal Bhatt, with Hindi
commentary by Indra Dev Tripathi, 1st edition, Chaukhambha
While recent researchers have focused attention on the
Orientalia, Varanasi; 1987.
anti-inflammatory activity and hypolipaemic activity of 30. Tripathi I, Rajanighantu of Pandita Narahari, Krishnadasa academy,
guggulu comparatively less work has been done relating Varanasi; 1982.
to other properties of the drug enumerated in Ayurveda. 31. Vaidya B, Nighantu Adarsha, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy,
Varanasi; 2007.p. 258.
While guggulu has been used successfully in Ayurvedic
32. Sharma P V, Dravyaguna Vijnana Vol. II, Chaukhamba Bharati
medicine for centuries, more clinical trials should be Academy, Varanasi; 1995; p. 54.
conducted to support its therapeutic use. It is also 33. Murthy KRS. Astanga sangraha of Vagbhata, Chaukhambha
important to recognize that guggulu may be effective not Orientalia, Varanasi.
only in isolation, but may actually have a potentiating 34. Sastry JLN, Dravyaguna Vijanan, Chaukhambha Orientalia,
Varansi; 2008.p. 113-119.
effect when given in combination with other herbs or 35. Raghunath K, Mitra R, Pharmacognosy of Indigenous drugs, Vol I,
drugs. central council for research in Ayurveda and Siddha, India;
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