A.

PHARMACOLOGICAL AND DRUG DEFINITIONS

Pharmacology is the study of the relationship between medicine and living things.
Pharmacology originates and Greek is pharmacon which means bioactive compounds and
logos which means science. Pharmacology is defined as the study of medicine which
includes history, sources, physical and chemical properties, methods of compounding,
physiological and biochemical effects, working mechanisms, absorption,
biotransformation, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and the use of drugs for
therapy and for use others. While the drug itself is a chemical substance other than food
that affects the effect on or can have an effect on living organisms. Sources of medicine
can come from various kinds, namely plants (curcumin), animals (insulin), minerals
(kaolin), microorganisms (penicillin, streptomycin), synthesis (paracetamol, salicylic
acid) and biotechnology (erythromycin, interferon). Along with the development of
science, the development of lymphatic pharmacology leads to drug interactions with
living organisms and aspects of these interactions. Therefore, pharmacology is also
defined as the study of drug interactions with living organisms. In pharmacy,
pharmacology is an important part of other scientific groups, namely pharmaceutical
chemistry, pharmaceutical biology and pharmaceutical technology. And along with these
sciences have been involved in the discovery of a new drug either from natural materials
such as plants or synthesis.

B. DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY SCIENCE

Pharmacological development begins with empirical observation of the use of pig
medicine. In this period of use, the use and characteristics of the drug are still based on
one's empirical experience. Further development, pharmacology is based no longer on
empirical experience but on a variety of integrated studies on medicine including the fate
of drugs in the body, and the place of action and how the drug works. With this basis,
pharmacologists continue to develop pharmacology
become various branch children.
It has been stated in the previous sub-chapter that pharmacology is the study of
drug interactions with living organisms. From this definition, a science derived from
pharmacology is developed, namely pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacodynamics is a branch of pharmacology that studies the place and mechanism of
action and the physiological and biochemical effects of living organisms. In summary,
pharmacodynamics is the effect of drugs on living organisms. Theories and practicum
that study the pharmacodynamics related to other sciences include anatomy and human
physiology, genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and molecular, microbiology,
immunology and pathology. On the other hand, pharmacokinetics is the science of the
pharmacology branch that studies absorption, distribution, drug metabolism or
biotransformation and excretion of a drug. A concise definition of pharmacokinetics is
the effect of living organisms on drugs. Pharmacokinetics is related to the dosage that
determines the presence of the drug in the action site (receptor), and the intensity of the
effect produced as a function of time. the basic principles of biochemistry, enzymology,
physics and chemistry, anatomy and physiology are used on the basis of
pharmacokinetics to explain events such as active and passive transport, distribution of
medicinal compounds, membrane transport, enzymatic metabolism and others.
The development of pharmacology is also related to events where chemical
compounds can produce toxic effects for living things. Therefore developing toxicology
science. Toxicology studies general principles regarding the mechanism of action of toxic
compounds, as well as on ways to prevent, treat and treat poisoning due to these
compounds. The toxicology itself later developed into environmental toxicology,
economic toxicology and forensic toxicology. Environmental toxicology studies the toxic
effects of chemical compounds from the environment and accidentally enters the body,
such as lead pollution from factories. While economic toxicology is related to the use of
toxic compounds for certain purposes, for example the use of pesticides to eradicate
pests. Forensic toxicology studies the medical and legal aspects of poisoning in humans.
Along with the development of the era that pharmacology gave an important
contribution in the health world. Knowledge of drugs is developed in the aspects of
prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a disease which at the next stage are used as the
basis for rational drug use. This supports the change in the pharmaceutical service
concept that was previously oriented to pharmaceutical products to be patient-oriented.
From this fact another branch of pharmacology is developing clinical pharmacology.
Clinical pharmacology studies drug interactions with living organisms, namely humans.
The science is used as a basis for rational drug use in humans, which is effective, safe and
affordable. Part of the Hmu is pharmacotherapy. Pharmacotherapy is related to the use of
drugs for the prevention and treatment of diseases and the use of drugs to change the
body's normal functions for certain purposes. In this study learn about the use of drugs
that produce effects that are appropriate or desirable without producing side effects or
having minimum side effects. In pharmacotherapy, the basis of pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics plays an important role. In addition, other sciences such as human
anatomy and physiology, biochemistry, microbiology and immunology also play a role in
pharmacotherapy. For example, in patients with liver problems, changes will be made to
the biotransformation system in the liver so it needs to change the therapeutic dose given
to the patient. In this case, the science of pharmacokinetics and anatomy of human
physiology is very instrumental in making decisions about changes in the therapeutic
dose.
Generally. almost all drugs are very small chemical compounds. The mechanism
for the effect of a drug is not simple but involves molecular level interactions. A question
"how does that effect arise?", Can be explained by involving aspects of cellular and
molecular biology of drug interactions with its receptors. In this case, both drugs and
receptors are part of the aspects of cellular and molecular biology. The branch of
pharmacology that is defined by this is molecular pharmacology. Molecular
pharmacology is the study of drug interactions with living things at the molecular level.
Another definition is science study the action and fate of drugs in the body at the
molecular level. The science is important because the interaction of drugs with living
organisms is not a simple action but a compact action involving a dynamic cellular
system and at the molecular level and an action involving a series of biochemical events
in causing effects. Besides that, the knowledge is used as the basis for receptor
classification. In relation to receptor classification, molecular pharmacology is a central
science in the discovery of new drugs. Together with medical chemistry can be used in
the discovery of new drugs which of course involves the relationship of structure and
activity (QSAR).
From the description above, pharmacology has developed deeper into the
molecular direction, which is used as a guide to study the molecular mechanisms of drug
interactions with living things and as a basis for discovering new drugs. On the other
hand, pharmacology was developed in a broader direction, namely clinical pharmacy,
which is used in pharmaceutical services to improve therapeutic rationality in patients.