Gas-Liquid Separators Sizing Parameter

5/9/2019 Gas-Liquid Separators Sizing Parameter | Campbell Tip of the Month
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Gas-Liquid Separators Sizing Parameter

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In the December 2014 tip of the month (TOTM) [1], we discussed troubleshooting of gas-liquid separators
9 for removal of liquids from the gas stream leaving the separator. There are two methods for sizing gas-liquid Search for:
separators: 1. Droplet settling theory method, 2. Souders-Brown approach. Historically the Souders-Brown
Like
equation has been employed as it can provide reasonable results and is easy to use, but has shortcomings
in terms of quantifying separator performance. References [2-4] provide the details on the droplet settling Search
theory methods which can be used to more accurately quantify separator performance. The Souders-Brown
method is limited in that it is based on the average droplet size, but cannot quantify the amount of liquid English TOTM Home
droplets exiting the gas gravity section.
Spanish TOTM Home
In this TOTM, we will focus on the application of Souders-Brown approach in gas-liquid separators and present diagram,
simple correlations and tables to estimate the Souders-Brown equation constant, KS (the so called sizing parameter). We
will consider both vertical and horizontal gas-liquid separators. Knowing the actual gas flow rate through the vessel, one Archives
can use KS parameter to determine the maximum allowable gas velocity through the vessel and determine the required
separator diameter. One can also use the appropriate value of KS to size the mist extractor in the vessel. The performance
of a gas-liquid separator is highly dependent on the value of KS; therefore, the choice of appropriate KS –values is May 2019
important. April 2019
Gas Gravity Separation Section March 2019
The gas gravity separation section of a separator has two main functions: February 2019
1. Reduction of entrained liquid load not removed by the inlet device January 2019
2. Improvement / straightening of the gas velocity profile.
December 2018
Most mist extractors have limitations on the amount of entrained liquid droplets that can be efficiently removed from the November 2018
gas, thus the importance of the gas gravity section to remove the liquids to an acceptable level upstream of the mist
extractor. This is particularly important for separators handling higher liquid loads. For scrubber applications with low October 2018
liquid loadings, the KS –values will be primarily dependent on the mist extractor type, and the gas gravity separation
section becomes less important. For the higher liquid load applications, i.e. conventional separators, there are two September 2018
approaches for sizing the gravity separation section to remove liquid droplets from the gas: August 2018
1. The Souders-Brown approach (Ks Method) July 2018
2. Droplet settling theory
June 2018
The Souders-Brown Approach
May 2018
If we consider a spherical liquid droplet with a diameter of DP in the gas phase two forces as shown in Figure 1 act on it.
The drag force, FD, is exerted by flow of gas and gravity force, FG, is exerted by the weight of droplet. The drag force acts
April 2018
to entrain the liquid droplet while the gravity force acts to pull it down and separating it from the gas phase. March 2018
www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/2015/09/gas-liquid-separators-sizing-parameter/ 1/18
February 2018
January 2018
December 2017
November 2017
October 2017
September 2017
August 2017
July 2017
June 2017
May 2017
April 2017
March 2017
Figure 1. Schematic of the forces acting on a liquid droplet in the gas
phase [5] February 2017
Assuming plug flow with no eddies or disturbances, a single droplet and ignoring the end effect, at equilibrium (free fall or January 2017
terminal velocity), these two forces are equal. December 2016
November 2016
(1)
October 2016
As presented in the Appendix, substitution of expressions for the drag and gravity forces in Equation 1, the maximum
allowable gas velocity, VGmax, which prevents entrainment of liquid is obtained.
September 2016
August 2016
July 2016
June 2016
May 2016
April 2016
Equation 2 is called Souders-Brown [6] equation and KS is referred to as the design or sizing parameter. The terms ρG
March 2016
and ρL are the gas phase and liquid phase densities, respectively.
February 2016
Once the maximum gas velocity, VGmax, through the vessel is determined by Equation 2, one can calculate the minimum
vessel diameter, Dmin by Equation 3. January 2016
December 2015
November 2015
October 2015
Where:
FG = Fraction of cross section area available for gas flow (FG = 1 for vertical separators and is a function of liquid
September 2015
height for horizontal separators)
August 2015
qa = Gas flow rate at the actual flowing condition
July 2015
The Design Parameter, KS
June 2015
The design parameter, KS, in the Souders-Brown equation is an empirical parameter and is a key factor for the sizing the May 2015
gas-liquid separators vessel diameter as well as for determination of the mist extractor diameter. Its value depends on
several factors including: April 2015
Pressure March 2015
Fluid properties (note temperature has a large impact on fluid properties)
Separator geometry
February 2015
Vessel length and the liquid level (for horizontal separators) January 2015
Steadiness of flow
Inlet device design and performance December 2014
Relative amounts of gas and liquid
Most importantly – mist extractor type and design (e.g. mesh pad, vane pack, multi–cyclone) November 2014
There are several sources that one can look up the KS –values for different applications. In the following sections, we will
October 2014
discuss three sources. September 2014
A. API 12 J August 2014
The API 12J [7] recommends ranges of KS –values for vertical and horizontal gas-liquid separators. These values are July 2014
presented in Table 1. The equivalent of API 12J for the North Sea region is NORSOK P-100. June 2014
Table 1. API 12 J recommended range of KS –values for vertical and horizontal separators [7] May 2014
April 2014
March 2014
February 2014
January 2014
December 2013
November 2013
October 2013
September 2013
Per API 12J, “the maximum allowable superficial velocity, calculated form the above factors, is for separators normally
having a wire mesh mist extractor. This rate should allow all liquid droplets larger than 10 microns to settle out of the gas. August 2013
The maximum allowable superficial velocity or other design criteria should be considered for other type mist extractor. Mist
extractor manufacturer’s recommended minimum distances upstream and downstream of the wire mesh between gas inlet
July 2013
and outlet nozzles should be provided for full utilization of the mist extractor. These values assume separators are June 2013
equipped with standard mesh pad mist extractors” [7].
May 2013
B. Campbell Book
The Ks method, Equation 2, is an empirical approach to estimate the maximum allowable gas velocity to achieve a desired April 2013
droplet separation. For vertical separators with no mist extractor devices, Chap 11, Vol 2 of the Gas Conditioning and
Processing book presents KS as a function of pressure and liquid droplet size [5]. This dependency of KS on pressure and March 2013
droplet size is presented in Figure 2 [5]. Note for each droplet size a range of KS –values are given for a specified
pressure.
February 2013
January 2013
For horizontal separators, the sizing depends on (in addition to the droplet size, density of gas and liquid phases, and gas
velocity) separator effective length, Le, and the depth available for gas flow, hG, (i.e. liquid level) in the separators. December 2012
November 2012
October 2012
September 2012
August 2012
July 2012
June 2012
May 2012
April 2012
March 2012
February 2012
January 2012
December 2011
November 2011
October 2011
September 2011
August 2011
July 2011
June 2011
May 2011
April 2011
March 2011
Figure 2. KS as a function of pressure and liquid droplet size for vertical separators with no mist extractor devices [5]
February 2011
Sizing of the horizontal separators are more complicated. Referring to Figure 3, the effective Le may be defined in terms of January 2011
separator actual length and diameter like Le=L-D. Therefore, the Souders-Brown parameter for horizontal separators, KSH,
can be estimated in by Equation 4 in terms of KSV (read from Figure 2) for vertical separator [3]. December 2010
November 2010
October 2010
September 2010
August 2010
If the calculated value of KSH by Equation 4 is greater than the maximum value of 0.7 ft/sec (0.21 m/s), it should be set
equal to this maximum value.
July 2010
June 2010
May 2010
April 2010
March 2010
February 2010
January 2010
December 2009
November 2009
October 2009
September 2009
August 2009
Figure 3. Schematic of a horizontal gas-liquid separator [5]
July 2009
The horizontal separator sizing is a trial-and-error procedure. Normally, the Le/D and hg/D (or hL/D) are assumed and KSH,
Vgmax, D are calculated by Equations 4, 2, and 3, respectively. The effective length and actual lengths are calculated by
June 2009
Equation 5. May 2009
April 2009
March 2009
February 2009
January 2009
Where:
December 2008
D = Diameter
November 2008
FL = Fraction of cross section area occupied by liquid (function of liquid height in horizontal separator) October 2008
qL = Liquid actual volume flow rate September 2008
t = Residence time per API 12J [7] August 2008
If the calculated L/D is outside of its recommended range (normally 3 < L/D < 6), the liquid height in the vessel is changed
July 2008
and the calculations are repeated. For detail of calculations procedure refer to chapter 11 of reference [5].
C. KS Correlations June 2008
The curves for different droplet sizes shown in Figure 2 are fitted to a 3rd order polynomial (for droplet sizes of 100, 150, May 2008
and 300 microns). The correlation is in the form of Equation 6 and its regressed coefficients a, b, c, and d are presented in
Tables 2A and 2B for field (FPS) and System International (SI) units, respectively. April 2008
March 2008
February 2008
January 2008
In Table 2, each droplet size in micron (µ) is preceded by letter L or U representing the lower and upper curve,
respectively. The pressure is in psi and KS is in ft/sec for FPS (kPa and m/s in SI). December 2007
November 2007
The last row of Table 2 provides the average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) of the predicted KS by the proposed
correlation from the corresponding values of Figure 2 values. October 2007
Table 2A (FPS). Regressed coefficients for Equation 6 (P in psi and KS in ft/sec) September 2007
Droplet Size: 100 – 300 microns August 2007
July 2007
June 2007
May 2007
April 2007
March 2007
February 2007
January 2007
December 2006
Table 2B (SI). Regressed coefficients for Equation 6 (P in kPa and KS in m/s in SI).
November 2006
Droplet Size: 100 – 300 microns October 2006
September 2006
August 2006
July 2006
June 2006
May 2006
April 2006
March 2006
February 2006
The two curves for 500 micron droplet size in Figure 2 were divided into 4 and 2 segments based on pressure range for January 2006
the lower and upper curves, respectively. Each segment was fitted to a linear equation in the form of Equation 7 and its
regressed coefficients e and f are presented in Tables 3A and 3B for FPS and SI units, respectively. December 2005
November 2005
October 2005
Table 3A (FPS). Regressed coefficients for Equation 7 (P in psi and KS in ft/sec) September 2005
Droplet Size: 500 microns August 2005
July 2005
June 2005
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D. Mist Extractors
The mist extractor is the final gas cleaning device in a conventional separator. The selection, and design to a large
degree, determine the amount of liquid carryover remaining in the gas phase. The most common types include wire mesh
pads (“mesh pads”), vane-type (vane “packs”) and axial flow demisting cyclones. Figure 4 shows the location and function
of a typical mist extractor in a vertical separator.
Mist extractor capacity is defined by the gas velocity at which re-entrainment of the liquid collected in the device becomes
appreciable. This is typically characterized by a KS –value, as shown in Equation 2. Mesh pads are the most common
type of mist extractors used in vertical separator applications. The primary separation mechanism is liquid impingement
onto the wires, followed by coalescence into droplets large enough to disengage from the mesh pad. References [1-5]
provide mesh pad examples. Table 4 provides a summary of mesh pad characteristics and performance parameters.
Figure 4. Typical mist extractor in a vertical separator [5]
Table 4. Mesh pads KS and performance parameters [3, 5, 8]
Notes:
Flow direction is vertical (upflow).

Assume mesh pad KS – value decline with pressure as shown in Table 5. Table 5 was originally developed for
mesh pads, but is used as an approximation for other mist extractor types. [9].
If liquid loads reaching the mesh pad exceed the values given in Table 4, assume capacity (KS) decreases by 10%
per 42 L/min/m2 (1 gal/min/ft2). [2-4].
These parameters are approximate.
Table 5. Mesh pad KS deration factors as a function of pressure [5]
Vane packs, like mesh pads, capture droplets primarily by inertial impaction. The vane bend angles force the gas to
change direction while the higher density liquid droplets tend to travel in a straight-line path, and impact the surface of the
vane where they are collected and removed from the gas flow. Table 6 provides vane pack performance characteristics [3,
5, 8].
In the case of demisting cyclones, the vendor should be consulted in regards to performance for the current operations of
interest.
Table 6. Typical vane-pack characteristics [3, 5, 8]
Notes:
1. Assume vane-pack KS – value decline with pressure as shown in Table 5.

2. If liquid loads reaching the vane pack exceed the values given in Table 2, assume capacity KS decreases by 10%
per 42 L/min/m2 (1 gal/min/ft2). [2-4].
3. These parameters are approximate only. The vane-pack manufacturer should be contacted for specific information.
Conclusions:
We focused on the application of Souders-Brown Approach (SBA) in gas-liquid separators and presented diagram, simple
correlations and tables to estimate the SBA design parameter, KS.
The SBA can provide reasonable results and is easy to use.

The SBA is limited in that it is based on the average droplet size, but cannot quantify the amount of liquid droplets
exiting the gas gravity section and mist extractor section.
In a future TOTM we will discuss the droplet settling theory methods which can be used to more accurately
quantify separator performance.
Sizing of three-phase gas-liquid hydrocarbon-liquid water separators are more complicated and will be discussed
in another TOTM.
To learn more about similar cases and how to minimize operational problems, we suggest attending our PF49
(Troubleshooting Oil and Gas Facilities), PF42 (Separation Equipment Selection and Sizing), G4 (Gas
Conditioning and Processing), G5 (Gas Conditioning and Processing – Special), and PF4 (Oil Production and
Processing Facilities), courses.
PetroSkills offers consulting expertise on this subject and many others. For more information about these services, visit
our website at http://petroskills.com/consulting, or email us at consulting@PetroSkills.com.
Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian
References:
1. Snow–McGregor, K., http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/2014/12/troubleshooting-gas-liquid-

separators-removal-of-liquids-from-the-gas/
2. Bothamley, M., “Gas-Liquid Separators – Quantifying Separation Performance Part 1,” SPE Oil and Gas Facilities,
pp. 22 – 29, Aug. 2013.
pp. 35 – 47, Oct. 2013.
pp. 34 – 47, Dec. 2013.
5. Campbell, J.M., Gas Conditioning and Processing, Volume 2: The Equipment Modules, 9th Edition, 2nd Printing,
Editors Hubbard, R. and Snow–McGregor, K., Campbell Petroleum Series, Norman, Oklahoma, 2014.
6. Souders, M. and Brown, G. G., “Design of Fractionating Columns-Entrainment and Capacity,” Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, Volume 26, Issue 1, p 98-103, 1934.
7. American Petroleum Institute, 12J, Specification for Oil and Gas Separators, 8th Edition, October, 2008.
8. PF-49, Troubleshooting Oil and Gas Processing Facilities, Bothamley, M., 2014, © PetroSkills, LLC. All Rights
reserved.
9. Fabian, P., Cusack, R., Hennessey, P., Neuman, M., “Demystifying the Selection of Mist Eliminators, Part 1: The
Basics,” Chem Eng 11 (11), pp. 148 – 156, 1993.
Appendix
Derivation of the Souders-Brown and Stokes’ Law Equations
If we consider a spherical liquid droplet with a diameter of, DP, in the gas phase two forces as shown in Figure 1 act on it.
The drag force, FD, is exerted by flow of gas and gravity force, FG, is exerted by weight of droplet. The drag force acts to
entrain the liquid droplet while the gravity force acts to pull it down.
Figure 1. Schematic of the forces acting on a liquid droplet in the gas

phase [5]
At equilibrium, these two forces are equal.
The drag force is expressed as:
The droplet projected area, AP, is defined by:
The gravity force, FG, is defined
The volume of spherical droplet, VD, is calculated by
Substitution of Equations 3 and 4 into Equation 1 and solving for the gas maximum velocity,
For practical applications, the first term on the right hand side is replaced by KS
Therefore, the maximum gas velocity which prevents entrainment of liquid is obtained.
Equation 6 is called Souder-Brown equation and KS is referred to as the design parameter.
Where:
AP = Project area of droplet
CD = Drag coefficient
g = Acceleration of gravity
gC = Conversion factor
V = Gas velocity
VP = Volume of droplet
ρG = Gas density
ρL = Liquid density
Once the maximum, VGmax, gas velocity through the vessel is determined by Equation 6, one can calculate the required
minimum cross sectional area of vessel for gas flow by the following equation.
Solving for the minimum vessel diameter, Dmin.
Where:
FG = Fraction of cross sectional area available for gas flow (FG = 1 for vertical separators and it is a function of
liquid height for horizontal separators)
qa = Gas flow rate at the actual flowing condition
The drag coefficient, CD, is a function of Reynolds number, Re=(DPVρG)/µG. For Stokes’ law Re <≈2
Substitution of CD from Equation 9 into Equation 4 gives liquid droplet terminal velocity, VT, in the gas phase based on the
Stokes’ law.
Similarly, the terminal velocity for the other flow regimes like Intermediate and Newton can be derived based on their
corresponding expressions for the drag coefficients [3].
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Written by Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

DR. MAHMOOD MOSHFEGHIAN is a Senior Technical Advisor and Senior Instructor. He is the author of most Tips of the
Month and develops technical software for PetroSkills. He has 40 years teaching experience in universities as well as for
oil and gas industries. Dr. Moshfeghian joined JMC in 1990 as a part time consultant and then as full time
instructor/consultant in 2005. Moshfeghian was Professor of Chemical Engineering at Shiraz University. Dr. Moshfeghian
is a senior member of AIChE and has published more than 125 technical papers on thermodynamic properties and
Process Engineering. Dr. Moshfeghian has presented invited papers in international conferences. He is a member of the
Editorial Board for the International Journal of Oil, Gas, and Coal Technology and a member of the GPSA Technical
Committee Group F. He holds B.S. (74), M.S. (75) and and PhD (78) degrees in Chemical Engineering, all from Oklahoma
State University.
View all posts by: Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian
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14 responses to “Gas-Liquid Separators Sizing Parameter”

1. Maria Mestanza says:
September 3, 2015 at 2:12 am
Very interesting article. Thank you very much
2. Richard Wojtovitz says:

Please contact me to discuss a possible consulting project with your company regarding the design of gas-liquid
separators
3. Mr Shital Gandhi says:

Thanks Sir, Its great article
4. Bobby Strain says:

December 28, 2015 at 4:54 pm
You might want to look at the applications on my website. The software there does what is not available elsewhere.
Especially for sizing horizontal separators. Access to the horizontal separator sizing is by subscription. But
samples and a live version are available to use/view. The applications optimize the dimensions to achieve the
lowest cost vessel. No guessing as to L/D.
This is a great discussion. It would be more useful if nozzle sizing were also included. Along with inlet devices.
5. Nimal Jayathillake says:

April 22, 2016 at 9:36 am
Dear Sir,
It is a very interesting piece of information. Thanks a lot.
6. david schuppert says:
August 25, 2016 at 3:50 pm
Can you tell me how the length of a Vertical Gravity Separator is sized once the diameter is calculated?
Thank you
7. Mateo deadbolt says:

May 26, 2017 at 7:37 am
really got to me.
8. Byron says:
May 30, 2017 at 2:20 pm
What technique can I use to design a gas liquid separator for coupling analytical instruments like FI and AAS.
9. Byron says:
May 30, 2017 at 2:22 pm
What technique can I use to design a gas liquid separator for coupling analytical instruments e.g HPLC and AAS
10. Ajay Suri says:

August 23, 2017 at 1:43 am
Possible typo in equation 5. I think there should not be the square root on the right hand side of equation 5.
Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian says:

March 3, 2018 at 2:45 pm
You are correct, Ajay.

Thanks.
11. Vince Anderson says:

February 11, 2018 at 8:30 pm
John,
This was a very helpful source for a class project. Thank you.
Vince Anderson, Iowa State ChE undergraduate
12. William Schomp says:

August 7, 2018 at 8:11 am
Hello: I have been asked whether it is important to maintain the size of a 16″ diameter horizontal knock out pot
within the 3 < L/D < 6 range. Some folks want its length to be less than 4 feet. Do you have a response to this
question? Thanks for your reply.
Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian says:

August 7, 2018 at 10:26 am
Not many details provided but here are some comments:
For this application length is mainly doing 2 things: 1) settling out larger droplets/entrainment ahead of the
mist extractor (or gas outlet), 2) providing some distance to allow the gas velocity profile to straighten out,
which helps with (1) and also should provide a more uniform velocity into the mist extractor (if used)
preventing localized excessive velocities thru it.
If the inlet liquid load is low, (1) above may not be important if the mist extractor can handle the liquid. If the
horizontal gas velocity profile is expected to be fairly uniform (would need more details to determine this)
then (2) might not be a concern either.
Length could also be providing “residence time” for collected liquid but this probably isn’t a concern for a
“knock-out pot”.
Mark Bothamley
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Figure 4. Typical mist extractor in a vertical separator [5]

Table 4. Mesh pads KS and performance parameters [3, 5, 8]

Flow direction is vertical (upflow).

Table 5. Mesh pad KS deration factors as a function of pressure [5]

Table 6. Typical vane-pack characteristics [3, 5, 8]

1. Assume vane-pack KS – value decline with pressure as shown in Table 5.

The SBA can provide reasonable results and is easy to use.

Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

1. Snow–McGregor, K., http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/2014/12/troubleshooting-gas-liquid-

Derivation of the Souders-Brown and Stokes’ Law Equations

Figure 1. Schematic of the forces acting on a liquid droplet in the gas

At equilibrium, these two forces are equal.

The drag force is expressed as:

The droplet projected area, AP, is defined by:

The gravity force, FG, is defined

The volume of spherical droplet, VD, is calculated by

Equation 6 is called Souder-Brown equation and KS is referred to as the design parameter.

AP = Project area of droplet

qa = Gas flow rate at the actual flowing condition

Download PDF Version

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Posted on September 1, 2015 at 12:00 am

Categories: Gas Processing, Pipeline, Process Facilities, Refining

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Written by Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

View all posts by: Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

14 responses to “Gas-Liquid Separators Sizing Parameter”

Very interesting article. Thank you very much

2. Richard Wojtovitz says:

3. Mr Shital Gandhi says:

Thanks Sir, Its great article

4. Bobby Strain says:

5. Nimal Jayathillake says:

7. Mateo deadbolt says:

really got to me.

10. Ajay Suri says:

Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian says:

You are correct, Ajay.

11. Vince Anderson says:

Vince Anderson, Iowa State ChE undergraduate

12. William Schomp says:

Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian says:

Not many details provided but here are some comments:

Training Helpful Links Company Information

© John M. Campbell & Co.

1215 Crossroads Blvd.

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