MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE

A
REPORT
ON

“MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

OF

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY,
SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR.
SUBMITTED BY

MR. TIWARI AASHISH SHIVNARAYAN

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. R. P. GURAV

CIVIL ENGINEERING,
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY,

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY,

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SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR – 416 004

2017-2018

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. TIWARI AASHISH SHIVNARAYAN of Third Year B. TECH. (Civil Engineering)
has satisfactorily delivered a seminar “MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE” and submitted a
report for the fulfilment of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Civil Engineering, of Department of
Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 during the academic year 2016-2017.

This seminar is a record of students’ own work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance
during the academic session 2016-17.

Mr. R. P. GURAV Mr. M. H. Salunkhe

Guide, H. O. D.
Civil Engineering Civil Engineering
Department of Technology, Department of Technology,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

Name and Signature of Internal Examiner:

Place: Department of Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Date:

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DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. I also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my report. I
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Department
of Technology and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly
cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

-Mr. TIWARI AASHISH S.

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I will great pleasure take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude towards
Department of Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur ; I also would like to thank Mr. R.
P. GURAV for his guidance and constant inspiration during the completion of this seminar
report.

I express my 0special thanks to Mr. M. H. Salunkhe, Coordinator, Civil Department of

Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

My sincere thanks to all my fellow student friends for their valuable suggestions and
cooperation and constant appreciation and inspiration as well.

Mr. TIWARI AASHISH SHIVNARAYAN

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY,

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ABSTRACT
Building materials account for about half of all materials used and about half the solid waste
generated worldwide. They have an environmental impact at every step of the building process—
extraction of raw materials, processing, manufacturing, transportation, construction and disposal
at the end of a building’s useful life.
Governments worldwide have responded to the need to reduce waste with regulation and
legislation that have framed a market for building materials and products derived from the
construction and demolition (C&D) waste stream.
There are now, more than ever, clear opportunities for business and industry to invest in
activities that will create profit and improve environmental outcomes by extracting valuable
resources from the C&D waste stream.
The built environment of the future is being constructed at the beginning of a new ecological
era where governments are framing markets with regulation and legislation that respond to the
challenges of environmental sustainability, and where industry must respond to the challenges of
low-carbon economies and resource depletion.
Businesses that are profiting and growing are adapting to these new challenges and responding
with innovations that turn waste into valuable resources to supply the construction industry, which
has traditionally been adverse to behavioural change.

This guide outlines the opportunities available for effective markets and presents 15
initiatives where companies are profiting and growing while contributing to a more ecologically
sustainable built environment.

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INDEX

Sr. No. Name of figure Page no.

1. introduction 8
2 Literature review 9
3 Construction waste and components 10
4 Demolition waste and components 13
5 Trends of C & D waste management 16
6 Objectives 23
7 Methodology 23
8 Application 25
9 Conclusion 26
10 References 27

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List of Tables

Sr. No Content Page No

1 Waste Components 11
2 List of Constructional Waste 12
3 List Of Demolition Waste 15
List of Figure
Sr. No. Content Page No.
1 Components of Constructional Waste 13
2 Components of Demolition Waste 16

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INTRODUCTION

Construction site waste can be described as the hazardous by-product resulting from
activities during new construction and renovation. It is generated during the construction
process because of factors such as site preparation, material use, material damage, material
non-use, excess procurement and human error. Examples include but are not limited to
packaging materials, site clearance, excavation material, building materials such as metals,
gypsum, concrete, brick, insulation, wood, plastic, glass, asphalt, composites and site
sweepings.
Construction and Demolition waste are among the major part of the total waste generated
across the country. Responsible management of waste is an essential aspect of sustainable building.
In this context, managing waste means eliminating waste where possible; minimizing waste where
feasible; and reusing materials which might otherwise become waste. Solid waste management
practices have identified the reduction, recycling, and reuse of wastes as essential for sustainable
management of resource.
Due to increase in economic growth after development and redevelopment projects in country
and increase in urbanization has made construction sector to increase drastically, and thus has large
environmental impact, due to increase in construction and demolition process.
Management of Construction Waste has became the necessity for the society, surrounding and the
world as whole. Management of Construction Waste includes reduction, recycling and reuse of
construction and development waste and sustainable management of resources.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Construction site waste can be described as the hazardous by-product resulting from
activities during new construction and renovation. It is generated during the construction process
because of factors such as site preparation, material use, material damage, material non-use, excess
procurement and human error. Examples include but are not limited to packaging materials, site
clearance, excavation material, building materials such as metals, gypsum, concrete, brick,
insulation, wood, plastic, glass, asphalt, composites and site
sweepings.
Recycling of demolition waste was first carried out after the Second World War in Germany
to tackle the problem of disposing large amount of demolition waste caused by the war and
simultaneously generate raw material for reconstruction.
Considerable research has been carried out in U.S.A, Japan, U.K, France, Germany, Denmark
etc. for recycling concrete, masonry, bricks, bituminous and other constituents of waste from
Construction Industry. These studies have demonstrated possibility of using construction waste to
substitute new materials of recycling.
Work on recycling of aggregates has been done at Central Building Research Institute
(CBRI), Roorkee, and Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi. The study report
stresses the importance of recycling construction waste, creating awareness about the problem of
waste management and the availability of technologies for recycling. According to a study
commissioned by Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), 70%
of the construction industry is not aware of recycling techniques. The study recommends
establishment of quality standards for recycled aggregate materials and recycled aggregate
concrete. This would help in setting up a target product quality for producers and assure the user
of a minimum quality requirement, thus encouraging him to use it. I have selected this project in
matter of fact that the Management of Construction Waste has wide scope in India, and the
Governments initiatives with respect to it are quite encouraging. The Management of Construction
waste requires coordinated action of governmental, business and professional group and their
activities.

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CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Construction waste is normally combined with demolition waste and described as
"construction and demolition" (C&D). There are many definitions for C&D. Virtually every state
has a slightly different definition for C&D waste. The EPA's Characterization ofBuilding-Related
construction and Demolition Debris in the United States (EPA530-R-98-01O) contains a partial
list of these varied state definitions. For the purpose of this study, C&D waste is defined as the
waste resulting from new construction, remodeling, or the demolition of a structure.
However there are some differences between construction and demolition waste.
Construction waste loads were usually transported to the landfill in open top roll-off containers,
dump trucks, or open trailers. The construction loads tended to be lighter, less weathered, more
homogeneous (all wood, dry wall, etc), and contained more cardboard boxes (usually from
fixtures) than the demolition waste loads. In most cases it was relatively easy to visually
differentiate between the construction and demolition loads. The most difficult loads to identify
were from remodelling projects. These loads contained some new material and some demolition
materials. In those cases, the load was analyzed and the waste components assigned percentages.
For instance a re-modelling load might be estimated to be 60% construction and 40% demolition.
The materials within each of these components were then estimated.
Although most loads could be easily identified visually, drivers were interviewed when
possible to determine where the load originated. If a load was identified as construction waste, the
percentage of each material within the load was visually estimated. Visual estimates were made
during and after the load was dumped. After each load was dumped the project manager walked
around the waste to identify waste materials and assign material percentages. Typically, the
percentage of the predominate material was estimated first (for instance wood might be estimated
at 60% of the load) and secondary materials followed, (dry wall material might be 30%, and the
remaining 10% might be cardboard). Materials were estimated until 100% of the load was
assigned. Obviously this was a non-scientific analysis because all data was subjective. However,
materials were relatively easy to differentiate and the same person did all the estimates in order to
maintain consistency. The following materials were observed and estimated as part of the
construction waste component:

Wood: Waste materials that are predominately new wood from new construction.
This may include plywood, chipwood, dimensional lumber (2x4's, etc.)
shavings and sawdust.

Drywall: Waste materials that are predominately new wood from new construction.
This may include plywood, chipwood, dimensional lumber (2x4's, etc.)
shavings and sawdust

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Masonry: Gypsum wallboard that is a waste product from new construction.

Inert materials such as brick, concrete, rock, and dirt that originated at a
construction site. This masonry material was "c1eaner" and "newer" than
the demolition masonry materials.

Metal: Metallic materials that were a waste product of new construction. This
material consisted of new metal studs and metal beams and pipes
Plastic: Plastic waste materials used in new construction. This included PVC
plumbing pipe, PVC siding, Styrofoam insulation, and plastic sheet.
Cardboard: Cardboard boxes, box board, and cardboard packing material.
Other: Any waste materials originating from new construction which do not fit
into the one of the categories above. These materials include fiberglass
insulation, electrical wiring, paper, and MSW from job.

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CONSTRUCTION WASTE COMPONENTS:

About 5.5 percent of the solid waste in Missouri landfills is construction waste. However thi
percentage varies greatly from metropolitan to rural areas. The percentage of each construction
waste material (wood, drywall, etc.) within each of the population groups is very similar but the
amount of construction waste in large metropolitan areas is much higher than the rural areas.
The large metropolitan areas (St. Louis and Kansas City) account for about 58% of Missouri's
total waste but 88% of the state's construction waste. Likcwise, the rural areas account for 34%of
the total waste but only 5% of the construction waste. There seems to be several reasons for this
difference.
1. There is more construction in the metropolitan areas than the rural areas.
2. The metropolitan areas have more regulations concerning waste disposal and enforcement of
illegal dumping activities.
3. Many rural areas allow open burning and therefore much of the carbon-based waste is burned
and not disposed in landfills.
4. Many urban construction contracts require proper disposal in landfills, whereas many rural
construction contracts leave disposal options unstated.
Large Metro Small Metro Rural State Average
Materials % Tons % Tons % Tons % Tons
Wood 46% 100,208 47% 8,253 40% 4,447 45% 112,908
Drywall 21% 45,467 20% 3,461 24% 2,630 21% 51,558
Masonry 14% 31,772 16% 2,837 15% 1,681 15% 36,290
Metal 1% 2,485 3% 476 3% 305 1% 3,266
Plastic 4% 9,002 2% 411 2% 195 4% 9,608
Cardboard 9% 18,925 6% 1,113 7% 740 8% 20,778
Other 5% 11,662 5% 950 10% 1,109 6% 13,721
Total 100% 219,520 100% 17,500 100% 11,172 100% 248,192

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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY,

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DEMOLITION WASTE
Demolition waste is normally combined with construction waste and described as
"construction and demolition" (C&D). There are many definitions for C&D. Virtually every state
has a slightly different definition for C&D waste. C&D waste is defined as the waste resulting
from new construction, remodeling, or the demolition of a structure. The demolition component
of C&D is quite different from the construction component.
Construction waste materials tend to be more homogeneous (all new wood, or new drywall,
etc.) and for the most part are easier to separate and recycle. The demolition waste materials tended
to be mixed with a variety of materials, and more difficult to separate and recover. Demolition
loads fit into two broad categories; remodeling and debris. The remodeling loads were often mixed
with new construction materials. Residential remodeling loads had a higher percentage of wood
while commercial remodeling projects
contained more metal. Most remodeling loads arrived in open top roll-off containers or were
self-hauled in pick-up or trailers. Debris loads were essentially stmctures that were knocked down
by heavy equipment and loaded onto dump trucks for transport to the landfill. Debris loads usually
contained masonry materials (dirt, rock, concrete, and brick) that were mixed with wood, roofing,
carpet, drywall and small amounts of metal. The materials were mixed and usually shredded,
broken, and smashed.
Therefore debris loads are much more difficult to recover materials. In many cases, a debris
load consisted of dirt, rock, or masonry materials. These masonry loads were very heavy and
tended to skew the overall numbers.The following materials were observed and estimated as part
of the demolition waste component:

Wood: Wood waste from the demolition or remodeling of a structure. The wood was
typically weathered, painted, and in many cases attached to some other material.

Drywall: Gypsum wallboard, which has been removed from a structure.

Roofing: Shingles that were tom off of existing roofs in anticipation of putting new
shingles on the structure. In most cases these shingles were delivered to the
landfill in dump trucks or trailers and not mixed with any other materials.

Masonry: Inert materials such as brick, concrete, rock, and dirt that were removed from a
demolition site. These materials were normally mixed with other demolition
materials such as wood, drywall, etc

Metal: Metallic items that were removed during the remodeling or demolition of a
structure.

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Carpet: Carpeting that was removed and disposed of during the remodeling and or
demolition of a structure.

Other: Any other materials, not listed above, that was removed and disposed of during
the remodeling and or demolition of a structure. These included insulation,
roofing insulation board, plastics, and small amounts ofMSW or bulky items.

The Demolition Waste Component

About 13 percent of the solid waste in Missouri landfills is demolition waste. This percentage
varies greatly from metropolitan areas to rural areas. As was the case in construction waste, the
metropolitan demolition component is much higher than rural demolition waste.
Unlike the construction waste component, the percentage of demolition waste materials
(wood, dry wall, etc.) differed greatly from metropolitan areas to rural areas.
1. Roofing waste was significantly higher in rural areas. The age of many structures may be
older in rural areas than the metropolitan areas, thereby requiring more repairs (tear off and
re-roofing).
2. The percentage of masonry (dirt, rock etc.) was significantly less in rural areas. Ordinances
and enforcement on demolition projects in rural areas may be less restrictive than
metropolitan areas. Also, some masonry loads (dirt and rock, etc.) may be illegally disposed
in rural areas
3. Wood waste was significantly higher in small metropolitan areas. During the observation
period at the City of St. Joseph Landfill several trucks containing wood debris from a flood
related demolition project were recorded. The unusually large amount of demolition debris
received during the observation period may have inflated the amount of this material
normally received by the landfill.

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Trends Of Construction And Demolition Waste Management

In recent years, the construction industry has realised not only the need to be environmentally
responsible but also the benefits of green construction. There is an ongoing campaign to encourage
life cycle assessment and costing. There is also a drive to quantify the
environmental costs of construction in order to internalise the externalities of construction
related activities. Many countries have embarked on programs that promote efficiency in
construction in terms of labour, equipment and material use. There is growing advocacy for the
purchase and use of recycled content building materials and products. Much effort has been
dedicated to developing strategies that focus on construction site waste prevention, reduction,
reuse and recycling. In addition, governments have increasingly introduce, legislative and
incentive instruments that make it more difficult to continue with wasteful jobsite practices. Of
particular importance is the documentation of best practices the demonstrate the economic
advantage of alternative waste management options for construction sites.
It has been realised that the client is (or can be) the main driver of waste prevention and green
buildings [7]. This is because firstly the client can specify what he/she is prepared to pay or not
pay for. Secondly, since the client is likely to be the end user of the building upon
completion, details of its performance will be key considerations to him/her. However, in some
occasions the client is either unaware or unable to use this ability. This can be because the client
does not have a high level of environmental awareness or the designer (architect/engineer) has no
experience with green building to help the client make the correct decisions. Designers can play a
significant role in green construction, particularly in waste management in this case by designing
buildings for waste reduction through doing more with less and by designing buildings to allow
for building, component and material reuse and recycling at the building.s end of life. However,
this can only work if the contractor and his crew firstly understand the designs and secondly have
the necessary training and commitment to ensure success. Many developed countries have realised
the need to modify tendering, contracting and construction site processes in order to ensure that
waste prevention and management are prioritised on site. Recent innovations include the
incorporation of waste specifications in tender documents, the inclusion of model waste
management language in contract documents, the demand for waste management plans prior to
commencement of construction and the promotion of the purchase and use of recycled content
products.

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Waste management plans

1. Definition
A waste management plan can be described as a construction project related plan that gives
provisions for the prevention, separation, salvage, reuse, recycling and disposal of C&D waste.
The ultimate goal of a waste management plan is to reduce the amount of C&D waste destined for
landfill to an absolute minimum. A waste management plan encourages resource efficiency and
helps internalise the environmental externalities related to building construction.
A waste management plan presents an opportunity for a building owner and his team to
demonstrate responsibility toward the environment by using a green approach to construction.
Furthermore, the plan helps the building contractor identify opportunities from waste rather than
to have to deal with it as a daily problem on site. Most importantly, a waste management plan
encourages the client team to demand, help develop and comply with waste reduction targets for
the project and also serves as a guideline for the contractor.s waste managementactivities on site.

2. Elements of a waste management plan

Project planning is very important because it allows the opportunity to define a problem,
assess possible solutions, proceed to implement the final option and make provision for evaluation
at the end. It is unthinkable to commence a construction project without going through this process.
For the same reason, waste management on construction sites should be
planned before construction activities begin (in order to avoid dealing with waste as a problem).
A waste management plan does not have to be complicated, in fact it need not even be a long
document. It simply needs to be concise, comprehensive and practical for easy interpretation and
implementation on site. A good waste management plan will contain the following components:
 Goals;
 Waste audit;
 Waste disposal options;
 Waste handling requirements;
 Transportation requirements; and an
 Economic assessment.

2.1 Setting goals

Before conducting any detailed planning for waste management on site, the client team should
make a commitment to waste prevention and waste redirection from landfill to reuse and recycling
applications. This should be followed by realistic quantitative targets for waste reduction4.
Realistic targets can be based on previous projects of similar nature, targets set by environmental
rating systems that reward waste reduction with credit points and financial
considerations (advised by market conditions).

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2.2 Waste Audit

For the contractor to be able to determine the best approach to deal with jobsite waste, he
needs to collect information relating to the waste that will be generated on site. This information
will be useful for waste planning. Such information is generally required before the waste is
actually generated on site although on site waste audits can also be conducted to capture useful
information for future projects and to update waste estimates for the current project.

A waste audit can basically be divided into two activities viz. a waste analysis and a waste
assessment.

Waste analysis
A waste stream analysis will determine the types and quantities of waste that will be
generated in the project. The analysis will also determine the stages of construction where
specific wastes will be generated. There are two methods of conducting a waste stream
analysis [9]. The first involves collecting actual data from project sites to determine the types
of materials being discarded. The second uses information from previous projects. Both
methods characterise wastes that are generated on the jobsite, and can help identify suitable
waste reduction options.
Collecting data from the jobsite during construction can take several forms. Information can
be extracted from purchase records, waste bin inspections and detailed waste analyses of
selected sample waste bins [9]. Secondary analysis from previous experience on the other
hand includes extracting waste generation rates, using purchase records and using waste
disposal records for similar projects [12]. In cases where information is not readily available,
other sources that can be used for quantity estimates include engineering estimates, and
typical waste composition figures for construction sites.

Waste assessment
A waste assessment will use the information collected in the waste analysis to determine the
site-specific waste characteristics. The assessment will help characterise waste by type,
amount, method of generation and time of generation. It will also identify the construction
activities that generate large quantities of waste. This information will inform the contractor
on which waste reduction options he needs to focus his efforts.
Waste analysis and assessment information can be captured in a simple spreadsheet. It can be
arranged in a manner that will easily show the types of envisaged waste materials, the expected
quantities, recyclability, activity and time of generation, and a possible recycling option.

2.3 Waste disposal options

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Having assessed all the waste that will be generated on site, it is now possible to explore the
various end-scenarios. It is useful to have knowledge of the types of materials that are reusable
and recyclable, the conditions of acceptance in the respective markets, secondary market
conditions in your area and the location and types of waste disposal sites.

Reusable materials
- Some materials can be accepted for reuse applications if they satisfy certain criteria.
e.g. dimensions, level of contamination and quality.
- Typical places to approach with reusable materials include suppliers, secondary
material outlets and renovators.
- If available, obtain a published list of locally accepted reusable material
- Reusable waste can be sold at a site sale or auction.
- Useful waste material can also be donated to charity organisation.

Recyclable materials
- Find a list of which materials are recycled in the locality of the project.
- Locate the companies that recycle these waste materials.
- Useful sources of such information include registers of recyclers, waste material
exchanges and waste information systems that are either administered by government
waste departments or by research institutions that specialise in waste management.
- Sometimes unconventional methods of searching for information may yield the best
results, particularly for the not so popular recyclable materials such as insulation
material and carpet padding.
- Establish market prices for specific waste materials.

Unwanted waste
- Accept that site activity will inevitably still generate a certain amount of unusable and
unwanted waste that is good only for disposal by landfill.
- Find out what types of waste disposal sites are there, i.e. municipal waste sites, C&D
waste sites, garden and C&D waste sites etc.
- Determine the requirements for acceptance e.g. commingled or clean separated waste.
- Determine the location and distance to these sites.
- Determine the tipping fees charged by each.

Hazardous waste
- Find out about all the relevant local regulations relating to the handling and disposal of
hazardous waste.
- Find local hazardous waste removal contractors.

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- Determine the location and distance to the designated hazardous waste disposal sites.
- Determine the tipping fees charged by each.

2.4 Waste handling requirements

In order to have efficient waste management on the jobsite, consideration should be given
to how the waste will be handled to maximise recovery. Since the most effective waste reduction
strategy is source control, 100% participation from the construction crew is important. Before
the crew can participate, it is important that they are made aware of the waste plan, they need to
be trained on waste handling methods and they need to be involved in the process. The project
team needs to appoint an individual that will be responsible for the overall waste management
activity. This can be the general contractor or a waste management specialist. This individual can
appoint and train one or two waste management leaders that will be responsible for the day-to-day
running of jobsite waste activities and feedback to the waste manager.
Some of the actions the waste team will have to take include the following:
- Decide on whether to implement a .time based. waste recycling system at the jobface
or dedicate .a recycling centre. on site.
- In case of the former, plan the system and determine container sizes, number and
location and coordinate details of container collection.
- In case of the latter, design and layout the recycling centre on site.
- Determine security, staff and facility requirements for the recycling centre.
- Clearly mark all items in the recycling centre to avoid confusion, contamination and
Abuse
- Plan for the collection of waste from the jobface to the recycling centre.
- Ensure adequate and sufficient containers to allow for effective waste separation,
storage, collection and transport to the recycling centre and to the final destination.
- Train the labour crew to distinguish between reusable and recyclable materials, how to
avoid contamination and where to store reusables, recyclables and unwanted waste.
- Co-ordinate waste collection to avoid the collection of half-empty or overflowing
containers.

2.5 Transportation requirements

Consider options available to collect and transport reusable, recyclable and unwanted waste
away from the construction site. There are four basic methods that can be used [13], namely:
 Commercial hauling - This method involves contracting with waste or recycling
service providers to place collection containers on-site, collect and transport the full
containers to waste or recycling facilities. This strategy works well on projects where
large quantities of materials are generated, such as on demolition sites, big housing
projects and on commercial projects. Some recyclers offer smaller waste containers or
containers with several compartments for small-scale projects such as home

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improvements.
 Self-hauling - This method is often preferred for residential construction and
remodelling. Recyclable materials are collected on-site in piles or temporary
containers and taken to recycling facilities using the contractor’s own vehicles. This
method is effective for materials generated in small quantities.
 Cleanup services - A construction clean-up service that offers waste removal and
recycling services all in one. The clean-up crew comes on-site and picks up
recyclables and garbage that are collected in piles or containers. The materials are then
Construction site waste management and minimisation CIB/CSIR 2001
taken to the most appropriate recycling or disposal facility. Such services can offer
job-site recycling consultations as well.
 Commingled recycling . The last option in the order of preference, commingled
recycling programs collect containers of mixed recyclables or mixed garbage and
recyclables, and separate them at material recovery facilities. This option is convenient
for cramped sites, but the cost saving is limited (high pre-recycling costs) and
recycling rates may be lower than for other options.
When assessing the above options, contact the service providers in your area and request details
on the sizes of their containers, and their rental and collection cost estimates.

2.6 Economic considerations

The information in sections 9.2.2 to 9.2.5 will help in deciding which of the waste materials
are economical to reuse and recycle and which are not. The main criteria that are used to decide
between extended use applications and landfill disposal are the cost implications of
each option and the anticipated returns. Landfill disposal generally depends on local tipping fees
and the associated transport costs while extended use applications depend on recycling costs and
market conditions.
The cost analysis can be conducted in a simple spreadsheet. For all the identified reusable
and recyclable materials, use the estimated quantities (from the waste audit), container sizes and
rental estimates (transportation requirements) and tipping fees/rebates (disposal options) to
calculate the total cost of each possible option. Calculate the estimated disposal cost for all other
unwanted wastes. For all the reusable and recyclable options, calculate the cost of landfilling the
same amount of waste and compare with the above totals to determine the savings or additional
costs.
The results of the cost analysis can be used in conjunction with the waste goals that were set
in section 2.1 to decide which materials to reuse, recycle and landfill. It may be cost effective to
only recycle one or two of the waste materials generated by the project or it might
be worthwhile to institute a full-fledged recycling program.

4. Plan implementation

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One key determining factor of the success of a waste management plan is its
implementability. It is good to develop strategies that are guided by the ideals that we would like
to reach in the construction industry, however at project level our contribution towards these ideals
should be through achievable goals using practical methods. Furthermore, some plans may not be
cost effective to implement. It may thus be better to begin on a small scale and increase the effort
as the learning curve flattens out. The following actions will be necessary when implementing a
site waste management plan
 Appointment of waste manager
To ensure commitment, operational efficiency and accountability, the waste management
function should be assigned to one individual. The waste manager should be given power to:
- Select his waste team;
- With the help of his team instruct, oversee, record and feedback on day-to-day waste
practice;
- Delegate responsibility to sub-contractors where necessary; and
- Coordinate with suppliers, service providers and sub-contractors to prioritise waste
prevention and salvage on site.
 Distribution of information
The contractor must distribute the waste management plan to the client team, his crew and to
all subcontractors that come to site. The contractor needs to communicate information relating
to activities that might be a source of confusion, for example:
- If applicable, how the .time-based. waste recycling system will work.
- If applicable, identify the designated area for a .recycling centre. on site and explain
how it will work.
- Give details of how day-to-day findings will be fed back into site activities to improve
waste practice.
- Describe what constitutes contamination and what steps will be taken to ensure it does
not manifest itself on site.
 Waste handling
The construction site should be clearly laid out with sufficient instructions for waste
management. Provision should be made for easy and convenient jobface waste separation and
storage, smooth and timely separate collection and effective use of the recycling centre. The
facilities dedicated for the waste program should be kept clean at all times. Finally, all
hazardous waste should be treated as a separate waste stream, clearly marked and stored in
isolation for collection.

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OBJECTIVES:

 To know about the suitable C&D waste management syllable

 To know about the various techniques through which it can be reduced

 Identifying the waste management needs

 Setting the targets for required actions

 Arriving at results for processing and recycling process

 Selecting medium for awareness among public and society as whole

METHODOLOGY:
Best Practice
The management of C&D waste should reflect the waste management hierarchy, with
waste prevention and minimization being the first priority succeeded by reuse and recycling.
During site clearance and reconstruction works, there are numerous opportunities for the
beneficial reuse and recycling of the demolition materials. The subsequent use of recycled
materials in reconstruction works also reduces the quantities of waste which ultimately needs to
be consigned to landfill sites.
Prevention of Waste
The primary effort therefore should be to engage in waste prevention and reduce the
amount of waste generated in the first place i.e. minimize the resources needed to do the job.
Prevention is financially advantageous as it reduces the purchase of construction materials and
obviates the need to remove wastes from site. It is important to emphasize the potential for
certain purchasing procedures to contribute to a reduction in excessive material wastage on site.
Examples include:
ensuring materials are ordered on an "as needed" basis to prevent over supply to site;
purchasing coverings, paneling or other materials in shape, dimensions and form that
minimises the creation of excessive scrap waste on site;
ensuring correct storage and handling of construction materials to minimise generation of
damaged materials/waste e.g., keeping deliveries packaged until they are ready to be used;
ensuring correct sequencing of operations; and
assigning individual responsibility (through appropriate contractual arrangements) to sub-
contractors for the purchase of raw materials and for the management of wastes arising from
their activities, thereby ensuring that available resources are not expended in an extravagant
manner at the expense of the main contractor.
Renovation which retains and repairs existing structural and decorative elements, with the
introduction only where necessary of new items, contributes greatly to a reduction in C&D waste

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arisings. In the case of protected structures, demolition is permitted only in exceptional

circumstances. Designers and developers should consult the concerned Department of
Environment/Local Government for advice on procedures relating to the development,
demolition and architectural salvage of protected structures.

Reuse of Waste
Material that is generated should be reused on site or salvaged for subsequent reuse to the
greatest extent possible and disposal should only be considered as a last resort. Initiatives should
be put in place to maximize the efficient use/reuse of materials. Excavated spoil/topsoil can be
carefully set aside and used as landscaping material in the completed development.
Innovative initiatives to avoid the need for disposal should be investigated:
architectural features should ideally be reused in refurbishment of retained structures on the
same site;
the warehousing of salvaged material can facilitate its reuse on future projects; and
“Architectural salvage sales" can allow the public to acquire material resources that have been
removed from decommissioned buildings.

Recycling of Waste
There are a number of established markets available for the beneficial use of C&D waste:
Waste timber can be
recycled as shuttering or hoarding, or sent for reprocessing as medium density fiber board;
waste concrete can be utilized as fill material for roads or in the manufacture of new concrete
when arising at source; and
in addition, the technology for the segregation and recovery of stone, for example, is well
established, readily accessible and there is a large reuse market for aggregates as fill for roads
and other construction projects. Bitumen and Asphalt can also be recycled in roads projects.

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APPLICATIONS:

1. Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D) is characterised by large variation range of

composition as well as physical properties.
2. Main field of application of C&D: Unbounded systems like fills and embankments.
3. Reuse of concrete C&D, as secondary aggregates requires incorporation of liberation
techniques into the processing.
4. Advanced liberation techniques like the treatment by high-performance sonic impulses results
in clear quality improvement.
5. Reuse of masonry C&D in construction requires technologies, which improve quality and
homogeneity.

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CONCLUSION:
There has been increasing pressure to come up with processes that reduce wastage on the
jobsite and ensure the yield of environmental buildings. This demand is a result of factors such
as a need to reduce the cost of construction, a need to demonstrate environmental responsibility
and a need to comply with strict local waste legislation and goals. Governments and construction
industries around the world have responded by introducing innovations such as:
 Construction site waste specifications;
 Model contract waste management language;
 Construction site waste avoidance strategies;
 Construction waste management plans; and
 Buying and using recycled content materials and products.

Improving construction site waste management can contribute to the overall improvement
of the performance of the construction industry. It will also bring us a step closer to achieving
sustainability in construction. The benefits of construction site waste management include:
 The reduction of the generation of avoidable waste on site.
 Preventing site waste from entering the national waste stream and redirecting potential
 waste from landfills to reuse and recycling applications.
 A reduction in C&D waste transportation and disposal costs.
 Reduced material procurement costs as a result of reduced site wastage and the use of
 on site secondary materials.
 Protection of the contractors (already narrow) profit margin.
 Improvement of site efficiency and performance.
In India this project is separated since Swachh Bharat Mission and special focus is being
given to this project. There should be need of hiring the professional and trained people
regarding that project for C&D Separation. Some informal institutions should also be included
so that the wastage can be separated according to their recue; reuse and recycling process is
possible. Charges should be collected on construction and explosions waste generators. Those
technologies which are environment friendly should be adopted for waste utilization. There
should be fixation of standards that can be used for how much % waste can be utilized.
Information regarding C & D generation, legislative regarding the waste management,
regulatory framework and procedures should be known by all the public.

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REFERENCES :

1. Central Pollution Control Board et al 2016, “Guidelines on Environmental Management

C & D Waste” in compliance, Swachh Bharat Mission, Delhi, India

2. K R. Kareem, R K. Pandey, et al 2009, “Study of Management and Control of Waste

Construction” materials in “Civil Construction Project, International Journal of
Engineering and Advance Technology”, U.N., Netherland

3. Edge Environment Pvt. Ltd. et al 2015, “Construction And Demolition Waste

Management Journal”, in compliance “Department of environment, water, sustainability
and communities ”, Government of Australia

4. Markandeya Raju Ponnada and Kameswari P., Et Al 2006 “Construction And Waste
Management Review”, Department Of Civil Engineering, MVGR College Of
Engineering, Andhra Pradesh

5. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/construction-waste-management#ar

6. http://cpcb.nic.in/reports-documents.php

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