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POS 001: POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

DAY 01 – POS 001

Activity Title: Identifying the Qualities of Good Citizenship

Learning Target/s: 1. Describe ways of acquiring citizenship
2. Describe the qualities of a good citizen
Concept Notes

Citizenship: refers to the membership of a person to a particular community.

How is citizenship acquired?

1.By birth ( Rule on jus soli and jus sanguinis) - being born to Filipino parents
2.By naturalization – granting a foreigner Filipino citizenship by the Philippine government
3.By marriage – This is not recognized under Philippine laws
4.By repatriation – for former Filipinos who want to reacquire their Filipino citizenship

What is good citizenship?

Awareness and action

are the keys to good
citizenship

Aware of the Bill Aware of the

of Rights, stands Aware of the
different state
up for ones’ responsibilities
policies and
rights and of elected public
principles
respects the officials and
rights of other chooses leaders
wisely

DAY 02 – POS 001

Activity Title: Basic Rights of Men

Learning Target/s: To classify rights

Concept Notes

Rights refer to one's privileges to claim and do what he is justly entitled to.

Freedom means to be free to do anything at will without prior control.

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Basic Rights: rights you enjoy as Filipino citizens and which are provided in our constitution. They are
publicized to protect you from any form of violation or abuse.

Three general classifications of rights

1. Natural Rights. These are rights which are inherent to us as persons. These are not given
by the government or different culture; they are what we should get as human beings.

2. Constitutional Rights. These are your rights granted and protected by the constitution.
They are categorized into political and civil rights.
A. Political rights are the ones that you exercise to participate in the affairs of the government.
It includes the right to suffrage (vote), right to citizenship, and the right to petition/express the
government for redress of grievances.
B. Civil rights are those that you enjoy to fulfill your happiness and development. It includes
right against involuntary servitude, right to property and the right to establish a residence and
travel. It also includes the rights of an accused like the right to counsel and presumption of
innocence unless proven guilty.

DAY 03 – POS 001

Activity Title: Explaining the Due Process of Law

Learning Target/s: Describe due process of law and explain the meaning of Equal Protection of Law.
Apply the concept of due process in analyzing given situations

References: Corpuz, Ronald M. “Philippine History and Constitution”

Concept Notes
Definition of Terms
1. Due process of law
-a law which hears before it condemns, which proceeds an inquiry and renders judgment after a
fair trial.
-The deprivation of life, liberty, and property can only be valid if the same is accorded with due
process.

2. Life:The right of every person to his bodily completeness, free from dismemberment, and extends the
right to use his god given faculties which makes life enjoyable.

3. Liberty: It means freedom to use one’s faculties without restraint.

4. Property : It refers to anything that can be possessed which can be subjected to a contract.

5. Equal Protection of Law: It means equality of all persons before the law. It does not mean however
that all persons should be treated alike. The application of the rule will apply to political, social and
economic equality.
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DAY 04 – POS 001

Activity Title: Right against unreasonable searches and seizure

Learning Target/s: Analyze situations involving the right against unreasonable search and seizure

Concept Notes
What is unreasonable search and seizure?
A search and seizure or arrest made without a warrant is unreasonable.

What happens if the search or seizure or arrest is unreasonable?

Any evidence obtained in such search or seizure cannot be used for any purpose in any proceedings.

Instances when search and seizure without a warrant is lawful :

1. If the person to be search voluntarily allow the search

2. When the person to be search was arrested with a valid warrant of arrest
3. In search of moving vehicles transporting materials prohibited by law
4. Search as part of government inspection, supervision, and regulation on different establishments.
5. The possession of material prohibited by law is open to the eye of the police official without the
need for them to conduct a search.

Generally, no arrest shall be made if there is no arrest warrant. Only a judge may issue a warrant.

Importance of this Right

It prohibits the government from invasion of our persons, properties and belongings.
.

DAY 05 – POS 001

Activity Title: Right to Privacy of Communication and Correspondence

Learning Target/s: To analyze situations involving the right to privacy of communication and correspondence

Concept Notes

Meaning of the right to privacy of communication?

The right to communication allows persons to communicate with each other without government
intervention. To protect our right to privacy of communication Congress passed RA 4200 or the Anti-
Wiretapping Act.

What is RA 4200?

A law which prohibits any person not allowed by parties involved in any private communication to tap
or to use any device to secretly overhear or record any private communication or to communicate the
content of such communication to any person.

Instances when the government may interfere with our right to privacy of communication:
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1. The intervention of the government is done upon lawful order of the court,i.e., if the court says
so.
2. When the intervention is necessary for the purpose of public safety and order, and such
intervention must be done as provided by law.

Importance of this right

It ensures our enjoyment of our right to be left alone by the government in our communication and
correspondence.
Any evidence obtained in violation of the above-mentioned right is inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceedings.

DAY 06 – POS 001

Activity Title: Right to Travel and Abode, Right to Assembly and Petition, &Right to Form Association.

Learning Target/s: Analyze situations involving the liberty of abode and of travel, the right to
assembly and petition, and right to form association.
Concept Notes
Definition of Rights

1. Right to Assembly
 This refers to the right of a person to assemble peacefully
 The right to peaceful assembly is absolute, that is, there are no limitations to it.

2. Right to Association
 It refers to the right of an individual to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not
contrary to law.
 The right to join includes the right not to join.

3. Liberty of Abode
 Liberty of Abode refers to your right to choose your place of residence.
A person cannot exercise his right of abode if there is a court order to the contrary.

4. Right to Travel refers to your right to transfer from one place to another.
 Limitations of the right to travel
1. if there is lawful order of the court to the contrary
2. if the interest of national seccurity is in conflict to this right
3. if public health and safety so requires
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DAY 7 – POS 001

Activity Title: Right against non-impairment clause to obligations and contract.

To analyze situations involving the right against non-impairment clause to obligations and
Learning Target/s: contract.

Copying of Concept Notes

What is Obligation of Contract and when it is impaired by the law?

The obligation of contract is ensuring that the parties to an agreement perform their duties according to
what has been previously agreed as long as it is not against any law.

The obligation of contract is impaired when its terms and conditions are changed by law and is against
the rights and interest of the parties concerned.

What is Impairment?
Impairment happens when the terms and conditions in the contact are changed by law without the
consent of the other party. The change in the terms and conditions may result to a weakened position for
the party concerned.

Importance of this Right

To protect the integrity of contracts against unfair interference by the government.

DAY 8 – POS 001

Activity Title: Right against involuntary servitude, and imprisonment by reason of nonpayment of debts
Learning Target/s: Analyze situations involving the right against involuntary servitude and imprisonment
by reason of nonpayment of debts

Copying of Concept Notes

A. Involuntary servitude
A condition when one is forced to render labor or services to another against his will whether he is paid
or not.

General Rule: No involuntary servitude shall exist EXCEPT:

1. as punishment for a crime one has been convicted of
2. service in defence of the state
Importance of this Right
This right prevents the person from being forced to serve against his will.

B. Right against imprisonment by reason of non-payment of debt

This constitutional right prevents the imprisonment of persons who cannot afford to pay their debt and
poll tax.

Debt means any liability to pay money arising out of contract.

Importance of this Right
This right protects us from being imprisoned if we cannot pay our debt because we cannot afford to do
so. This is based on the idea that one should not be punished by reason of poverty.
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DAY 9 – POS 001

Activity Title: Miranda Rights

Learning Target/s: Identify the scope of Miranda Rights and the reason for its application
Analyze situations involving the Miranda Rights

CONCEPT NOTES
Miranda Rights: refers to the due process requirement that a person in custody should be informed of his
or her rights. These rights are:
 the right to remain silent – anything said can be used against him in court
 the right to independent and competent attorney
 the right to be informed that if he cannot afford to have an attorney, one shall be
provided for him/her at no cost.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
Procedural Rule under the Miranda doctrine
It is a well settled rule that the arresting officer is mandated under the law to inform the accused of his
Miranda Rights during the arrest. Failure to inform the said rights will render all evidences obtained
during the arrest to be inadmissible.

DAY 10 – POS 001

Activity Title: Miranda Rights

Learning Target/s: Analyzing situations involving the Miranda rights

Copying of Concept Notes (15 minutes)

Effect of failure to inform the suspect of his Miranda rights

Any confession or admission obtained in violation of his Miranda rights cannot be used and accepted as
evidence against him in all court proceedings.

The right to be informed of the rights available under the Miranda Doctrine should not be demanded by
the person being arrested. Failure on part of the arresting officer to informed the person arrested because
the latter did ask for it is not an excuse. Once a person is being arrested, the arresting officer has the
mandatory obligation to inform the accused of his Miranda Rights.

The Rule on Miranda Rights will only be applied if a person is being subjected to custodial
investigation.

Importance of these rights

 to protect the persons accused of a crime, placing them on equal footing with the very powerful
state.
 to prevent the practice of state using force to compel an admission or confession.
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DAY 12 – POS 001

Activity Title: Describing the National Territory

Learning Target/s: To identify the components of the national territory.

To express one’s opinion through poster and slogan on the Philippines claims over the
Spratly Islands
Concept Notes
What is the importance of defining our national territory?
 To make other states well informed of our jurisdiction over a certain territory
 To avoid territorial conflict that might occur between states.
What is included in the Philippine National Territory?
The extent and limit of the Philippine national territory is clearly defined in Art. I of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution.
1. The Philippine archipelago with all the islands and waters embraced therein; and
2. All other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction.
What is an archipelago?
 A large group of islands in an extensive body.
 The Philippine archipelago includes all the islands in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
Other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction (not part of the Philippine
archipelago but part of the Philippine National Territory because Philippine exercise sovereignty over
it.)
1. Spratly group of islands
2. Scarborough Shoal
3. warship/ embassies
Archipelago doctrine
A principle which emphasizes the unity of lands and waters connecting the outermost islands of the
archipelago so they make up one unit, one country.
3 domains of the National Territory of the Philippines
1. Terrestrial Domain -land territory
2. Aerial Domain- airspace above of the land territory
3. Fluvial Domain -water territory
Water Territory includes the following:
 Internal waters- the waters within the territorial baseline
 Territorial waters - -the waters12 nautical miles from territorial baseline
 Contiguous zone - 12 nautical miles from the edge of the territorial sea
 Exclusive economic zone - 200 nautical mile from the baseline [includes (1)
and (2)

Territorial baselines – imaginary straight lines connecting the outermost points of the outermost islands,
enclosing all the islands of the archipelago.
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DAY 13 – POS 001

Activity Title: Evaluating Republicanism in the Philippines

Learning Target/s: Identify the manifestations of Republicanism and determine whether the features of
Republicanism are present in the Philippines.
Concept Notes
A Republic is that form of government in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people
and are exercised by the people, either directly, or through representatives chosen by the people, to
whom those powers are specially delegated.

Democracy is that form of government in which the sovereign power resides in and is exercised by
the whole body of free citizens directly or indirectly through a system of representation, as
distinguished from a monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy.

The Philippines has some aspects of direct democracy such as initiative and referendum.

Essential Features of Republicanism

1. Representation- that we are being represented by a representative in the government.

2. Renovation-that our system is not permanent, hence, the same maybe subjected to change.

POS 001 - DAY 14

Activity Title: The Principle of Civilian Supremacy

Learning Target/s: To explain the concept of civilian supremacy
To justify why civilian supremacy exists even during martial law
Concept Notes
Article II, Section 3 of the Phil. Constitution:

Civilian authority is, at all times supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the
protector of the people and the state. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of
the national territory.

Manifestations of Civilian Supremacy

1. The AFP being the protector of the people and of the State
2. The President of the Philippines is a civilian and yet he holds the highest position in the Armed Forces
being the Commander in Chief.
3. Members of the Armed Forces swears to uphold and defend the constitution
4. Compulsory retirement of officers to avoid propagation of power,
5. Prohibition from participation in partisan politics by the military,
6. Establishment of Police force which is civilian in nature at the same time under the local government.
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POS 001 – DAY 15

Activity Title: Duty of the Government to the People

Learning Target/s: To explain the duties of the Government to the people
Copying of Concept Notes
Duty of the Government

Article II, Section 4 of the Philippine Constitution:

The prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people. The government may call upon the
people to defend the state and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions
provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.

The principle of Parens Patriae

That the state acts as the parent of the people therefore is obligated to protect all people within its
territory.

POS 001 – DAY 16

Activity Title: Duty of the Government: People to Defend the State

Learning Target/s: To explain the obligation of the people to the State

Article II, Section 4.The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The
Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may
be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.

In exchange for the protection that we are receiving from the government, people are obligated to render
allegiance to the Republic.

Types of allegiance

1. Permanent Allegiance- response by citizens of the country.

2. Temporary allegiance- observed by foreigners living / staying in the country.
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POS 001 – DAY 17

Activity Title: Analyzing the Separation of Church and State

Learning Target/s: Analyze situations involving the application of the principle of separation of church
and state
Copying of Concept Notes (15 minutes)
Legal Bases:
Art. II, Sec. 6: The Separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.

Art. III, Sec. 5:No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise
of civil or political rights.

Art. VI, Sec. 5(2): …one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided
by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities,
women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.

Manifestations of Separation of Church and State

The state cannot set up a church, neither pass laws that aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one
religion from the other. It cannot force a person to join a religion or disaffiliate himself from his present
religion.

POS 001 – DAY 18

Activity Title: Analyzing the fundamental equality between men and women
Learning Target/s: To analyze situations involving the principle of the fundamental equality between men
and women; To express one’s opinion about gender discrimination.

Fundamental Equality of Men and Women

Article II, section 14: The state shall recognize the role of women in nation building, and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
Equality covers social, economic and political equality. Discrimination on the basis of gender and sex is
not allowed.
Republic Act No. 7192 (Women in Development and Nation Building Act): mandates all government
departments and agencies to review and revise all their regulations, circulars, issuances, and procedures
to remove gender bias therein and to ensure that women benefit equally and participate directly in
development programs, projects, and processes.
Republic Act No. 9710(Magna Carta of Women): recognizes the economic, political, socio-cultural
realities that affect women’s current condition; affirms the role of women in nation building, ensures the
substantive equality of women and men; aims to promote empowerment of women; and realizes the
need to abolish the unequal structures and practices that perpetuate discrimination and inequality.
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POS 001 – DAY 19

Activity Title: Analyzing Autonomy of Local Governments

Learning Target/s: To explain the concept of autonomy of local government
To contrast the concept of independence and autonomy
Concept Notes
A local government unit is a body politic and corporate endowed with powers to be exercised by it in
conformity with law. As such, it performs dual functions, governmental and proprietary. Governmental
functions are those that concern the health, safety and the advancement of the public good or welfare as
affecting the public generally. Proprietary functions are those that seek to obtain special corporate
benefits or earn pecuniary profit and intended for private advantage and benefit.

Autonomy of Local Governments

Article II, Section 25: The state shall ensure autonomy of local governments.

Autonomy does not mean that local governments are independent because they subjected to the
supervision of the national government through the Department of Interior and Local Government.
Autonomy means decentralization, meaning, there are only powers that are being exercised by the
national government which were transferred to the local governments.

POS 001 – DAY 20

Activity Title: Analyzing Honesty and Integrity in Public Service
Learning Target/s: To explain the importance of honesty and integrity in public service
To define graft and corruption and its causes
To describe ways of fighting graft and corruption

Copying of Concept Notes

Art. II, Sec. 27: The state shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive
and effective measures against graft and corruption.
Definition of Terms
Graft - is the acquisition of money, position, etc. by dishonest or questionable means.
Corruption - usually refers to political corruption, which refers to illegal use of government powers
by the officials for their personal purposes. Political corruption hinders the overall development of
the country.
Graft and corruption usually go hand in hand.
Causes of graft and corruption in the Philippines
1. Low pay of government employees
2. Widespread acceptance of the practice
3. Many officials want to get rich in a very quick way
4. Acceptance of bribery by the public citizens during election or in other words, vote buying.
5. The lack of proper accounting and audit standards.
Ways of fighting corruption
1. by creating more laws and
2. creating fact-finding bodies- a group/ body that conducts investigation created by private or public
sector
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3. moral recovery- a campaign to strengthen the moral values and ideals that are pro God, pro
people, pro country and pro nature for the purpose of becoming a prosperous national
community living in unity, justice, freedom, love . Moral recovery promotes the values of
integrity, excellence and service starting from the home, school, church and communities. There
must be zero tolerance against violence, corruption and exploitation.

DAY 19 – POS 001

Activity Title: Analyzing Autonomy of Local Governments

Learning Target/s: To explain the concept of autonomy of local government
To contrast the concept of independence and autonomy

Copying of Concept Notes (15 minutes)

A local government unit is a body politic and corporate endowed with powers to be exercised by it in
conformity with law. As such, it performs dual functions, governmental and proprietary. Governmental
functions are those that concern the health, safety and the advancement of the public good or welfare as
affecting the public generally. Proprietary functions are those that seek to obtain special corporate
benefits or earn pecuniary profit and intended for private advantage and benefit.

Autonomy of Local Governments

Article II, Section 25: The state shall ensure autonomy of local governments.

Autonomy does not mean that local governments are independent because they subjected to the
supervision of the national government through the Department of Interior and Local Government.
Autonomy means decentralization, meaning, there are only powers that are being exercised by the
national government which were transferred to the local governments.

DAY 20 – POS 001

Activity Title: Analyzing Honesty and Integrity in Public Service

Learning Target/s: To explain the importance of honesty and integrity in public service
To define graft and corruption and its causes
To describe ways of fighting graft and corruption

Copying of Concept Notes (15 minutes)

Art. II, Sec. 27: The state shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive
and effective measures against graft and corruption.

Definition of Terms
Graft - is the acquisition of money, position, etc. by dishonest or questionable means.
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Corruption - usually refers to political corruption, which refers to illegal use of government powers
by the officials for their personal purposes. Political corruption hinders the overall development of
the country.

Graft and corruption usually go hand in hand.

Causes of graft and corruption in the Philippines

6. Low pay of government employees
7. Widespread acceptance of the practice
8. Many officials want to get rich in a very quick way
9. Acceptance of bribery by the public citizens during election or in other words, vote buying.
10. The lack of proper accounting and audit standards.

Ways of fighting corruption

4. by creating more laws and
5. creating fact-finding bodies- a group/ body that conducts investigation created by private or public
sector
6. moral recovery- a campaign to strengthen the moral values and ideals that are pro God, pro people,
pro country and pro nature for the purpose of becoming a prosperous national community living in
unity, justice, freedom, love . Moral recovery promotes the values of integrity, excellence and
service starting from the home, school, church and communities. There must be zero tolerance
against violence, corruption and exploitation.

DAY 21 – POS 001

Activity Title: Analyzing Honesty and Integrity in Public Service

Learning Target/s: To describe the different forms of corruption.
To express one’s opinion about graft and corruption

Copying of Concept Notes (10 minutes)

Forms of Graft and Corruption:

1. Bribery - influence the recipient by offering money or gifts

2. Patronage - favoring supporters by giving financial aid or favors

3. Graft - offering money

4. Nepotism – extreme favoritism

5. Distortion/misrepresentation – to falsify documents in your favor

6. Tax evasion – refusal or failure to pay taxes

7. Ghost projects and payrolls – these are reported projects that are not existing but with budgets
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8. Evasion of public bidding in awarding of contracts – non observance of the bidding process of
projects or purchase of materials

9. Extortion/coercion/blackmail – obtaining something by force or against the will of another person

10. Protection money – the amount paid in exchange of security of illegal or unlawful activity.

DAY 23 – POS 001

Activity Title: Analyzing the Concept of Government

Learning Target/s: To explain the importance and functions of the government.

Government: a body that has the authority to make and the power to enforce laws within a civil,
corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.

Duties and functions of government

1. Constituent Functions. The duty of the government to provide public service, like maintenance of
peace and order. This is a compulsory function of the government.

2. Ministrant Function. It refers to the function of the government to advance the interest of society in
engaging business to earn an income. However, it is optional on the part of the government.

DAY 24 – POS 001

Activity Title: Explaining the Duties and Functions of the Government

Learning Target/s: To classify the duties and functions of the government.

Duties and functions of government fall under either of the following

1. Constituent Functions are those which constitute the very bonds of society and are compulsory
in nature. Examples are keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and
property; the fixing of the legal relations between man and wife, and between parents and child;
the regulation of property and the determination of contract rights; the definition and
punishment of crime, the administration of justice, the determination of political duties,
privileges, and relations of citizens, dealings of the state with foreign powers, the preservation
of the state from external danger and the advancement of international interest.

2. Ministrant Functions are those that are undertaken only by way of advancing the general
interests of society and are merely optional. Examples are public works, public education, public
charity, health and safety regulations and regulations of trade and industry.
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DAY 25 – POS 001

Activity Title: Describing General Legislative Power

Learning Target/s: To explain the powers and functions of the legislative branch of the government
To evaluate the performance of the legislature vis-à-vis its general legislative powers

Three branches of the government

1. Legislative branch: Authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested
in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of
Representatives.

2. Executive branch. Composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by direct
popular vote and serve a term of six years.

3. Judicial branch. Holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable.

Classification of Powers of the Legislative Branch

1.General Legislative Power

2.Power of Appropriation
3.Power of Taxation

General Legislative Power

- The General Legislative powers refer to the overall authority to enact laws for the people and the
state.
- Includes the power to propose, enact, amend or repeal laws.

When does a bill become a law?

1. When the president signs the bill
2. When the veto power of the president is overridden by at least 2/3 vote of all the members of the
Congress
3. When there is an inaction on the part of the President for a period of 30 days upon the receipt of
the bill
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DAY 26 – POS 001

Activity Title: Power of Appropriation of the Congress

Learning Target/s: To explain the power of appropriation
To articulate the importance of appropriating budget

The Constitution provides that no money shall be paid out of the pocket of the State except in
pursuance of an appropriation made by law. This power of appropriations is vested in the
legislative branch.

Definition
An appropriation law is a statute whose specific and primary function is to authorize the release
of public funds from the treasury.

Classification
General appropriations law: passed annually to provide for the financial operations of the whole
government during one fiscal period.
Special appropriation law: only for a specific purpose, such as construction of a national
highway.

Constitutional Limitations

1. All appropriations bill shall originate from the House of Representatives.

2. Discretionary funds appropriated for particular officials shall be disbursed only for
public purpose.
3. Special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended
4. The Congress shall not increase the general appropriations recommended by the
President.
5. No "riders" or irrelevant provisions shall be included in the general appropriations bill.
6. The procedure in approving the appropriations for the Congress shall strictly follow
the same procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and agencies.
7. Transfer of appropriations shall not be allowed.
8. Prohibition against the use of public funds or property for sectarian purposes.
9. Old general appropriations act is deemed re-enacted if the Congress fails to pass a new
general appropriations bill.
10. All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special
fund and paid out for such purpose only.
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DAY 27 – POS 001

Activity Title: Power of Taxation of the Congress

Learning Target/s: To define tax and taxation
To describe the importance of taxation

Concept Notes

Power of Taxation: the inherent power of the state exercise by the legislature to enforce contribution in
the form of money in order to finance the government activities and projects.

Who may exercise Power of Taxation

The Legislature is primarily designated to exercise the power of taxation. However the President
may exercise power of taxation. The local legislative body is designated by the Legislature to impose
local taxes.

Limitation of the Executive Power to Tax

1. Due process of Law - It means that there must be a law that will provide for the amount and period
of payment ,and to whom taxes will be paid and the penalties in case of nonpayment.
2. Equal protection of Law- It means that it shall apply to all members of the same class
3. Public purpose- collected taxes must be devoted only for public purpose

Importance of Power of Taxation

Taxes collected by the government will be used to finance the government activities. Without taxation,
the government will not survive.

Purposes of Taxation

Revenue or fiscal: The primary purpose of taxation on the part of the government is to provide funds or
property with which to promote the general welfare and the protection of its citizens and to enable it to
finance its multifarious activities.
Non-revenue or regulatory: Taxation may also be employed for purposes of regulation or control.

DAY 28 – POS 001

Activity Title: The Law-Making Process

Learning Target/s: To describe the step-by-step procedure in making a law

A bill becoming law involves a long process:

1. On 1st Reading, the title and number of the bill is read, and then, it is referred to the
appropriate committee.

2. A committee studies the bill and conducts hearings on it. Thereafter, a committee report is
prepared on the bill
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3. The committee report is read in open session, and together with the bill, it is referred to the
Rules Committee. The Rules Committee can place the bill in the 2nd Reading Calendar or in
the Calendar of Unassigned Business.

4. On 2nd Reading, a bill is subject to debate and amendment before being placed in the 3 rd
Reading Calendar for final passage.

5. After its passage by one house, the bill goes through the same process in the other house.

6. If amendments are made in one house, the other house must concur.

7. When the bill is passed by both houses, it is signed by their respective leaders and sent to
the President for approval.

8. The President may sign the bill into a law, or veto all or part of it. The bill becomes a law if,
within 30 days after receiving it, the President fails to sign or veto the bill. The bill, even if
vetoed by the President, also becomes a law when Congress overrides the veto by a 2/3 vote of
all its Members.

DAY 29 – POS 001

Activity Title: The Executive Department of the Government

Learning Target/s: To explain the powers and function of the president.
To evaluate the performance of presidents vis-à-vis their defined functions in the
constitution

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

The Executive Branch is composed of the President, who serves as the Chief of State and head of
government, and is assisted by the Vice-President. The Cabinet is composed of Secretaries who are
appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.

Powers and Function of the President

1. Power of control over the Executive Branch

The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control all the executive departments, bureaus, and
offices.

2. Ordinance Power

The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive issuances. Issuances are given in order
to make the programs of the government efficient.

3. Power over Aliens (non-Filipinos)

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The President of the Philippines has the power over non-Filipinos in the Philippines.

Example: The President may deport a foreigner or change their status from a non immigrant to permanent
resident.

4. Powers of Eminent Domain, Escheat, Land Reservation and Recovery of Ill-gotten Wealth

Eminent Domain refers to the power to take private property to be used by the public after the payment of
its value.

Escheat refers to the power to take over lands owned by disqualified individuals.

5. Power of Appointment

The President may appoint officials of the Philippine Government as provided by the Constitution and
laws of the Philippines. Some of these appointments, however, may need the approval of the Committee
on Appointments.

6. Power of General Supervision Over Local Governments

The President of the Philippines, as Chief Executive, has the power to supervise local governments in the
Philippines,

7. Other Powers

Aside from the aforementioned powers of the President of the Philippines, he can also exercise powers
enumerated in the Constitution and powers given to him by law.