IMS2011 in Baltimore: A Perfect Match

Time Domain Measurements

in Waveguide

Keith Anderson
Agilent Technologies

© Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies, Inc.

 Agenda

• Dispersion
• Time Domain
• Measurements
• Conclusion

Page 2
 Dispersion
• Group delay changes vs. frequency
• Waveguide has dispersion
• Delay increases as frequency decreases

GD Waveguide GDfreespace
Group Delay GD =
GDfreespace fcutoff 2
1
f

f / fcutoff

Page 3
 Dispersion Measurement
• S11 of 2" section, WR10 (75G-110G)
• Group delay = 333ps in free space
• Measured 387~444~555ps

552ps

444ps
387ps
WR10
Head

2" WR10
Short
75GHz 90.8GHz 110GHz

Page 4
 Agenda

• Dispersion
• Time Domain
• Measurements
• Conclusion

Page 5
 Time Domain
• Generated using Fourier transform
• Used to:
• Locate/quantify physical problems
• Remove (gate-out) mismatches
• Time Domain acts as a TDR
• Dispersion always affects time domain
mag

time
Page 6
 General Rules
• Use "band-pass" mode with waveguide
– Will display impulse response
– Cannot determine if inductive or capacitive
• Time resolution = 2/(Frequency span)
• Time range = 1/(Frequency step)
• A wide frequency span increases dispersion

Page 7
 Agenda

• Dispersion
• Time Domain
• Measurements
• Conclusion

Page 8
 Measure a Short
• Measure S11 of short, WR10 (75G-110G)
• Results
• No dispersion
• Measured delay = 0s
• Measured magnitude = 1

WR10 0
Head
0ps
Short

Page 9
 Measure an Offset Short
• Measure S11 of 2" offset, WR10 (75G-110G)
• Results
• Impulse is dispersed
• Measured amplitude = 0.85
• Measured delay = 441ps (expect 393~557ps)
• Measured distance = 2.6" (expect 2")

0.85

WR10
Head
0
2" Waveguide
0ps (441ps, 2.6")
Short

Page 10
 Narrow the Frequency Span
• Sweep 75-78GHz to minimize dispersion
• Results
• Poor time resolution
• Measured amplitude = 0.97
• Measured delay = 539ps (expect 557ps @ 75GHz)

0.97

WR10
Head
0
2" Waveguide
0ps 539ps
Short

Page 11
Change the Velocity Factor
• Velocity Factor = (Group Velocity) / c
• VF converts time delay to distance
• Set VF to 0.76 (value at median freq)
• Results
• Measured distance = 2"

0.85

WR10
Head

0
2" Waveguide
0ps 441ps, 2"
Short

Page 12
 Offset the Electrical Delay
• Adjust electrical delay offset to set impulse to T=0
• Results
• Impulse is dispersed
• Measured amplitude = 0.85
• Delay offset = 441ps (expect 393~557ps)

0.85

WR10
Head
0

2" Waveguide 0ps

Short

Page 13
 Change the Media
• "Media" corrects the delay offset for dispersion
• Change media from "coax" to "waveguide"
• Results
• No dispersion
• Measured delay = 339ps (333ps in free space)

0.97

WR10
Head
0
2" Waveguide
0ps
Short

Page 14
Advanced Topics

• Delay may be offset using either:

• Electrical Delay Offset
• Port Extensions
• May use both offsets for complex structures
• "Gating" is applied before delay offsets

Page 15
 Agenda

• Dispersion
• Time Domain
• Measurements
• Conclusion

Page 16
Conclusion
• Waveguide is dispersive
• Time domain always exhibits dispersion
• "Velocity Factor" is used to calculate distance
• "Electrical Delay Offset" causes time-shift
• "Media" scales delay offset for dispersion
Backup Slides
Electrical Delay Offset
• ED is subtracted from the measurement
• ED is set "per trace"
• ED may be entered as time or distance
(distance is converted to time using Velocity Factor)

Page 19
Port Extension
Port Extension is similar to Delay Offset, however:
– Delay is defined per port (rather than per trace)
– Applied delay offset depends on measurement (reflection or
transmission)
– Media, Cutoff Frequency, and Propagation Velocity may be set
independently for each port

Page 20