VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to VTU & Approved by AICTE)

No. 1, Mahayogi Vemana Road, 3rd Block, Koramangala, Bengaluru – 560034

A Seminar Report
On
“CNC MACHINES”
Submitted By
VIKASH (USN-1VI13ME116)
Reviewed By
Mr. RAJESH S.
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfillment for the award of the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2018 – 2019
 VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
No. 1, Mahayogi Vemana Road, 3rd Block, Koramangala,
Bengaluru, Karnataka – 560034

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar work entitled “CNC MACHINES” presented by Mr. VIKASH
, USN 1VI13ME116 a bona fide student of Vemana Institute of Technology, submitted in
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2018-2019.

_________________________ _________________________
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD
(Mr. Mujeeb Pasha) (Mr. Lokesh G Reddy)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my gratitude to Dr. Vijayasimha Reddy B G, Principal, and Mr. Lokesh G Reddy,
Head of the Department, for providing me with adequate facilities, ways and means by which I
was able to complete this seminar. I express my sincere gratitude to them for their constant
support and valuable suggestion without which the successful completion of this seminar would
not have been possible.

I express my immense pleasure and thankfulness to all teachers and staffs of the Department of
Mechanical Engineering for their cooperation and support.

I am greatly indebted to our internal guide Mr. RAJESH S., Asst. Professor, Vemana Institute of
Technology for his valuable guidance and encouragement for doing this seminar. Last but not the
least, I thank all others, and especially my friends and my family members who in one way or
another helped me in the successful completion of this work.

VIKASH
1VI13ME116
CNC MACHINES

CONTENTS

Sr NAME OF CHAPTER
No
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MEANING OF CNC
3. USE OF TYPICAL CNC MACHINE
4. PARTS OF CNC MACHINE
5. CNC MACHINE-INPUT, PROCESS ,OUTPUT
6. CONTROL PANEL OF CNC
7. CNC ROUTER –THE IMPORTANT PARTS
8. CNC MACHINE AND SAFETY
9. SETTING UP THE CUTTING TOOL TO THE CORRECT
LENGTH
10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINES
11. 2D COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE
12. 3D COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE
13. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION FLOW CHART
14. REFERENCE

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG,VEMANA.I.T 4

CNC MACHINES

INTRODUCTION

In Industry it is not efficient or profitable to make

everyday products by hand. On a CNC machine it is
possible to make hundreds or even thousands of the same
items in a day. First a design is drawn using design
software, and then it is processed by the computer and
manufactured using the CNC machine. This is a small
CNC machine and can be used to machine woods, plastics
and aluminum. In industry, CNC machines can be
extremely large.

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG,VEMANA.I.T 5

 MEANING OF ‘CNC’

 CNC means Computer Numerical Control.

This means a computer converts the design
into numbers which the computer uses to
control the cutting and shaping of the
material.

USE OF TYPICAL CNC MACHINE

 The design is loaded into the computer which is

attached to the CNC machine. The computer
changes the design into a special code
(numerical) that controls the way the CNC cuts
and shapes the material.
 The material to be shaped is taped on to a
block with double sided tape. This must be
done carefully so that it does not come off the
block during machining.

 The block is then placed in the vice, inside the

CNC. It must be tightened up carefully. If it is
not secure when the machine starts to cut the
material it can come away from the vice. When
the machine starts working, the vice moves up,
down, right and left according to the design.

 The guard is placed in position. It protects the

machine operator in case the material is pulled
out of the vice by the power of the cutter. For
safety reasons, if the guard is not in position the
motor will not start.
 The cnc is turned on and the shape is cut from the material.
When the cutter has stopped the shaped material can be removed
from the vice.
 PARTS OF CNC MACHINE

VICE: This holds the material to be cut or shaped. Material must be held
securely otherwise it may 'fly' out of the vice when the CNC begins to
machine. Normally the vice will be like a clamp that holds the material in
the correct position.

GUARD: The guard protects the person using the CNC. When the CNC is
machining the material small pieces can be 'shoot' off the material at high
speed. This could be dangerous if a piece hit the person operating the
machine. The guard completely encloses the dangerous areas of the CNC.

CHUCK: This holds the material that is to be shaped. The material must be
placed in it very carefully so that when the CNC is working the material is not
thrown out at high speed.
MOTOR: The motor is enclosed inside the machine.
This is the part that rotates the chuck at high speed.

LATHE BED: The base of the machine. Usually a CNC is

bolted down so that it cannot move through the vibration of
the machine when it is working.

CUTTING TOOL: This is usually made from high

quality steel and it is the part that actually cuts the
material to be shaped.

CNC MACHINE - INPUT, PROCESS,

OUTPUT
A CNC production facility needs three pieces of
equipment

A Computer:
The computer is used to draw the design. However, the
design is only a picture and the CNC machine cannot
use this to manufacture the product. The computer
software must also convert the drawing into numbers
(coordinates) that the CNC machine can use when it
starts to cut and shape the material.

An Interface:
A computer cannot be directly connected to a CNC
machine. The computer is connected to an interface. This
converts the signals from the computer to a form that the
CNC machine understands. The signals are in the form of
digital signals when they are sent to the CNC machine.

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Machine:

The signals from the interface control the motors on the
CNC machine. The signals determine the way the vice
moves. The vice moves in three directions X, Y and Z.
(Horizontally, vertically and depth). The signals also
control the speed of the cutting tool.
 CONTROL PANEL OF CNC

A CNC machine is normally controlled by a computer

and software. However, most CNC machines have a
range of controls for manual use. It is rare for a CNC
machine to be used manually as simple operations are
best carried out on cheap/basic/manual machines. When
a CNC machine is used manually it is been used well
below its capability and specification.

RESET BUTTON: The must important control button

is usually the reset button. When the CNC machine is
turned on, the reset button is pressed by the machine
operator. This ‘zeros’ the cutter, moving the cutter to
coordinates 0, 0, 0 on the X, And Z axis. In simple
terms, the reset button moves the cutter to the corner of
the machine, above the work table.
If the reset button is not pressed, it is possible that the
CNC machine will start cutting the material in the wrong
place or even miss cutting the material and plunge into
the work table.

MANUAL CONTROL: The cutter can be controlled

manually although this is rarely needed. The ‘X’ and
‘Y’ buttons control the movement of the cutter along
the horizontal surfaces. The ‘Z’ buttons control depth
and up / down movement.

STOP BUTTON: Most control panels have stop

buttons. When pressed these stop the machine very
quickly.
 SPEED AND FEED: On some CNC machines it is
possible to manually vary the speed and feed of the
cutter.
CNC ROUTER - THE IMPORTANT PARTS
 CNC MACHINES AND SAFETY

CNC machines are very safe to use as they are

designed to be as safe as possible. One of the main
advantages of CNC machines is that they are much
safer than manually operated machines.

 Most modern CNC machines are designed so that the

cutting tool will not start unless the guard is in position.
Also, the best CNC machines automatically lock the
guard in position whilst the cutter is shaping material.
The guard can only be opened if the cutter has stopped.

 It is essential that pupils / students / machine operators

receive ‘quality’ instruction before attempting to use
any CNC equipment.

 CNC routers, used for shaping materials such as woods

and plastics, have built in extraction. Dust can be very
dangerous if inhaled and can also cause eye irritation.
The CNC Router shown above has an outlet for an
extraction unit. As the router is fully enclosed, dust
cannot escape into the atmosphere. If an extraction unit
is attached the dust is removed automatically. Most
manually operated machine routers have very limited
extraction systems which leave some dust in the air.
 The CNC router above has a single phase electrical
supply. Older machines such as manually operated
milling machines and centre lathes have three phase
supplies. A single phase electrical supply can be
‘plugged’ into any available socket. The electrical
supply for the machine comes through a residual circuit
breaker (RCB). If an electrical fault develops the RCB
will cut off electrical power immediately.

 Single phase CNC machines can be moved more easily

because they are simply unplugged and relocated. Three
phase machines are specially wired by an electrician
into the electrical supply and cannot be unplugged.

 Most CNC machines work behind a guard or even a

closed, transparent safety door. This means that the
operated cannot be hurt by 'flying' pieces of sharp/hot
material.

 Commonsense applies to the use of all machines

including CNC machines. Basic safety training
regarding working in a workshop and with other
machines applies to CNC machines as well.
SETTING UP THE CUTTING TOOL TO THE
CORRECT LENGTH

One of the few operations that the machine operator

carries out is to change the cutting tool. Each CNC
machine has a range of cutting tools. Straight cutters
chamfer V-groove and radius cutters are some examples.
If a detailed design is being manufactured, it may be
necessary to change the cutting tool at least once during
the manufacturing process. It is very important that all
the cutters are set up to exactly to the same length in the
cullet. If this is not done the material being machined will
be machined at incorrect depths.
A special depth gauge is used to accurately set up the
cutting tools. (See diagram below). This ‘rule’ applies to
all CNC machines although different techniques may be
used depending on the type of the CNC machine.
A pair of spanners is used to loosen the cullet and locking
nut. The cutting tool can then be removed and the new
tool put in position. Once the depth gauge has be used to
check the distance from the end of the cutting tool to the
cullet, the spanners are used again to tighten the cullet
and locking nut.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF CNC MACHINES
 ADVANTAGES
 CNC machines can be used
continuously 24 hours a day,365
days a year and need to be
switched off for occasional
maintenance.
 CNC machines are programmed
with a design which can than be
manufactured hundereds or even
thousands of time. Each
manufactured product will be
exactly the same.
 Less skilled/trained people can
operate CNC’s unlike manual
lathes /milling machines etc ,
which need skilled engineers.
 CNC machines can be updated
by improving the software used
to drive the machines.
 Training in the use of CNC’s is
available through the use of
‘virtual software’. This is
DISADVANTAGES
 CNC machines are more
expensive than manually operated
machines, although costs are
slowly coming down.
 The CNC machine operator only
needs basic training and skills,
enough to supervise several
machines. In years gone by,
engineers needed years of training
to operate centre lathes, milling
machines and other manually
operated machines. This means
many of old skills are being lost.
 Less workers are required to
operate CNC machines compared
to manually operated machines.
Investment in cnc machines can
lead to unemployment.
 Many countries no longer teach
pupils/students how to use
manually operated lathes/milling
machines etc. Pupils /students no
longer develop the detailed skills
required by engineers for the past.
These include mathematical and
engineering skills.
 software that allows the operator
to practice using cnc machine on
a screen of computer. This
software is similar to a computer
game.
 CNC machines can be
programmed by advanced design
software such as Pro/DESKTOP,
enabling the manufacture of
products that cannot be made by
manual machines ,even those
designed by engineers.
 Modern designed software
allows the designer to simulate
the manufacture of his/her idea.
There is no need to make
prototype or a model. This saves
time and money.
 One person can supervise many
cnc machines as once they are
programmed they can usually be
left to work by themselves.
 2D COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND
MANUFACTURE

There are two types of computer aided design

software. 2D design software allows the designer
to design shapes with very limited three
dimensional properties. Do not underestimate the
designs that can be achieved through 2D software.

 The design is drawn using software such as

Tec Soft 2D Design. At first appearance this
software looks basic but, depending on the
skill of the designer, quite complex designs
can be produced.
 The example shown is a simple block of material
with initials.

 When the design is complete the drawing is

processed. This converts the drawing into a
detailed series of X, Y and Z coordinates.
Processing must take place before the CNC
machine can cut the design from material.
 When the CNC machine shapes the material
the cutter follows the coordinates, in
sequence, until the shape has been
manufactured.
 Most CAD/CAM software allows the designer to
test the manufacture of his/her design on a
computer rather than actually making it. This
saves time and materials. Testing designs is
carried out using‘simulation’ software. When
the design is run through simulation software
the computer displays the manufacturing on the
screen. It also checks whether or not the design
can be manufactured successfully. Many
designs have to be altered before they can be
made by a CNC machine.
 After all the testing and improvements to the
design, it can finally be manufactured on a
CNC machine.
 3D COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND
MANUFACTURE

3D Design software allows the designer to produce

three dimensional representations of his/her ideas. When
completed the design can be viewed on the screen and it
can even be revolved and examined at any angle. 3D
software is much more complex than 2D software such as
Tec Soft 2D design. It requires specialist training before it
can be used competently.

1. The designer draws up the design using software.

The design can be examined in detailed and if
modifications/alterations are needed they can be
made on the screen.
Software of this type allows the designer to model
his/her idea on the screen rather than
make/manufacture an expensive model. Good 3D
software allows the designer to design almost any
item.
 The design is processed. When the design has been completed
using software it must be exported as a stereo lithography file.
This type of file can be imported into processing software which
converts the drawing into a long list of coordinates. Each set of
coordinates is called a G code & M code.

 Most CAD/CAM software allows the designer to test the

manufacture of his/her design on a computer rather than actually
making it. This saves time and materials. Testing designs is carried
out using‘simulation’ software. When the design is run through
simulation software the computer displays the manufacturing on
the screen. It also checks whether or not the design can be
manufactured successfully. Many designs have to be altered
before they can be made by a CNC machine.
4. An advanced NC machine can be used to
manufacture the three dimensional product.
This CNC is both fast and accurate making
suitable for school and industrial use.
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION FLOWCHART
 Conclusion

• Cnc mean computer numerical control machine it’s

a form of programmable automation drill drawings
on wood use g coding consist of 3 motors and their
drivers and pic with its basic circuit and body made
of wood hold on motors and drill and the wood we
want to draw on it
• We tried to make cheap fast safety cnc machine that
drill on wood
piece according to any drawing we draw to it.
 REFERANCE

www.studymafia.com
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com