Circulation motion

Short answer and question

Q1: Explain difference b/w tangential velocity and angular velocity?

Tangential velocity:

When an object moves along a circle with constant speed the magnitude of linear velocity of the
object remain constant but its direction changes continuously from point to point. The direction of
linear velocity is always along the tangent on any point of the circle. This linear velocity is known as
the tangential velocity.

Angular velocity:

The angular velocity is rate of change of angular displacement of an object moving along a circle. It is
vector quantity and denoted by ‘ω’. Its direction is found out by right hand rule stated as follow: Curl
the fingers of right hand around the rotation axis in the direction, then the thumb points towards
the direction to the axis of rotation. The tangential velocity v, angular velocity ω and the radius of
the wheel are related the equation” v=rω”

Q2: what is meant by centripetal force and why it must furnished to an object if the object is to
follow a circular path?

When a body moves in a circle with constant speed, the force which keeps the body moving in a
circular path and always directed toward the center of the circle is called centripetal force. The
magnitude of centripetal force is

F= mv2/r=mω2r

Without this force nobody can move in a circular path.

According to Newton 1st law of motion, a body can move along a straight line with uniform
velocity only if no net force acts on it. For uniform circulation motion it must be under the
continuous influence of some force that changes the direction of velocity of the body at every
instant and thus produce the acceleration in the body. The centripetal force is always needed if the
body is to be maintained in its circular path.

Q3: what is meant by moment of inertia? Explain significant?

The tendency of a body to maintain its state of uniform angular motion is called moment of inertia
or

Product of mass of a partial and square of its distance from axis of rotation, it denoted by I

I= mr2 …………………..(1)

If the ridge body is made of n_particles then different particles are at different distance from axis of
rotation. Thus

I= m1r12 + m2r22+……………………mnr2n

Where m1 , m2 +…………mn are masses of n particles at distance r1, r2 +………….rn from axis of rotation
respectively, so equation (1) can be written as
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 I= Σni=1 miri2 ……………………….(2)

Physical signification:

The moment of inertia of a rotating body is analogous to the mass of a body in linear motion. Hence
moment of inertia may be described as rational mass of a body. That is moment of inertia plays the
same role in angular motion as the mass linear motion.

Q4: (a) what is meant of angular momentum?

(b) Explain the law of conservation of angular momentum.

Angular Momentum:

The momentum of a rotating body is called is called angular momentum, OR

The angular momentum of an object is defined as the product of position vector r with respect to
the axis of rotation and linear momentum p of an object. Denoted by L

Mathematically:

L= r x p …………………….. (1)

Putting the value of p in equation (1) we get

L= r x (mv) or

L= m (r x v)

Second definition:

The angular momentum is also defined as the product of moment of inertia ‘I’ and the angular
velocity ‘w’ of the body. i.e.

L=Iω

In angular motion the moment of inerter a ‘I’ plays the same role as the mass ‘m’ in linear motion. In
linear motion, the momentum of a body is mv , therefore the angular momentum of a rotating body
is “Iω”

(B) Law of conservation of angular momentum:

Statement:

The law of conservation of angular momentum states that if no external torque acts on system, the
total angular momentum remains constant. That is

Ltotal = L1+ L2+…………………….. = constant

Explanation: consider the example of a stone whirled at the end of a string. If we stop exerting force
on the string and allow it to wind on the finger, the length of the string will go on decreasing while
the angular speed of the stone, the angular momentum I will remain constant. When the length of
the string decreases, ‘Iω’ also decreases and for keeping “Iω” It can be expressed as

L=l1ω1 = l2ω2= constant

If moment of inertia ‘I’ of body decreases its angular velocity ‘ω’ increases so that angular
momentum remains constant.

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Q.5. Show that orbital angular momentum, L0= mvr

Ans: According to the definition of angular momentum,

L0=r x p

Its magnitude is given by

L0=rpsinѳ................(1)

Where ‘ѳ’ is the angle b/w position vector r and velocity of linear momentum p.

Equation (1) can be written as.

L0=mrv sin ѳ ……………………. (2)

In case of circular orbital motion such as satellite of mass ‘m’ revolving around the earth in a circle of
radius r, the angle b/w radius ‘r’ and tangential velocity ‘v’ is always 900, therefore,

L0= mrv

Hence L0 = mrv (sin900= 1)

Q6: describe what should be the minimum velocity, for a satellite to orbit close to earth around it,

When the satellite is a moving in a circle, it has centripetal acceleration

ac = v2 /r

In a circular orbit around the earth, the centripetal acceleration is supplied by gravity can be found
out as F=mv2/R………. (2)

(Centripetal acceleration is provided by force of gravity)

But F=W=mg

mg=mv2/R

Or g=v2/R

Or V2 = gR

Hence V= √𝑔𝑅 …………………(3)

Where Ris the radius of earth =6400Km

g= 9.8ms -2

Putting these values in equation (3) we get

v = √9.8 𝑋 6400 𝑋 1000 = √9.8 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 (10)6

= 9.8x 6.4 x 10 3 ms -1

= 7.9x 103 ms -1

V = 7.9 Kms -1

This is a minimum velocity necessary to put a satellite into orbit around the earth.

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Q.7. State the direction of the following vectors in simple situations angular momentum and
velocity?

Ans: Direction of angular momentum:

As we know that the angular momentum is defined by

L=r X p = m(v x r)

The angular momentum is a vector quantity. The direction of angular momentum L is perpendicular
to the plane containing r and p shown in fig

Its direction is determined by right hand rule.

If object is rotating certain axis, than direction of L will be along axis of rotation. According to right
hand rule for a body having counter clockwise rotation. The angular momentum is directed outward
along the axis of rotation.

Direction of angular velocity:

Angular velocity is a vector quantity. Its direction also can be found by the right hand rule.

Curl the fingers of the right hand around the rotation axis in the direction of rotation. Then thumb
points towards the direction of angular velocity ‘w’ as shown in fig.

Q.8. (a) Explain why an object orbiting the earth is said to be freely falling. (b) Use your explanation
to point out why object appear weightless under certain circumstances?

Ans (a): we consider an object as artificial satellite which is put into an orbit around the earth giving
a suitable tangential orbital velocity. The satellite is put into orbit by rocket and id held in orbit by
acceleration due to gravity direction towards the centre of earth. Therefore a satellite is always
falling towards the center of earth with an acceleration ‘g’. Hence the satellite is said to be
freefalling object. Due to the tangential velocity and downward velocity due to force of gravity, it
moves along a curved path. The curvature as the moving objects and therefore does not touch the
surface of earth. As the object continues to falling during its orbit around the earth, so it is said to be
free falling.

(b) Whenever a frame of the reference of free falling object is moving under gravity. The weight of
the body in that frame of reference will acceleration of an inside body with respect to its frame of
reference is zero because both are falling together with the same acceleration. Therefore it appears
the weightless.

Hence if the satellite is in free fall all the objects inside it appear to be weightless.

Q.9 when mud flies off the tyre of moving bicycle in what direction? Does it fly.Explain
Ans: The mud will fly off tangentially along a straight line when the tyre rotates a centripetal force
acts on the mud. Which is equal to the adhesive force between the tire and mud. When the angular
speed of tyre increases the centripetal force also increases. When this centripetal force is greater
then the adhesive force the mud leaves the tyre and flies off tangentially along a straight line. due to
centrifugal force which is simply the reaction of centripetal force.

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Q.10 A disc and a hoop start moving down from the top of an inclined plane at the same time, which
one will be moving faster on reaching the ground?

Ans: HOOP

Velocity of the hoop.

V= √𝑔𝑅

Velocity of the disc.

3 𝑔ℎ 3 𝑔ℎ
Or v= √ √𝑔ℎ = √
4 4

Comparing the equation we see that velocity of discs is greater than that of hoop. (i.e. 1.15>1)

Hence the disc will be moving faster on reaching the ground.

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