Collodial System

By William Alexander ( 19 ) 11 Philip

A. Definition of Colloid

Colloid is a heterogeneous mixture of two phases from two or more substance in which the
collodial size particles are distributed/dispersed evenly in another substance.
Dispersed phase is the substance that is dispersed as collodial particle.
Dispersing medium is the substance that serves as a contionus phase and holds the dispersed
collodial particles.

Size of the collodial particle range between 10-7 – 10-5 cm ( 1 – 100 nm )

Collodial size can refer to diameter, length , width , or thickness of a particle
Because of the particles are too small , it should be observe using ultramicroscop
Based on size , colloid seperated into 3 :
1. Suspension
2. Colloid
3. Solution
B. Types of Colloid
Colloid are classified based on dispersed phase and grouped again based on the dispersing medium.

TYPE OF COLLOID
1. Sol
2. Emulsion
3. Foam

1. Sol

Sol is a colloid : Dispersed phase : Solid

Dispersed medium : can take the form of solid , liquid , or gas.
Types of sol : Solid Sol , Liquid Sol ( Sol ) , Gasous Sol ( solid aerosol )
  Solid sol
Sol with solid as its dispersing medium.
Ex : alloys , stained glass , black diamond
 Liquid sol
Sol with liquid as its dispersing medium
Ex : paint , ink , flour in water , clay
 Gasous sol
Sol with gas as its dispersing medium
Ex : Dust in the air , smoke

A. The Characteristic of Sol

a. Tyndall effect : when light is directed towards a collodial system , it will scattered by collodial
system ( John tyndall )
Ex : projector inside the cinema building that is smoky and dusty.
Sunlight through the gap of tree leaves at dawn that foggy.

b. The brownian motion : the small size of collodial particles causes unequal collision of the
particle to the dispersing medium , so the particles change direction and produce zig zag motion.
( Robert brown )
Ex : particle that colide with dispersing medium that is smaller than collodial particles create
unequal zig zag movement.

c. Adsorption ability : ability of colloid to absorb more particles cause by small size and very large
surface area.
Ex :
d. Electrically charged : collodial have same types of charge that can be obtained from the
adsorption of cations/anions and the ionization of surface group on the collodial particles.
Ex: to filltered dust of the factory in the chimney (cottrel plane )

I. Adsorption of cations/anions : can absorb charged particles from the dispersing medium.
If the collodial particles adsorb cations , the collodial particles become positive.

II. Ionization of surface group :collodial that obtain charges from the ionization of the
surface groups on the collodial particles. Example : Protein colloid and soap colloid.
 a. Protein Colloid : type of sol that has acidic (-COOH) and Basic (-NH2).they can be
ionized and give charge to protein colloid. Charge depend on the pH of system.
b. Soap Colloid : carboxcylic salt with a chemical formula of R-COO-Na+.in water , R-
COO-Na+ can be ionize into Na+ and R-COO- ions.in the relatively high
concentration , the molecules can unite and form particles with collodial size called
micelle.

Collodial sol particles are electrically charge and meve in an electric field. This is known
as electrophorensis.collodial particles has a same charge so it would be repelled and
prevent collodial particle to combine and form a big particles and settle down.Eletric
Charge plays important roles for stability of colloid particles beside brownian motion.

e. Coagulation : Coagulation is the flocculation of collodial particles and their

precipitation.Collodial particles are stable when they contain same type of charge.Flocculation is
the process when charge drops and particle will combine and aggregates ( flocs ).The flocs will
settle down or precipate due to gravity.

There are 4 ways to eliminate electric charge in collodial particles :

i. Using the electrophorensis principle
Electrophorensis is movement of charged collodial particles toward the electrode with
opposing charges. When these particles reach the electrode , the particle lose their charge
and form flocs and settle down.

ii. Adding a colloid of opposite charge

When colloid particle meet with colloid particle with opposite charge , they will absorb
each other and become neutral. Then , coagulation is obtained.
iii. Adding a electrocyte
If eletrolyte added into collodial system , the negative charge collodial particles will
attract the positive ions from electrocyte.this causes the collodial particles surrounded by
a second layes that has opposite charge . if distance between the first layer and second is
close , the charge of both layes will disepear causing coagulation.
 iv. Boilling
Sols that dispersed in water can undergo coagulation by boilling . increase temperature in
collodial system causes increase in the number of collisions between sol particles and
water molecule.as the results , the electrocyte adsorbed onto the colloid surface will
detach. Collodial particles will lose their charge resulting coagulation happen.
Ex : rubber in latex is being coagulated with adding formic acid

B. Preparation of sol
There are 2 methods to prepare sol.
a. Condesation method in which the small particles of solution combine and form particles of
collodial size.prepare sol with condensation method involves combining particles of solution
( atoms ions or molecule ) particles of collidial size.This can be done by :
i. Double decomposition
ii. Hydrolysis reaction
iii. Redox reaction
iv. Exchange of solvent
b. Dispersion method in which the larger particles split of collodial size.Dispersion method
involves reducing coarse particles into collodial size particles which will then be dispersed
into dispersing medium.there are 3 methods of dispersion :
i. Mechanical method

ii. Peptization method

 iii. Bredig’s method

C. Purification of Sol
Solute particle that unwanted when we make a collodial system can be remove because they can
disturbe the stability of colloid.these are several method of purification:
a. Dialysis is the movement of the ions and the small molecules through semi –permeable
membrane

b. Electrodialysis is the dialysis process under the influence of an electric field that can be used
to seperate particles of dissolved electrolyte.

c. Ultrafiltration can be made from filter paper that has been impregnated with cellulose such as
cellophane.

1. Emulsion

Is a colloid with liquid as the dispersed phase and the dispersing medium can take the form of solid ,
liquid, or gas.there are 3 types of emulsion :
a. Solid emulsion ( gel )
Colloid with liquid as the dispersed phase and solid as the dispersing medium.the sol particles
combine and form a long chain forming a soldi structure in which dispersing liquid medium is
trapped in the pores and the pores mass which is semi solid with a gel structure is formed.
 there are 2 types of gel :
Elastic gel : characteristic is realtively weak bond between particles in the chain.
Ex : gelatin and soap
Non elestic gel : characteristic is strong covalent bond in the chain
Ex : silica gel

A. Characteristic of Gel
1. Hydration :elastic gel that is dehydrated can be coverted back by adding a liquid
2. Swelling : elastic gel that is dehydrated can absorb water
3. Syneresis : inorganic gel ca shrink when left alone
4. Thixotropy : several gel can be converted to liquid sol when stirred.

b. Liquid emulsion ( emulsion )

Mixture of 2 immiscible liquids [ polar ( water ) and non polar liquid ( oil or fat )].liquid
emulsion comprising water and oil can be grouped into 2 types :
1. Oil in water emulsion
2. Water in oil emulsion

How do water and oil mix to form liquid emulsion ?

Adding emulsifier that can be dissolved in water and oil.
Ex: milk is oil in water emulsion
Margarin is water in oil emulsion
If the polar ionized and become negative charge , particle also become negative charge.negative
charge caused by oil particles to repel not to combine so emulsion is stable.
Can be diluted by adding the dispersed medium only.this can be used for determine type of
emulsion.
c. Gasous emulsion ( liquid aerosol )
Colloid with liquid as the dispersed phase and gas as the dispersing medium.they have similar
characteristic like the sol
Ex : hairspray , mosquito spray
3. Foam

Type of colloid with gas as dispersed phase while sipersing medium can be solid or liquid.based on
dispersing medium , foam is grouped into 2 :
1. Solid foam : Colloid with gas as the dispersed phase and solid as the dispersing medium
Ex : bread (fermentation )
Styrofoam
Pumice ( volcanic glass )
2. Liquid foam ( foam ) : Colloid with gas as the dispersed phase and liquid as the dispersing
medium.The dispersed phase usually air or CO2 that formed from fermentation.liquid foam has
irregular structure .
 A. Characteristic of liquid foam :
1. The structure of liquid foam changes with time because of : drainage of the dispersing
medium due to the large difference in gas and liquid density , damage of the film
between 2 gas bubbles , increasing size of bubbles
2. The structure of liquid foam can change when external force applied.

Example of liquid foam :

i. Foam produced from fire extinguisher

ii. Whipped egg white

4. Colloid in daily life

Coloid can be found in the nature.

Example of colloid : food ( cheese ,margarine)

cosmetic ( cream , toothpaste )

paint ( paint )

household chemical ( soap ,detergent )

farming ( pesticide )

pharmaceutical ( fish oil )

other application : bleaching or whitening of sugar

removal of collodial particles such as smoke and dust from exhaust gas in industry

removal of precipitated contaminants

the formation of delta in estuaries

coagulation of blood

references :

https://chemistryonline.guru/tyndall-effect-brownian-movement/

https://smagakimia.wordpress.com/materi-kimia-kelas-xi/

http://www.silver-colloids.com/Tutorials/Intro/pcs14.html

Buku esis ktsp 2006 for senior high school grade 11