This article is about the media franchise.

For the first game in the series, see

Metal Gear (video game). For other uses, see Metal Gear (disambiguation).
Metal Gear
Metal Gear (series) logos.png
Three logos from games in the series
Genre(s)
Action-adventure
Stealth
Developer(s)
Bluepoint Games
Ideaworks Game Studio
Kojima Productions
Konami
PlatinumGames
Silicon Knights
Publisher(s) Konami
Creator(s) Hideo Kojima
Platform(s)
Commodore 64
Game Boy Color
GameCube
Microsoft Windows
Mobile
MS-DOS
MSX2
N-Gage
Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo Entertainment System
OS X
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 4
PlayStation Portable
PlayStation Vita
Wii
Xbox
Xbox 360
Xbox One
First release Metal Gear
July 13, 1987
Latest release Metal Gear Survive
February 20th, 2018
Metal Gear (Japanese: ????? Hepburn: Metaru Gia) is a series of action-adventure
stealth video games created by Hideo Kojima and developed and published by Konami.
The first game, Metal Gear, was released in 1987 for MSX home computers. The player
often takes control of a special forces operative (usually Solid Snake or Big
Boss), who is assigned the task of finding the titular superweapon "Metal Gear", a
bipedal walking tank with the ability to launch nuclear weapons. Liquid Snake,
Solid's twin brother, appears as an antagonist taking control of U.S. special
forces unit FOXHOUND.

Several sequels have been released for multiple consoles, which have expanded the
original game's plot, adding characters opposing and supporting Snake, while there
have also been a few prequels exploring the origins of Metal Gear and recurring
characters. The third game in the series, Metal Gear Solid for the PlayStation,
marked the beginning of a whole new line of 3D for Metal Gear. As of March 2018,
over 53.8 million copies of games in the franchise have been sold worldwide,[1]
with individual installments critically and commercially acclaimed and receiving
several awards.

The series is credited for pioneering and popularizing stealth video games[2][3][4]
[5] and "cinematic video games".[4][6] Notable traits of the series include stealth
mechanics, cinematic cutscenes, intricate storylines, offbeat and fourth wall
humour, and exploration of cyberpunk, dystopian, political and philosophical
themes,[7][8] with references to Hollywood films to add flavor. The franchise has
also been adapted into other media, such as comics, novels, and drama CDs. Solid
Snake also appeared as a guest character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash
Bros. Ultimate.

Contents
1 Games
2 Storyline
2.1 Plot
2.2 Tone and themes
2.3 Characters
3 Development
4 Related media
4.1 Printed adaptations
4.2 CDs
4.3 Film
4.4 Toys
4.5 Soundtracks
5 Reception and legacy
6 References
7 External links
Games
Timeline of release years
1987 Metal Gear
1988
1989
1990 Snake's Revenge
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998 Metal Gear Solid
1999
2000 Metal Gear: Ghost Babel
2001 Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty
2002
2003
2004 Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes
Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
Metal Gear Acid
2005 Metal Gear Acid 2
2006 Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops
2007 Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus
2008 Metal Gear Solid Mobile
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots
Metal Gear Online
2009 Metal Gear Solid Touch
2010 Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker
2011
2012 Metal Gear Solid: Social Ops
2013 Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance
2014 Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes
2015 Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain
2016
2017
2018 Metal Gear Survive
Hideo Kojima designed the original Metal Gear, which debuted in Japan and Europe in
1987 for the MSX2 computer platform.[9] A separate team created a heavily modified
Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) port of the game that was released[10] in Japan
on December 22, 1987, North America in June 1988, and Europe and Australia sometime
in 1989.[11] Konami produced an NES sequel, Snake's Revenge, again without Kojima,
released in North America and Europe in 1990. One of that game's designers became
acquainted with Kojima and asked him to create a "real Metal Gear sequel". In
reaction, Kojima began development of Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, which was released
in Japan in 1990 for the MSX2.[12][13]

Following Metal Gear 2's completion, Kojima worked on other projects before
directing his third Metal Gear game, Metal Gear Solid, for the PlayStation. It
began development in 1994 and debuted at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show,[14] before being
released in 1998.[15][16] The success of Metal Gear Solid resulted in a series of
sequels, prequels, spin-offs, ports, and remakes for Microsoft Windows, the Game
Boy Color, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable,
PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Metal Gear
Solid was followed up by the sequel Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty released in
November 2001 for the PlayStation 2. A remake of the original Metal Gear Solid
called Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes was made for the Nintendo GameCube in
early 2004.[17] Later that year, the third numbered entry, Metal Gear Solid 3:
Snake Eater, was released on the PlayStation 2. This is the first prequel which was
set prior to all the previously released Metal Gear games and which acted as an
origin to the franchise.[18][19] These games were followed by a sequel to Snake
Eater, Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops, which was released on the PlayStation
Portable in 2006.[20][21] The series' main storyline was concluded in Metal Gear
Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots for the PlayStation 3 in 2008.[22][23] The game
featured a multiplayer spin-off called Metal Gear Online.[24] In April 2010,
another sequel to Snake Eater, Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, was released for the
PlayStation Portable and was set shortly after the events of Portable Ops.[25][26]
The spinoff game, Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, was released in 2013 on the
PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and in Jan 2014 on Steam(PC). The game is set after
Guns of the Patriots and stars Raiden, the protagonist of Sons of Liberty who
turned into a cyborg ninja.[27] Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes was released on
March 18, 2014 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PC, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. Ground
Zeroes was much shorter than previous games and served as an introduction to the
next game, Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. The latest game in the series is
The Phantom Pain, which was released on September 1, 2015 for PlayStation 3,
PlayStation 4, PC, Xbox 360, and Xbox One.

Expanded re-releases of games in the series were produced as well, such as Integral
(Metal Gear Solid), Substance (Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty), and
Subsistence (Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater).[28][29][30][31] The series' portable
installments are usually set outside the main storyline. Metal Gear: Ghost Babel
was released for the Game Boy Color, and several games were released for Sony's
PlayStation Portable. In a departure from the series' style, Metal Gear Acid and
its sequel used turn-based strategy mechanics based on collectible cards.[32][33]

On May 18, 2009, a teaser site for the following installment in the Metal Gear
series was uploaded by Kojima Production.[34] The site has so far consisted of a
series of countdowns leading to several flashing letters and the images of two
characters looking like a middle-aged Big Boss and a cyborg Raiden. An article
published in the July 2009 issue of Famitsu PSP + PS3 covers the content of the
site and features an interview with Hideo Kojima.[35][36] The interview, revealing
many details, is heavily censored and was published that way as a request by
Kojima, who is directing and designing the new game. Famitsu was to publish the
full interview in its following issue.[37][38] The new game was eventually revealed
to be Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, which was announced on June 1, 2009, at E3,
during the Microsoft Press Conference.[39]

At E3 2010, a demo, "Metal Gear Solid 3D: Snake Eater � The Naked Sample", was
shown on the Nintendo 3DS. The official E3 Kojima site later released screenshots
and official art for the demo.[40] Kojima did state, however, that this was not a
preview for a full game but just a sample of what could be done on the 3DS
hardware.[41] Another mobile port of a previously released game was shown at Sony's
PlayStation Meeting on January 27, 2011, where Hideo Kojima demonstrated a possible
portable version of Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots for the upcoming
PlayStation Vita.[42]

On June 2, 2011, Konami announced the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection which was
released in November 2011 for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The collection
features remastered versions of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, Metal Gear
Solid 3: Snake Eater, and Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, rendered in 720p and
running at 60fps, including Trophies/Achievements, and remastered audio.[43][44] On
August 15, 2011, UK retailer Zavvi secured the exclusive right to sell the Metal
Gear Solid: Ultimate HD Collection only available for the PlayStation 3, which was
released on November 25.[45]

In November 2011, Kojima discussed with PlayStation Official Magazine (UK) the
series' future commenting an upcoming Metal Gear Solid 5.[46] Kojima said: "I think
we'll probably have to make it [a sequel to MGS4] at some point, but what that will
be, we have no idea." Kojima stated that when Konami does get around to building
the game, he will have less influence than he had on previous iterations in the
series.[47] After the mixed fan reactions of the reveal of the rebooted action
gameplay focused spin-off Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, Hideo Kojima reassured
fans that an "authentic stealth Metal Gear Solid" sequel would be coming in the
future.[48]

During a discussion panel at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in March 2012,
Kojima stated "I am working on something that I think will become the shining
moment" for his career and the Metal Gear series.[49] During the franchise's 25th
anniversary, Konami revealed a demo for a new game in the Metal Gear series, Metal
Gear Solid: Ground Zeroes.[50] A social game for the GREE, Metal Gear Solid: Social
Ops, was released in December 2012.[51]

On December 7, 2012, a teaser for The Phantom Pain was revealed on the Spike Video
Game Awards. After the teaser trailer aired, numerous video game-related websites
and fansites reported the trailer's seemed connection to the Metal Gear series of
video games.[52] Although the trailer presented the game as being developed by Moby
Dick Studio, there were a few hints that The Phantom Pain may have some connection
to Kojima Productions and the Metal Gear series due to the protagonist's
resemblance to Big Boss, as well as the head of Moby Dick Studio, Joakim Mogren's
first name was an anagram of "Kojima".[citation needed]

On March 27, 2013, Kojima announced at GDC 2013 that Metal Gear Solid: Ground
Zeroes and The Phantom Pain were revealed to be two different portions of one work,
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, with Metal Gear Solid: Ground Zeroes serving
as the prologue and The Phantom Pain serving as the main story. Snake's usual
English-language voice actor David Hayter was not cast for the role.[53] Instead,
Hollywood actor and producer Kiefer Sutherland portrayed the character through
voice acting and facial capture.[54]

In 2015, Konami revealed that they were recruiting new staff members to develop a
new Metal Gear game as Kojima left the company. On August 17, 2016, Konami
announced during Gamescom 2016 that a new Metal Gear game was in the works, known
as Metal Gear Survive. It is a spin-off game as well as a supplemental to Metal
Gear Solid V as a whole, taking place between Ground Zeroes and The Phantom Pain.
[55]

Storyline
Metal Gear fictional chronology
1964 � Snake Eater
1970 � Portable Ops
1974 � Peace Walker
1975 � Ground Zeroes
1984 � The Phantom Pain
1995 � Metal Gear
1999 � Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
2005 � Metal Gear Solid (The Twin Snakes)
2007/09 � Sons of Liberty
2014 � Guns of the Patriots
2018 � Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance
vte
In the Metal Gear verse, history had diverged at some point during World War II,
with the Cobra Unit being instrumental in the defeat of the Axis Powers. Cloning,
AI and robotics technology of the 1970s are more advanced and the Cold War ended
much later than in real-world history.[56] The eleven games in the main Metal Gear
series continuity reveal a narrative that spans five and a half decades, from the
Cold War, until the near future. Of these 11 games, five are prequels, centering on
Big Boss, set decades before the events of the original Metal Gear.

Plot
Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, which is chronologically the first game in the
series, introduces Naked Snake (or Snake for short), an operative working for the
fictional Force Operation X (FOX) unit of the CIA during the Cold War.[57] The game
focuses on the rise of Snake from an apprentice to a legendary soldier, as well as
the downfall of his mentor and matriarchal figure, The Boss. After The Boss defects
to the Soviet Union, Snake is sent into Russia to kill her and end the threat posed
by Yevgeny Borisovitch Volgin, a GRU colonel with plans to overthrow the Soviet
government. Snake's heroics during the game earn him the nickname "Big Boss" at the
end. The origins of The Patriots, an organization founded by Zero, are also
explored.

Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops serves as a direct sequel to Metal Gear Solid 3:
Snake Eater and follows Naked Snake's life after disbanding from FOX. With Snake
not yet accepting the Big Boss codename, the plot features the origins of his
mercenary unit as he attempts to escape the San Hieronymo Peninsula and battles his
old unit.[58] The canonicity of Portable Ops is disputed, with Kojima having
stated, "...the main story of Portable Ops is part of the Saga, is part of the
official Metal Gear timeline, while some of the small details that are in Portable
Ops are outside the Saga, not part of the main timeline of the game."[59]

The next game, Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, is set ten years after the events of
Snake Eater and returns to the story of the young Big Boss. Now the head of the
mercenary corporation Militaires Sans Fronti�res (MSF), Big Boss discovers that
nuclear warheads are being transported to Latin America and decides that he must
put a stop to it. Peace Walker features a new cast of characters to provide both
aid and intelligence for Big Boss. A few characters from later games, such as a
younger Kazuhira Miller, make appearances in the game.
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, serves as the direct sequel to Peace Walker
and is composed of two chapters. The prologue, Ground Zeroes, is set a few weeks
after the final mission in Peace Walker, as Big Boss is tasked with rescuing two
VIPs from a U.S. military black site on the coast of Cuba. Big Boss' mission
coincides with a visit to Mother Base by the IAEA, which turns out to be a cover
for an attack on Mother Base orchestrated by the mysterious organization XOF. In
the chaos, Big Boss' helicopter collides with another, and he is sent to the
hospital for nine years, which leads to the events of the main chapter, The Phantom
Pain. The basis of the main story revolves around Big Boss forming a new private
military company, the Diamond Dogs to retaliate for the destruction of MSF and the
loss of his comrades. However, this "Big Boss" is revealed to be a part of the
medical staff who survived the helicopter crash, who was brainwashed to believe
himself to be Big Boss, while the real Big Boss went into hiding to create Outer
Heaven, a place where soldiers can live without having to abide by any particular
ideology.

The first Metal Gear game for the MSX follows Solid Snake, a rookie of the FOXHOUND
special operations unit. He is sent by his superior Big Boss to the fortress in
South Africa known as Outer Heaven, with the goal of finding the missing squad
member Gray Fox and investigating a weapon known as Metal Gear. However, after
Snake unexpectedly completes his goals, Big Boss is revealed to be the leader of
Outer Heaven, which he has created as a place for soldiers to fight free of any
ideology that he believes has been forced upon them by governments. He fights Snake
and is killed. However, it turns out that this was actually the body double from
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. In Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake the real Big
Boss has established a new military nation, Zanzibar Land, and he and Snake face
off again, with Snake achieving victory and seemingly killing Big Boss for good.

Metal Gear Solid elaborates on the storyline of the earlier games and reveals that
Solid Snake is a genetic clone of Big Boss, created as part of a secret government
project. An antagonist is introduced in the form of Liquid Snake, Snake's twin
brother who takes control of FOXHOUND after Snake's retirement. Liquid and FOXHOUND
take control of a nuclear weapons disposal facility in Alaska and commandeer REX,
the next-generation Metal Gear weapons platform being tested there. They threaten
to detonate REX's warhead unless the government turns over the remains of Big Boss.
Solid Snake destroys Metal Gear REX and kills the renegade FOXHOUND members, with
the exception of Revolver Ocelot.

A third Snake brother known as Solidus Snake is introduced as the United States
President at the end of Metal Gear Solid and serves as the main antagonist of Metal
Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. During his time as President, Solidus became aware
of a secretive cabal known as "The Patriots" who were steadily manipulating the
course of history. After his tenure as President is over, Solidus takes control of
the "Big Shell" offshore facility, which is being used to develop Arsenal Gear, a
mobile undersea fortress designed to house and protect a network of AIs created to
influence human development by filtering the availability of information across the
Internet. The game is set four years after Liquid's death in Metal Gear Solid, and
it puts the player in control of Raiden, a soldier who fights against Solidus, who
is revealed to be his former commander during his time as a child soldier.[60]
Raiden joins forces with Snake and learns that they are being manipulated by
Revolver Ocelot, who has been working for the Patriots. At the end of the game,
Ocelot seemingly becomes possessed by Liquid Snake as the nanomachines from
Liquid's arm (which Ocelot took to replace his own arm after Grey Fox slices it off
in Metal Gear Solid) work their way into Ocelot's thought process.

Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots deals with a rapidly aging Solid Snake
(now branded "Old Snake") who is on a mission to find and defeat Revolver Ocelot,
now known as Liquid Ocelot. Despite the destruction of the Arsenal Gear in Sons of
Liberty, the Patriots have continued in their plans to influence the course of
human history, installing artificial intelligence systems around the world. Ocelot,
opposed to this, has assembled armies with which to fight back and intends to
hijack their entire operating system for his own ends. Solid Snake's objective
later changes to destroying the AIs of the Patriots and stop their oppression.
After he and his allies succeed, Snake decides to live out his life peacefully.

Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance is set four years after Guns of the Patriots and it
stars Raiden as a cyborg ninja mercenary. Raiden joins the private military firm,
Maverick Security Consulting, and is tasked with defending the president of an
unspecified African country. However, the situation goes awry and the president is
killed by a rival PMC company named Desperado Enforcement LLC. Raiden is defeated
in the battle, but decides to re-avenge his failure and is sent out with a brand
new cyborg body to fight the mysterious military group.

Tone and themes

The original Metal Gear, which was released in 1987 during the Cold War, dealt with
the manipulation of soldiers by politicians of the East and West, countered by the
concept of "Outer Heaven", a country without politics. Its sequel Metal Gear 2:
Solid Snake, which was released in 1990 at the end of the Cold War, expanded on
this with themes regarding political intrigue, battlefield ethics, military
history, and the negative effects of warfare.[61]

The overarching theme of the Metal Gear Solid series is that of the "gene, meme,
scene, sense, peace,[62] revenge[63] and race,[64]" and how people are affected by
these factors according to the game's producer Kojima � Metal Gear Solid deals with
genetics and the moral implications of genetic engineering, Metal Gear Solid 2:
Sons of Liberty deals with how identity can be affected by the philosophies of
one's society (a "meme") and the effects of censorship on society, Metal Gear Solid
3: Snake Eater deals with how the time and place one lives in (a "scene") affects
their identity, how politics change along with the times and hyperreality, the
inability to distinguish fact and fiction in an information saturated world.[65]
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots deals with the "sense" a person dies with
and how some things cannot be passed down to future generations and be
misinterpreted as well as the artificially controlled (and globally shared) sense-
data of the new era's nanotech-enhanced soldiers.[66] With Metal Gear Solid: Peace
Walker the plot deals with the true nature of 'peace', and the concept of conflict
in human societies. Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain deals with the themes
"race" and "revenge" and how the latter can make one lose his humanity. Following
the initial Metal Gear, each game has been a deconstruction of action movies and
video games, using tropes to invoke the themes and ideas especially those of spy
movies - it examines what kind of mind and complete control of a situation would be
needed to pull off the absurdly complex and convoluted plans that rely on events
completely within the realm of chance yet comes off without a hitch. Furthermore,
it examines what happens to a child soldier forced to take up a normal life through
the characters Eli also known as Liquid Snake in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom
Pain and Raiden was also known as Jack in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots.
[67] Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance also deals with "revenge". Raiden is defeated
in the beginning and feels a deep sense of vengeance, and as such exacts his
'revenge' on the group who sabotaged him, as well as coming to terms with his own
past and embracing his true nature. The games carry many implicit parallels to
Nietzschean philosophy.[68] Solid Snake serves as a deconstruction of the action
hero archetype, as his wartime experiences have turned him into a bitter, broken-
down soldier who wishes to retire, but cannot escape the life of conflict that had
entwined him for so long. This concept is further explored through Raiden, who is
put through the same torments as Snake in explicit detail. Big Boss is similarly
not immune to this theme: as Naked Snake, he does not resemble a suave, impeccable
secret agent that would otherwise into the 1960s spy film pastiche of Metal Gear
Solid 3: Snake Eater, but is instead an everyman character. Only after undergoing
immense psychological and physical scarring does he begin to resemble the ultimate
soldier known as Big Boss.[69]

Characters
Main article: List of characters in the Metal Gear series

From top to bottom: Big Boss, Liquid Snake, and Solid Snake, three central
characters in the Metal Gear series, as drawn by Yoji Shinkawa.
In games, players control a character who has to infiltrate into his enemy's area
alone to complete his mission.[70] Across the mission, the player receives
assistance from a supporting team communicated by Codec. While the team tells the
player hints about the mission, it also helps expand the characters through their
interactions.[71] During their debuts, player characters Solid Snake and Raiden are
meant to represent the player while in the following games they acquire more
defined personalities.[72][73] A common motif in the series is the use of powerful
enemies. As games were released, new concepts were given to the bosses to make them
innovative and notice their strength. As the first games used humans with
supernatural abilities, for Metal Gear Solid 4, the designers decided to use
monsters rather than humans as enemies.[74] A notable boss battle was The End from
Metal Gear Solid 3 that was meant to differentiate it from all the other bosses in
the franchise due to its strategic gameplay.[75] Another common motif has been the
transformation of a previously normal character returning as a ninja. It started
with Kyle Schneider in Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake when he fought against Snake as
"Black Ninja". Several other characters have done the same, including Gray Fox,
Olga Gurlukovich, and Raiden.[76]

Much as Metal Gear began as partially a pastiche of action movies of the time,
characters were sometimes pastiches of contemporary action movie heroes.[77] Metal
Gear Solid characters have been designed by Yoji Shinkawa. Several of their real
names and aliases are references to various Hollywood films.[71][78] Because of the
time skip between games, a few of the characters have been redesigned to fit in the
game's year. With the improvements from new video game consoles like the
PlayStation and PlayStation 2, the staff gave the characters a more realistic look
although they initially had doubts about it.[79] Kojima's thoughts regarding
Snake's improved abilities by the time of Metal Gear Solid led to the concept of
cloned characters who would be able to match him in combat.[74] By Metal Gear Solid
2, Kojima was inspired by the Sherlock Holmes novels to introduce a sidekick
character in order to view Snake from a different perspective.[80]

Development

Hideo Kojima has been in charge of directing the Metal Gear games since the series'
debut.
The first Metal Gear game was intended to be an action game that featured modern
military combat. However, the MSX2's hardware limited the number of on-screen
bullets and enemies, which Hideo Kojima felt impeded the combat aspect. Inspired by
The Great Escape, he altered the gameplay to focus on a prisoner escaping.[81] In a
series of articles written for Official PlayStation 2 Magazine, Hideo Kojima
identified several Hollywood films as the primary sources of inspiration for the
storylines and gameplay of the Metal Gear series. He further noted that the James
Bond series is what influenced him the most regarding the creation of Metal Gear
Solid.[82] The original plot has references to the nuclear war paranoia during the
mid-1980s that resulted from the Cold War.[77] Following games would revolve around
nuclear weapon inspections in Iraq and Iran, but such idea was left out due to
growing concern regarding the political situation in the Middle East.[77] Other
changes to the series were made in Metal Gear Solid 2 as a result of the September
11 attacks.[83]

After Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, Kojima planned to release the third Metal Gear
game in 1994 for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in 1994.[84] Besides changing the
console, the game was renamed, and its subsequent sequels were given the word
"Solid" as the series started using 3D computer graphics.[85] Since then, the games
were designed to be more realistic to further entertain the players.[86] Metal Gear
Solid 3 was initially meant to be made for the PlayStation 3, but due to the long
wait for the console, the game was developed for the PlayStation 2 instead.[87] As
previous game's settings were indoors areas due to difficulties with the consoles,
since Metal Gear Solid 3, Kojima wished to drastically change it despite
difficulties.[70][88] Since Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty had several plot
points unresolved, it was originally meant to leave it to players to discuss them
to come to their own conclusions.[89][90] This has led to consistency issues in the
English versions of Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2 as they mentioned plot
elements that were further explored in Metal Gear Solid 4.[91]

Related media
See also: List of Metal Gear media � Other media
Printed adaptations
A novel adaptation of the original Metal Gear was published in 1988 as a part of
Scholastic's Worlds of Power line of novelizations, which were based on third-party
NES games.[92] It was written by Alexander Frost. The novelization is not based on
the game's official storyline, but rather on Konami of America's localization of
the plot. The book takes further liberties by giving Solid Snake the name of Justin
Halley, and by changing the name of Snake's unit from FOXHOUND to the "Snake Men".
In Japan, a Metal Gear gamebook was published on March 31, 1988, shortly after the
release of the game on the Famicom. It is set two years after the events of the
original Metal Gear and is part of the Konami Gamebook Series.[93] A novelization
of Metal Gear Solid was published in 2008. It was written by Raymond Benson, the
author of nine James Bond novels.[94] Benson also wrote a Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons
of Liberty novelization, which was published in 2009.[95] Critical reaction to
Benson's novelizations has been generally positive, with Bookgasm.com writing that
"Benson does a fine job translating the game to the page" with Metal Gear Solid,
[96] and MishMashMagazine.com calling Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty "a great
companion to the game".[97] A Japanese-language novelization of Metal Gear Solid 4:
Guns of the Patriots by Project Itoh was published on June 12, 2008.[98] The novel
was translated into English by Viz Media and was released on June 19, 2012.[99]

A comic book adaptation of the original Metal Gear Solid was published by IDW
Publishing in 2004. It was written by Kris Oprisko and with illustrations by Ashley
Wood. The series lasted 24 issues and has been collected in two trade paperbacks as
well as a single hardback collector's edition which is currently out-of-print. The
entire run of the comic was collected again in a paperback book, Metal Gear Solid
Omnibus, and released in June 2010.[100] A comic book adaptation of Metal Gear
Solid 2: Sons of Liberty has also been published by IDW, written by Alex Garner
with illustrations by Ashley Wood.[101] A digital version of the first comic book
adaptation was released for the PlayStation Portable, Metal Gear Solid: Digital
Graphic Novel, in 2006.[102] A second digital version, Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande
Dessin�e, was released exclusively in Japan as a DVD release in 2008 and features
fully voiced versions of both comic book adaptations.[103] All the Japanese voice
actors from the games reprised their roles with the exception of those that have
died.

CDs
A radio drama based on the original Metal Gear Solid aired in Japan from 1998 to
1999 as part of Konami's syndicated CLUB db program. Directed by Shuyo Murata and
written by Motosada Mori, the serial lasted over 12 weekly installments spanning
three story arcs. The series was later collected as a two-volume set.[104][105] The
series serves as an alternate continuation to the events of Shadow Moses, with
Solid Snake, Meryl Silverburgh, Mei Ling and Roy Campbell going on further missions
as FOXHOUND operatives (Mei Ling and Meryl are depicted wearing a battle dress
uniform and a sneaking suit respectively), although the stories are not considered
part of the mainstream Metal Gear canon. The Japanese voice actors from the game
reprised their roles for the series, while new characters are introduced as well.

Several promotional DVDs have been released detailing the Metal Gear series. Metal
Gear Saga vol. 1 was released in 2006 as a pre-order disc for MGS3: Subsistence. It
is divided into five chapters, each dealing with one game of the then five-part
Metal Gear series in chronological order (beginning with MGS3), and each includes
discussions by Hideo Kojima.[106] Metal Gear Saga vol. 2 was first shown at the
20th Metal Gear Anniversary Party, and then released as a pre-order disc for MGS4.
In this, the video is presented as a pseudo-documentary about Solid Snake and is
divided into a prologue and four chapters: Naked Snake-the birth of Snake
(chronicling the events of MGS3, MG1, and MG2), Liquid Snake-the second snake
(MGS), Solidus Snake-the third Snake (MGS2) and Solid Snake-the first Snake
(setting the stage for MGS4).[107]

Film
A non-profit fan film, Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy, was produced. The film is
set in 2007 and somewhere before or after the events of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of
Liberty. The movie was well received by fans and also by Hideo Kojima, who said,
after being asked by a fan if he had seen the movie, "Of course I did. It's
awesome. I felt like crying for their love towards Metal Gear. It's also a well-
made movie. I can't wait to see the next part."[108][109]

Metal Gear Solid was referenced in the Disney film Wreck-It Ralph, in which Ralph
finds the exclamation mark that appears above enemies whenever they spot Snake,
accompanied by the famous "alert" sound.

In May 2006, Metal Gear series creator Hideo Kojima announced that a film
adaptation of Metal Gear Solid was in development. The film was purported to be in
English, said to be released sometime in 2011.[110] Kojima also announced at the
Electronic Entertainment Expo later that month that he had negotiated a contract
with a party in Hollywood to adapt the video game into a film.[111] Kojima once
said that he would like to see Hugh Jackman as Snake but he is also open to other
up-and-coming actors to the role.[112] Kojima also considered Alaska as the site of
the film production, due to the game's setting in the state.[113] David Hayter, the
English voice actor for Solid Snake, had submitted his take for the movie but
executives have passed on his script.[114] Kojima also denied claims that German
director Uwe Boll was a possible contender to direct a Metal Gear film.[115]
Producer Quentin Tarantino expressed interest in having Equilibrium director Kurt
Wimmer write the script for the movie. Wimmer was also considered as potential
director for the film.[116] Konami's Aki Saito had commented that There Will Be
Blood director Paul Thomas Anderson was interested,[117] but producer Mike De Luca
dismissed the claim.[118]

Christian Bale denied rumors that he was approached for a role to play Solid Snake
in the film.[119] However, on January 11, 2010, de Luca confirmed that work on a
Metal Gear film adaptation was postponed indefinitely. He said Konami expressed
concern that the entire Metal Gear franchise could be seriously affected if a movie
version performed poorly.[120][121] In March 2012, during The Art of Video Games
exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Hideo Kojima stated, "Honestly, I'm
a movie fan and that's very special to me. I honestly would love to make a movie
someday, but that said, I think it has to be a certain special game that has to
provide that right setting. But I don't think that game will be Metal Gear Solid.
Metal Gear Solid was developed specifically to become a game. ...If it were to be
made into a movie it would have to be something completely new. I wouldn't use my
current scripts. I think I'd have to get somebody to get a new script and somebody
else to direct it as a movie."[122][123] At the Metal Gear 25th Anniversary on
August 30, 2012, Hideo Kojima announced that Arad Productions, owned by Arad
brothers Avi and Ari, have agreed to produce a movie version of Metal Gear Solid
with Columbia Pictures. Columbia's parent company, Sony Pictures Entertainment,
will be in charge of distribution.[124] On June 3, 2014, Deadline reported that
Sony is eyeing Jordan Vogt-Roberts to direct the film.[125] On March 30, 2015, Sony
Pictures announced that Jay Basu will write the screenplay.[126] In February 2017,
Vogt-Roberts said the filmmakers are working on the film's script with Kojima and
making it either an R or a PG-13 film rating.[127] In August, 2018, film director
Jordan Vogt-Roberts wants the film to have an R rating, stating, "It�s about doing
it for a price so you can make the riskier, balls-to-the-wall, Kojima-san version
of it. There are Star Wars movies to talk about, there�s all sorts of stuff to talk
about. To me, this is that. This is a new frontier not only for me as a filmmaker
but I just feel like for audiences. To me, it�s a way to make the first great video
game movie where it doesn�t matter that it�s based on a video game".[128]

Toys
In 1999, McFarlane Toys, with the collaboration of Konami, launched a series of
action figures depicting key characters from Metal Gear Solid.[129] In 2001,
following the success of the first series, and with the release of Metal Gear Solid
2: Sons of Liberty, McFarlane Toys, and Konami combined their efforts to produce a
line of action figures depicting Sons of Liberty's main characters. Each character
has a piece of Metal Gear RAY, so collecting the entire set is essential to build
the robot.[130]

Konami has also released 4" scale blind-box figures based on MGS2 released in
Japan, Sons of Liberty in 2002 and Substance shortly after in 2003; the Substance
series was eventually brought to the US and UK markets packaged on card rather than
blind boxed. During the release of MGS3, Medicom released 12" figures of Snake as
part of their Real Action Heroes line. Medicom continued to support the franchise
with the release of Kubrick figures for Snake Eater and Guns of the Patriots, which
also included seven- and 12-inch versions of the game's characters.

In 2009, toy company ThreeA joined forces with Kojima to make related products. The
first fruit of this partnership came in late 2012, when ThreeA released a massive
1/48 scale figure of Metal Gear REX, with working LED lights.[131][132] It can also
be dressed up to depict REX's decrepit condition in Guns of the Patriots. The
company is also cooperating with graphic artist Ashley Wood to develop a similarly-
scaled Metal Gear RAY. A prototype was first unveiled at the ReVenture hobby show
in Hong Kong in April 2012.[133]

Square Enix also joined the production of toys based on the franchise starting with
the boss vehicles and characters from Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker. The toys,
which are from Square's Play Arts Kai line, were released in 2010.[134][135] The
line has since expanded to include characters from Metal Gear Solid, Sons of
Liberty, Ground Zeroes, and The Phantom Pain, with the detail more pronounced than
the original McFarlane Toys figures.

In 2012, Hot Toys released a 1/6th action figure of Naked Snake in his original
Sneaking Suit attire from MGS3, as well as the Boss.

To celebrate the franchise's 25th anniversary, model kit company Kotobukiya

released a 1/100 scale Metal Gear REX, which features small figures of Solid Snake,
Liquid Snake, and Gray Fox in both standing and near-death versions.,[136] and
later followed suit with RAY. Kaiyodo's Revoltech action figure line includes
versions of Big Boss from Peace Walker and Raiden from Rising: Revengeance, plus
Venom Snake and a generic Soviet Army soldier from The Phantom Pain for the smaller
RevoMini action figure category.

Soundtracks
Main article: Discography of the Metal Gear series
Soundtracks for the first two games were produced by Iku Mizutani, Shigehiro
Takenouchi, and Motoaki Furukawa. For Metal Gear Solid, Kojima wanted "a full
orchestra right next to the player"; a system which made modifications such as
tempo and texture to the currently playing track, instead of switching to another
pre-recorded track. Although these features could not be achieved at that time,
they were implemented in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.[137] Hideo Kojima
chose Harry Gregson-Williams, a Hollywood film composer from Hans Zimmer's studio,
as the composer for Metal Gear Solid 2 was highly publicized in the run-up to the
game's release.[138] Gregson-Williams would reprise his role in Metal Gear Solid 3
and Metal Gear Solid 4.[139] Starting with Metal Gear Solid, theme songs have been
provided by popular artists such as Rika Muranaka.[140] Several soundtracks based
on the games have also been published.

Reception and legacy

Aggregate review scores
As of September 8, 2015.
Game GameRankings Metacritic
Metal Gear Solid (PS1) 93.24%[141]
(PC) 84.22%[142] (PS1) 94[143]
(PC) 83[144]
Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions (PS) 70.64%[145] -
Metal Gear: Ghost Babel (GBC) 95.61%[146] -
Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (PS2) 95.09%[147] (PS2) 96[148]
Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance (Xbox) 86.66%[149]
(PS2) 85.81%[150]
(PC) 82.00%[151] (Xbox) 87[152]
(PS2) 87[153]
(PC) 77[154]
Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes (GCN) 85.58%[155] (GCN) 85[156]
Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (PS2) 91.77%[157] (PS2) 91[158]
Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence (PS2) 92.97%[159] (PS2) 94[160]
Metal Gear Acid (PSP) 76.70%[161] (PSP) 75[162]
Metal Gear Acid 2 (PSP) 79.66%[163] (PSP) 80[164]
Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel (PSP) 76.88%[165] (PSP) 78[166]
Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops (PSP) 86.95%[167] (PSP) 87[168]
Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus (PSP) 64.67%[169] (PSP) 65[170]
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots (PS3) 93.53%[171] (PS3) 94[172]
Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker (PSP) 88.98%[173] (PSP) 89[174]
Metal Gear Solid HD Collection (PS3) 90.14%[175]
(X360) 89.81%[176]
(Vita) 83.43%[177] (X360) 90[178]
(PS3) 89[179]
(Vita) 81[180]
Metal Gear Solid: Snake Eater 3D (3DS) 77.74%[181] (3DS) 78[182]
Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance (PC) 83.55%[183]
(X360) 82.56%[184]
(PS3) 80.42%[185] (PC) 83[186]
(X360) 82[187]
(PS3) 80[188]
Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes (PC) 82.00%[189]
(X360) 80.00%[190]
(PS4) 75.23%[191]
(PS3) 73.57%[192]
(XONE) 72.50%[193] (PC) 80[194]
(XONE) 76[195]
(PS4) 75[196]
(PS3) 66[197]
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (PC) 92.75%[198]
(PS4) 91.59%[199]
(XONE) 90.38%[200] (PC) 91[201]
(PS4) 93[202]
(XONE) 95[203]
Metal Gear Survive (PC) 63.50%[204]
(PS4) 62.44%[205]
(XONE) 62.50%[206] (PC) 54[207]
(PS4) 60[208]
(XONE) 60[209]
The Metal Gear franchise has achieved great success, selling over 53.8 million
copies as of March 2018.[1] Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty sold over 7 million
copies worldwide,[210] and is followed in sales by Metal Gear Solid, Metal Gear
Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, all with 6
million.[211][212][213][214] According to Chart-Track, Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of
the Patriots was the second fastest-selling PlayStation 3 game in the United
Kingdom after Grand Theft Auto IV.[215] The PlayStation Portable games were met
with notably lower sales, but it has been analyzed that this was because of the low
sales of the console when the games were released.[216] Metal Gear Survive, the
first Metal Gear game to be developed since series creator Hideo Kojima left
Konami, sold only a fraction of the sales made by Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom
Pain.[217]

The series as a whole (namely concerning the Kojima-directed titles) is often

regarded as one of the most influential of all time and has received largely
critical acclaim from critics and players. Most of the numbered installments are
considered to be some of the greatest video games of all time. Metal Gear Solid 2:
Sons of Liberty currently possesses 95.09% on GameRankings and 96/100 on
Metacritic, making it the highest-scoring game of the series to date.[147][148] In
2002, IGN's editors ranked Metal Gear Solid as the best PlayStation game ever.[218]
In Game Informer Magazine's list of top 200 games of all time, Metal Gear Solid 2
ranked at No. 50 on the list.[219] Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater was also voted
as the fifth greatest PlayStation game in a poll from PlayStation Official Magazine
(UK).[220] Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2 were featured in the Smithsonian
American Art Museum's "The Art of Video Games" exhibition taking place from March
16 to September 30, 2012.[221] Games have won multiple awards such as Metal Gear
Solid, which won the "Excellence Award for Interactive Art" by the Japan Media Arts
Festival,[222] and Metal Gear Solid 2, which was given the Game of the Year award
by Game Informer.[223]

Metal Gear was the first mainstream stealth game, with the player starting the game
unarmed,[224] and sold over a million copies in the United States.[225] Metal Gear
2: Solid Snake evolved the stealth gameplay of its predecessor and is considered
one of the best 8-bit games of all time.[226] Metal Gear and Metal Gear 2 are
credited with pioneering stealth mechanics.[4] Metal Gear Solid, which debuted at
the 1996 Tokyo Game Show,[14] was the first 3D stealth game,[227] and is credited
with popularizing the stealth game genre,[5] as well as the hiding-behind-cover
mechanic.[228] The series pioneered the integration of cinematic techniques into
video games,[4][6] especially Metal Gear Solid which Eurogamer considers the "first
modern video game".[4]

Several boss fights have been praised for their variety and strategy required to
beat them.[229][230] The series is notorious for its fourth wall breaking scenes.
[229][231] The storyline has been commented to maintain "rich characterization"
while touching on some controversial themes.[61][226] Hideo Kojima's ambitious
script in Metal Gear Solid 2 has been praised, some calling it the first example of
a postmodern video game,[73][232][233][234] while others have argued that it
anticipated concepts such as post-truth politics, fake news, echo chambers and
alternative facts.[235][236][237][238] The series' storytelling in general has
received praise for being among "the most fascinating science fiction stories in
any medium".[239] The series' cutscenes have often been praised for their graphics
and the characters' stunt performances.[240][241] Nevertheless, a common criticism
has been the scenes' lengthiness, as well as some parts of the storyline.[242][243]
Raiden's unexpected introduction as the main protagonist in Metal Gear Solid 2, due
to his lack of appearances in the games' trailers and how he replaces fan-favorite
character Solid Snake, has been deemed as one of the most controversial parts of
the entire series.[244][245] The series' audio has been acclaimed to the point of
receiving awards for its use of sound and music.[246][247]

The Metal Gear series inspired numerous video game developers. Splinter Cell and
Far Cry 2 designer Clint Hocking stated that every stealth-action game "owes its
existence to the success of Metal Gear" and that, "Without Metal Gear, there would
be no stealth games."[2] Splinter Cell producer Mathieu Ferland said "Metal Gear
Solid was a huge inspiration for Splinter Cell" and it "was a pioneer for both the
genre and the quality of directing".[3] Silicon Knights founder Denis Dyack said
Metal Gear Solid's "story, script, characters, voice acting, and cinemas" were "a
landmark" and "guiding light to the future of videogames."[3] Unreal and Gears of
War creator Cliff Bleszinski cited the military themes and action gameplay of Metal
Gear as a major influence on his work, and he named Gears of War in homage to Metal
Gear.[248][249] Thief creator Tom Leonard said Metal Gear Solid's success convinced
them that experimental stealth gameplay could be marketable and "revitalized the
team" in "the closing months of the project."[250] Sumo Digital designer Emily Knox
cited Metal Gear Solid as an early formative influence on their work.[251] Crysis 2
animator Luke Kelly said the game's animations were inspired by Metal Gear Solid 4.
[252] Critics have also noted that the 2014 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain
America: The Winter Soldier has a number of striking similarities to scenes and
plot elements from the Metal Gear Solid series, particularly Metal Gear Solid 2.
[253][254]

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External links