A Cognitive multi-Objective routing protocol for

software -defined vehicular Networks

Progress report

M.Tech Thesis Evaluation-1

October 2017

by

Mona
(IPG2014-056)

under the supervision of

Prof. Neetesh Kumar

ABV-INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
GWALIOR-474 010
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 ABSTRACT
In traditional work, there exists some major issues which lead to deterioration of net-
work performance like deployment cost, high End-to- end delay, high overhead, spectrum
scarcity, high latency and high pocket delivery ratio.Due to high dynamic and flexible na-
ture of cognitive vehicular networks, we will try to optimize the network using utilize the
several link in favor of reducing the end-to-end delay and stability.Software defined net-
working a best approach that use to improve the network performance utilize traditional
network by a software and a novel approach to find the stable route to deliver packet
from source to destination in vehicular ad hoc network.As I mentioned above, this is cog-
nitive routing protocol,we apply Belief propagation algorithm for spectrum sensing and
it is the primary task of this algorithm.Belief propagation Algorithm helps us to select
the channel.The communication between two node possible only and only if they have
a consensus about a idle common channel between them in Software defined network-
ing.In vehicular ad hoc network, there is two main component that play important role
in the communication,Micro-controller(MC) and Local controller(LC).Micro-controllers
are used for create the global view of network in software defined network and local
controllers are responsible for localized global network.during simulation the network,
there is two phase of the protocol: Registration phase and route prediction phase.In the
network, the controllers into two kinds Micro-controller and local controller help us to
improve the performance of the network in terms of End-to-end delay, deployment cost,
pocket delivery ratio, and low overhead.We prove this change in our simulation result
by comparing two scheme with existing schemes one with, and another without, SDN.

Index Terms- Cognitive routing, Software defined network, Roadside unit(RSU),

primary user(PU),spectrum sensing, spectrum scarcity and vehicular ad hoc network(VANET).

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Contents
1 Introduction 4

2 Review of key related research 6

3 Objectives 8

4 Methodology 9
4.1 Registering phase: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Route Prediction phase: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5 Expected research outcome 13

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1 Introduction
A Vehicular ad hoc network(VANET) is a sub part of Mob ad hoc network(MANET)
which helps us to provide communication between vehicles and between Roadside base
stations and vehicles with an approach to gaining safe transportation and road safety.Provide
communication in order to facilitate various applications ragging from vehicle to vehicle
communication with or without help of the roadside units. It is an advance technology
that helps us to provide vehicle to vehicle(V2V) communication and vehicle to infras-
tructure(V2I).To gain a proper communication between nodes (V2V) and (V2I), it is
necessary that there is a consensus idle common channel between them.Because highly
dynamic nature of the vehicles, establishing the suitable path between channels is a key
challenge.Therefore, with a new technology is required that simultaneously considers
spectrum sensing and VANET.

Cognitive radio network a novel approach to resolve the problem of spectrum scarcity
in vehicular ad hoc network.Due to its simplicity, low computation cost and high avail-
ability, cognitive radio network most prefer choice for energy detection based spectrum
sensing in vehicular environment.Many routing protocol has been proposed for vehicular
network but few of them are considered as suitable with vehicular networking capabil-
ity in cognitive routing vehicular ad hoc network(CR-VANET).CR-VANET donot only
suffer spectrum scarcity problem but also suffer new challenges due to highly dynamic
nature of vehicular ad hoc network. To present the low delay and high-through put
CR-VANET scheme that exploit the correlation between the vehicles in the spectrum
sensing with minimum amount of time.to overcome the shortcoming with the existing ar-
chitecture(traditional network), we intend to apply the Software defined network(SDN)in
CR-VANET.

Software defined networking(SDN) is an emerging technology used to facilitated net-

work management and enables programmatically efficient network configuration in order
to provide the flexible and monitoring network.The main aim of the SDN to optimize
the tradition network using the software in order to improve network performance and
providing flexible and agile network.The goal of SDN is to utilize network control by en-
abling enterprises and service providers to get respond quickly to changing business and
network deploy requirements.SDN in VANET is applying to overcome the limitations
exist in these networks.

Our main objective is to combine cognitive network capability with a routing ap-
proach in vehicular network using SDN technique. We intend to reduce the problems of
spectrum scarcity,high latency, large overhead and intermittently connected network in
CR-VANET.Overcome these problem by implementing a novel cognitive routing protocol
for cognitive radio software defined networking.Main aim to select the path between the
source and destination that maximize the path duration among the all paths and spec-
trum sensing is done by implementing the Belief propagation Algorithm which choose
common channel through which nodes can communicate with each-other.By Belief prop-
agation algorithm, each node makes a final decision to check the availability of channel

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in neighboring nodes.In SDN, the network is programmatically configured and have a
global view of the network. In cognitive radio network, there is two main controllers play
important role to simulate the network: Micro-controllers and Local controllers.Our pro-
posed scheme has only one micro-controller(MC) and several local controllers(LC).MC
is responsible for checking the global view of the network and Lc‘s are responsible to fix
the roadside units(RSU) that have a localized global view of the network.Firstly vehicles
send requests to Lc to check the availability the channel for a route to the target node.
The LC quickly respond if it has a route to the destination to propagate the packet,
otherwise, it forwards the request to the MC.

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2 Review of key related research
Several routing technologies has been proposed to support the rapidly growing wire-
less sensor network(WSN) that build the basis of the incoming generation network of
the IOT.M. Z. Hasan (2017) Now-a-days, IOT has been became a pervasive technol-
ogy for different applications in the wireless sensor networks ragging from smart grid
to vehicular networking.Proposed approaches has been found many shortcomings which
are still under investigation.For improving the capacity and resource utilization of the
network in wireless sensor network, several routing and algorithm has been proposed
in IOT.Al-Turjman (2017) An author proposed a bio-inspired particle multi-swarm op-
timization(PSMO) routing algorithm that maintain the trade off between fault toler-
ance and communication overhead.The outcome of the algorithm is assessed and result
demonstrate the high quality solution as compared to the canonical particle swarm al-
gorithm(CPSO).yoong choon chaang (2016)Proposed a novel approach for multipath
routing with multiple constraints to support the data in the WSN‘S.The algorithm finds
the personal best position and global best position to enhance the performance of the
multipath routing algo.

William (2010)To overcome the spectrum scarcity in the channel, proposed a new
technique in cognitive radio network using the bandwidth term.Try to check the avail-
ability of the channel in the spectrum sharing the same bandwidth without causing
harmful interference.Primary concern to provide linkage between authentic users and il-
legal users sharing same bandwidth without affecting the roadside units in VANET.This
paper shows the benefits of detecting the availability of the channel, detection the gio-
location and minimize the spectrum sensing.An efficient recovery channel is designed to
update a list of channels that are common for all neighbours.The proven method has
been proposed in order to minimize the primary user interference.Wang (2015)Proposed
a novel threshold-based relaying (OPTIMIZED) in order to improve throughput and
delay efficiency.In This paper they addressed the problem of low latency in vehicular
routing by building the theory of mathematical model in non-homogeneous system.The
proposed algorithm achieves a throughput that is within a factor of 1/e in a highly dense
network and yet end-to-end delay is half of the widely studied ALOHA-based random-
ized routing algorithm.

Chong (2017)To deal with the shortage of the available spectral resources,mobile data
traffic and resources management in heterogeneous network environment, a software de-
fined networking(SDN)-based algorithm designed in cellular network.Algorithm has been
proposed in order to recover connection failure, to enable fast network invention and to
propose routing protocols.Load balancing algorithm is proposed significantly improves
equilibrium extent and network stability.Chakraborty (2015)Another a novel SDN tech-
nique developed to satisfy the shortcoming like delay in vehicular ad hoc network.In
order to reduce delay, they proposed reactive flow instantiation to install flow rules, and
used Greedy perimeter stateless routing(GPSR) to install a fallback mechanism.They

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divided the control panel into different layers by selecting various local controllers to
reduce the delay to propagate the packet form source to destination.

Li (2017)Proposed a geographic SDN based novel routing in VANET to transfer

geographic location of area and deliver the periodic warning messages weather related
information to insure the safety of passengers.This Geobroadcast mechanism is imple-
mented by using the IP networking in existing intelligent transport system(ITS).

Meneguette (2017)A novel SDN technique has been proposed to enhance the data
transmission efficiency by separating the data forwarding layer and network control layer
in vehicular ad hoc networking.Both Micro-controller and local controller play important
rule to globalize the network and improve the packet reception rate.Routing information
is updated by sending packet among nodes periodically and triggered incremental up-
dates packets more frequently by using the destination sequence distance vector(DSDV)
in VANET.To improve the networking performance in the VANET, ad hoc on-demand
distance vector(AODV) used which is implemented in SDN.

A Hierarchical software-defined vehicular network(HSDV) is proposed to provide

flexibility and programmability to networks via a logically centralized controller entity
that has a comprehensive view of the network.It is an another way to improve network
stability with a central SDN controller.It is a clustering process in which two layer
hierarchy protocol where cluster heads serve as local controllers.

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3 Objectives
• To combine cognitive network capability with a routing approach in vehicular
network using SDN technique. We intend to reduce the problems of spectrum
scarcity,high latency, large overhead and intermittently connected network in CR-
VANET.

• To reduce the problems of spectrum scarcity,high latency, large overhead and in-
termittently connected network in CR-VANET.

• To minimize the End-to-End delay in packet transformation using the SDN ap-
proach that is maximize in existing network.

• To select the best route between source and destination that maximizes the path
duration among all the paths by jointly selecting the channel and relay node in an
efficient and reliable manner.

• To check the availability of the channel using the Blief propagation algorithm.

• To provide road safety to the passengers and entertainment-related information

with the help of the roadside units.

• To optimize an algorithm that resolve the multiple shortcomings in the traditional

network.

• To provide a flexible and agile network.

• To overcome the problem of troubleshooting.

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4 Methodology
Take a cognitive radio SDN network with some vehicles, one Local controller and one
MC around the vehicles to globalize the network.Primary user(PU) is assumed along-
side the road.Always keep remember, there must be a consensus idle common channel
between them to provide communication between the nodes.RSU must be aligned along
the road to propagate the information from one point to another point.

We apply Belief propagation Algorithm to choose the best route between the source
and destination.For checking the availability of channel, RSU send the request to the LC,
LC will respond quickly if it has a empty route otherwise, it will send request to the MC.

Figure 1: Cognitive radio software defined network

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 To achieve above mentioned objectives, I divide the methodology section into two
phases:

4.1 Registering phase:

Several RSU has been aligned alongside the road at different positions from each-
other.We apply a tree-based approach to select the LC at each depth in this approach.MC
behaves as root nod and all RSU are reflected as leaf nodes as shown figure 1.The reg-
istering phase is divided into the following four steps:

Step 1: Firstly Micro-controller(MC)sends the request to the all RSUs within commu-
nication range in order to transfer information.This is a control message.

Step 2: RSUs calculates the delay after receiving the message using the formula given
below and compares it with the neighbour RSUs at the same depth.

Delay = (Tp + Tr + EV C) HopCount (1)

Step 3: Selected LC sends the message to MC and all neighbouring RSUs with the
updated network information.

Step 4: The first three steps are repeated at every stage and, rest of all, the MC proposed
the global topology for all LCs.

Figure 2: Selection Criterion of LCs

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4.2 Route Prediction phase:
Once all the LCs are selected, the protocol switches to the route prediction phase. The
foremost part of this cognitive routing scheme that makes it efficient is the estimation
of path duration between source and destination. Because this is an SDN-based cogni-
tive routing scheme, the controllers are responsible for providing the best stable route
between source and destination by jointly selecting channel and relay.
source outside communication range: If a source vehicle is ragging outside the
communication range of any LC, it search for the next-hop node to reach the closest
LC in a way similar to conventional routing.The source node then calculates the Link
duration prediction(LDP) for each neighbouring vehicle to find the best relay node:

r ± dij
LDP ij = q
(vi cos θi − vj cos θj )2 + (vi sin θi − vj sin θj )2
× min (Ch1 , Ch2 , . . . , ChM ) (2)

After calculating the LDP, source node selects the best relay node which has minimum
LDP
min (LDP 1 , LDP 2 , . . . , LDP N ) (3)

source within communication range: If a source vehicle is ragging within the com-
munication range of any LC, it directly send the packets to the LC. After that the LC
checks Its flow table to find out has it a route from source to destination, and it sends
a reply message with the best route to the destination.If it does not find any math then
it sends the request to the MC.Any controller calculates the path duration of all the
paths, p, from source to the destination

P Dp = min (LDP 1,p , LDP 2,p , . . . , LDP T h,p ) (4)

After calculation the path Duration, any controller selects the best route which has
maximum path duration
R = max (P Dp ) (5)

11
Figure 3: A flowchart representing two cases of a source node receiving an updated route
from controllers.

12
5 Expected research outcome
1. A stable route between the source and destination with minimum latency, low
scarcity and low over-head. There will be no more number of control messages
and no network delay. Belief Propagation algorithm use for checking the idle
spectrum sensing and exchanging controller messages along the roadside units.

2. The best route between source and destination that maximizes the path duration
among all the paths by jointly selecting the channel and relay node in an efficient
and reliable manner.

3. A simulation result which shows the networking performance difference between

the two process with and without SDN.

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References
[1] Al-Turjman, M. Z. H. . H. A.-R. . F.: 2017, A survey on multipath routing pro-
tocols for qos assurances in real-time wireless multimedia sensor networks, IEEE
Communications Surveys and Tutorials 19(3), 1424 – 1456.

[2] Chakraborty, Y.-C. L. T. . C. C. . S.: 2015, A software defined network architecture

for geobroadcast in vanets, IEEE International Conference on Communications
(ICC) 18(8), 1–22.

[3] Chong, K. L. K. S. . M. M. . G. G. M. N. A. . P. H. J.: 2017, Delay efficient software

defined networking based architecture for vehicular networks, IEEE International
Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS) .

[4] Li, B. D. . W. W. . Z. Y. . J.: 2017, Software defined networking based on-demand

routing protocol in vehicle ad hoc networks, 12th International Conference on Mo-
bile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN) 51(14), 1–33.

[5] M. Z. Hasan, F. A.-T.: 2017, Optimizing multipath routing with guaranteed fault
tolerance in internet of things, 17, 6463 – 6473.

[6] Meneguette, S. C. . A. B. . R. I.: 2017, An architecture for hierarchical software-

defined vehicular networks, Communications Magazine 55(7), 80–86.

[7] Wang, X. D. M. A.: 2015, Software-defined networking-based resource management:

data offloading with load balancing in 5g hetnet, Computer Networks 18(8), 1–22.

[8] William, A. A. . M. G. . C.: 2010, Poster: Towards quantifying metrics for resilient
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[9] yoong choon chaang: 2016, Cognitive radio network in vehicular ad hoc network
(vanet): A survey, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 35(4), 1–14.

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