SoERTS Chapter 8 Mining PDF

Ministry of Environment, Forest &
Climate Change, Govt. of India
CHAPTER - 8
MINING
“The World has enough for everyone’s need, but

not enough for everyone’s greed”
Mahatma Gandhi
This chapter mainly attempts on types of Mineral Resources (Major
and minor), Leases and existing mineral based industries on focus
Minerals and Industries, Mineral Deposits, Mineral Production and
Value, Sand Mining: Present Status & Challenges, Vigilance,
Environment Effects of Mining, Blasts, Mine Accidents and Loss of
Livelihoods, Health Impacts, Mineral Projects, Impacts on
Environment, Regulatory system for Environment aspects, Case
studies on Biological Reclamation in Gouthamkhani Open Cast
Project of SCCL, Policy Initiatives, Key challenges, Recommended
actions and good practices
Ministry of Environment, Forest & Environment Protection Training & Research Institute, Hyderabad
CHAPTER 8
MINING
8.0 Introduction
Telangana State comprises of 10 districts with varied geology having rich and wide variety of minerals
suitable for specific mineral industries. Mining Sector is identified as one of the growth engines of the
economy and has paramount importance for overall growth and development in general and industrial
sector. The State is a house for various minerals specifically Coal, Limestone, Dolomite, Manganese, Quartz,
Feldspar, Stowing Sand, Laterite, Iron Ore, Clays, Yellow Ochre, Barytes, Uranium, Black and Colour
Granites, Limestone Slabs, Fullers Earth, Marble, Road Metal/Building Stone/Ballast, Gravel/Earth and
Ordinary Sand.
8.1 Drivers
Minerals are of great economic value and have occupied a characteristic place amongst all the economic
resources. Minerals and mineral industries have significant macro links with the economy of a country.
Mining activity generates employment opportunities; is obviously an important source of tax revenue and
contributes to national income thereby leading to economic growth. As the State is a home for various
minerals specifically coal, iron ore, limestone, dolomite, manganese etc., and as such the Government is
promoting various mineral based industries in the State. The mineral consumption has been increasing
over a period of time due to increase in living standards.
8.2 Geology
A wide variety of geological formations occur in Telangana State, ranging from the Oldest Archaean
crystalline formations to recent alluvium. The geological set up and principal rock formation are depicted
in the Figure 8.1. A major part of the area is underlain by gneissic complex with a structural fill of
sedimentary formations and basin-fill of meta-sedimentary formations. The gneissic complex is overlain
by basaltic lava flows in the northwestern part and is intruded by several younger rocks – granites,
dolerites, pegmatites, etc.
The earliest geological account was given by Bruce Foote (1876) and he described SW parts of the state are
under Dharwar System. Mukherjee (1931) of Hyderabad Geological Survey reported Dharur and Gadwal
Bands of Dharwar rocks. Mukherjee, et al., (1936) also accounted geology of eastern portion of State.
The central and south west area of Telangana State forms part of Southern Precambrian Tectonic Province
described under Dharwar Craton consisting of Green Stone Schist belts with Peninsular Gneissic Complex
(PGC) suite of rocks. During Neo Proterozoic period, intra cratonic basins Cuddapah, Pakhal, Bhima formed
mostly covered in the west and south east of the erstwhile state. Godavari Graben comprising Gondwana
sediments formed during the period from upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous covers eastern flank of
state in NW-SE direction. In Telangana the Gondwana sedimentation began with a glacial climate with bulk
strata and with thick fluviatile and lacustrine sediments ultimately converted into seams of coal. The
generalized geological succession of Telangana is as follows:
The late Mesozoic Deccan Trap cover of the central and western India has its extension marginally into the
north-western parts of the State.
The Quaternary sediments confined mostly to the Inland river basins of the Krishna, Godavari and their
major tributaries over a very narrow zone bordering them.
The State is divided in to three chrono-geological units as follows:
I. Archean to Palaeo-Proterozoic rocks.
II. Meso to Neo-Proterozoic rocks.
III. Phanerozoic rocks.
8.2.1 Archaean to palaeo-proterozoic rocks
The geological unit of Archean to Palaeo proterozoic rocks of the state covered parts of North, South and
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State of Environment Report, Telangana - 2015 175
The Geological succession of Archean to Palaeo-Proterozoic rocks is as follows
Era Super group Group Intrusive Lithology
Palaeo-Proterozoic to Eastern Ghat Migmattte Charnockite Mafic Dykes Dolerite, gabbro Pyroxenite,
Archean (1850-1950 Ma) Khondalite Younger Granitoids Granite, alkali feldspar grant Granodiorite
(2500Ma) Closepet-pyroxene Granulites Calc Granulites
Garnet Sillimanite Gneiss, Quartzite Graphite
State of Environment Report, Telangana - 2015

Gneiss
Peninsular Gneissic Karimnagar Granulites Migmatites (bonded gneisses, garnet-ferrous

Complex (2550-2660 Ma) quartzo-feldspathic gneisses, hypersthene-

Peninsular Gneiss-II gneiss, quartzo-feldspathic granulites)
(2550-2600 Ma) Granite Gneiss, Granite, and it's variants with
enclaves of Dharwars.
Amphibolite, hornblende schist, chlorite-
Archaean Dharwar actinolite schist, quartz-sericite /chlorite-
(2900 Ma) schist, Biotite- Schist, Kyanite schist, banded
176
ferruginous quartzite, meta-Pyroxinite,
Metagabbro, Meta-Anorthosite, Serpentinite
and Talc-Tremolite schist (metamorphosed
volcanogenic and sedimentary rocks),
Chimalpahad gabbro anorthosite complex and
other mafic-ultramafic rocks.
Peninsular Gneissic Peninsular Gneiss-I Aplite, Quartz veins, pegmatite granite,

Complex (3000 Ma) Granodiorite, Tonalite with enclaves of
Sargurs.
Older Metomorphics Garnet-Biotite schist/gneisses, biotite-

(Sargurs) staurolite schist Kyanite muscovite schist
(Seen As Enclaves In quartz, Amphibolite+ garnet and banded
PGC - I) ferruginous quartzite.
The mineral potentiality of the area includes occurrences of Gold, Diamonds, Iron ore, Rare Earth Elements in Alkaline rocks, feldspar, quartz dimensional
stone granites occurring in Karimnagar, Warangal and Khammam Districts and Stone & Metal for construction purpose.
Environment Protection Training & Research Institute, Hyderabad
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central portion of the state covering the districts of Karimnagar, Warangal, Adilabad , Nalgonda and Khammam. The unit mainly consisting of lithologically
Archeans comprising of Older Metamorphics as Schist belts comprising of Garnet-Biotite/Gneisses Biotite-Staurolite Schist...etc, and Peninsular gneiss
comprising of Aplites, Pegmatite Granite, Tonslite..etc and Dharwars of Amphibolite-Hornblende schist Garnet-Biotite schist, banded ferruginous quartzite,
Metapyroxenite, Metagabbro, Serpentinite and talc-tremolite Schist, Chimalpahad Gabbro-Anorthosite complex and other ultramafic rocks, PGC-II
comprising Migmatites and Eastern Ghats dolerites, gabbro and pyroxenites, Granites..etc.,
8.2.2. Meso to Neo-Proterozoic rocks
Meso to Neo Proterozoic sedimentary rocks and associated volcanics unconformably overlie the Archean Gneisses, Granitoids, Schists and Proterozoic

mafic dykes. The unit covers well defined basins i.e., Cuddapah, Pakhal, Bhima, Kurnools (Palnadu) and Penganga. Small patches of Cuddapah basin are
exposed in southern periphery of the state comprising Quartzites, Shales and Limestone...etc., The Pakhal and Penganga basins are exclusively in Telangana
state developed along the Pranahita-Godavari valley in the northern part of the State. Bheema basin is an east extension of basin from Karnataka in to the
Tandur of Vikarabad district. Palnadu basin is extended northernly in to the state in Suryapet district. The Geological succession is as follows:
Geological Succession of Meso to Neo-proterozoic Rocks of Telangana

Era SG Group Formation Super Group Formation Group Intrusive
Group
Cuddapah Basin Pakhal Basin Bhima Basin
Sullavai
Sandstone
Unconformity Shabad Limestone
NEO Kurnool Narji Sediment
177
PROTEROZOIC limestone Penganga Putnur ary Rabbanpa
Banganapall Group Limestone Subgroup lli
i Takkalapally
Quartzite Arkoses
Sand Stone.
Rabbanpa Conglomera
lli tes
Silt-Stone
Srisailam Albaka Kimberlites and
Quartzite Sand Stone lamproites; granite alkali
feldspar granite;
Dis- Nepheline Syenite, Syenite,
conformity quartz Syenite and other
Pakhal alkaline rock gabbro,
MESOPROTEROZOIC Cuddapah Cumbum Super Mulug gabbroic, anorthosite,
Supergroup Nallama (Pullampet) group Group Lakhavaram Pyroxenite, Dunite and
lai Formation Shale Serpentinite (Kondapalli
Group Barienkond Pattipalli Complex); gabbro-norite,
a Quartzite anorthosite (Chimakurti
(Nagari) Encheruvu Complex)
Quartzite Formation (1800-2300 Ma)
Polavaram
Formation
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The mineral potentiality of the area, the Pakhal basin is most significant for its mineral potential i.e.
Dolomite, Barytes, Iron ore and Copper- lead - Zinc etc., Bhima basin exposed in western portion of the
state, the Penganga, Kurnool (Palnadu) are rich sources of Limestone suitable for Cement manufacture and
also the floor tiles as Napa slabs.
8.2.3. Phanerozoic rocks of the State:
The Phanerozoic rocks of the state comprising Deccan Traps and Gondwana Super group of rocks. The
Deccan Traps comprising in the districts of Adilabad, Nizamabad, Mahabubnagar and Ranga Reddy.
Geological Succession of Phanerozoic Rocks of Telangana

Era Age Super Group Group Formation Lithology
QUAT ERNARY Holocene Deccan Traps Sahyadri Alluvium and Soil

Pleistocene
Mio-Pliocene Laterite and gravel
Paleocene
Basaltic lava flows with
Late Cretaceous Inter-trappean and infra-
TERITARY trappean beds
Godavari Valley
Late Cretaceous Gondwana Upper Chikiala

Early Cretaceous Gondwana Formation
Supergroup Unconformity
Jurassic Group Gangapur
Mid to late Formation
Triassic Kota Formation
MESOZOIC Maleri Formation
Lower Kamthi Formation
Late Permian Gondwana Barren Measures
To early Group Barakars
Triassic Formation
Permian
Talchirs Formation
PALAEOZOIC Carboniferous
To Permian
Unconformity
Precambrian basement
Gondwana Supergroup , the main geological unit in the group are the Gondwana super group formations
ranges in age from Late Carboniferous to Early Cretaceous occupies the Godavari- Pranahita Graben in the
districts of Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad and Karimnagar . All the members of Lower and Upper
Gondwana formations are well exposed in the area. The Lower Gondwanas are significant for coal deposits
mainly the Barakars followed by Barren measures and Kamthi formations. The Upper Gondwanas are not
established for Coal so far. The State-Central owned Company Singareni Collieries has been mining for the
coal in 4 districts i.e., Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad and Karimnagar in the State.
Deccan Traps occupy an area of about 10,000sq.km in the northwestern parts of the state covering mainly
the Adilabad, Nizamabad, Sangareddy and Ranga Reddy districts. The traps are Basaltic Lava Flows
emplaced sub - aerially horizontal to sub - horizontally. A total of 7 trap flows of unweathered nature and
another 2 of totally Laterized are identified in the Tandur-Vikarabad area. Infra and inter-Trappean
sediments are also associated with lava flows and have an aggregate thickness of about 150M. The traps
and infra/inter-trappeans are source for Bentonite (Fullers Earth), Laterite and also good for Stone and
metal.
Quaternary sediments in Telangana are restricted to narrow linear zones bordering the inland river
basins of Krishna, Godavari and their major tributaries in the form of flood plain deposits of fluvial origin.
These are the main source for the sand for construction and stowing in coal mines.
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8.3 Mineral Resources of Telangana State

The newly formed Telangana state has a unique geological set up which is home to a variety of mineral
deposits of economic value. In view of the significance minerals-hold in Telangana, an account of all the
mineral occurrences in the State are listed.
The mineral resources are broadly classifed into metallic and non-metallic categories. Again metallic
minerals are subdivided into ferrous and non-ferrous types. The non-metallic minerals include a variety of
mineral species used for various industrial purposes. Telangana state is endowed with a variety of mineral
occurrences formed in different geological environments. In the following sections, a glimpse of mineral
occurrences in the State is shown in Figure 8.1.
Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana.

Fig 8.1 Geological Map of the Telangana State
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Metallic mineral resources include Iron ore, Chromite, Manganese and Molybdenum. Minor occurrences of
gold are also reported. Currently Geological Survey of India (GSI) is conducting exploration in Atukur Block
of Gadwal Schist Belt in Mahabubnagar district (Table 8.1). The non-metallic category include a variety of
minerals among which Quartz, Feldspar, Dolomite occupy main positions in terms of revenue to the State.
Major cement grade occurrences currently being mined, exist in Nalgonda district (Table 8.2). Among
mineral fuels, the State is endowed with vast resources of coal in the Pranahita-Godavary Valley,
Khammam, Karimnagar and Adilabad districts. Radioactive minerals viz., Uranium occurs in Nalgonda
district (Table 8.3) besides reported occurence of Thorium and associated elements in Khammam district.
8.4 Leases and existing mineral based industries
There are (1) Reconnaissance Permits for Gold, Diamond, Base metals, Precious metals, (21) Prospecting
Licenses and (135) mining leases and (3154) quarry leases (Minor Minerals) covering an area of 18507.64
Hectares and 77053.95 Hectares respectively. The area covered by (21) Prospecting Licenses is 5045.69
Hectares.
Mining for Coal and Limestone falls under large scale mechanized sector, while Granite, Dolomite, Quartz,
Feldspar, Clays and Barytes etc fall under semi mechanized medium sector and the other minerals fall
under semi mechanized small sector. Nearly 90% of the Mines fall under small sector and remaining 10%
under medium and large sectors. Mineral resources along with geographical distributions in the State are
given in Table 8.4.
8.5 Focus Minerals and Industries
Both Public and Private Sectors have established large and medium scale mineral based industries for the
manufacture of Cement, Steel, Sponge Iron, Ferro-alloys, Glass, Ceramics, Refractories, Chemicals, Granite,
Marble & Limestone cutting & polishing units, Slate cutting units, Gem Cutting & faceting units, Granite
monuments manufacturing units, Pulverizing units, stone crushers, Mosaic & Ceramic tile units, Lime
Kilns, and Manufactured Rocks and units in Telangana State (Table 8.5).
Table 8.1 Metallic Mineral Resources of Telangana State
Category Mineral/Metal District Location Reserves/Grade Economic Uses
Iron ore Adilabad Chityal (19°04 78° 48'), 16 million tonnes

Kallada (19° 08 78° 53'),
Dasturabad (19° 05 78° 52') and
Robanpalli (18° 57' 79° 01'),
Lakshettipet (18° 53' 79° 12') and
Utnoor (19° 22' 78° 46')
Khammam Cheruvupuram, Bayyaram and 11 million tonnes
Steel, Ferro-alloys
Navapadu (17 ° 21 80°10') and
Kothagudem (17 ° 53' 80° 04')
Bayyaram (17 ° 35 80° 06') 731000 tonnes (high-grade)
912000 tonnes (low grade)
72, 60,000 tonnes (mixed grade)
Ferrous
Ramagundal (17°39’ 80° 08’), -
Motala-Timmapur area
(17° 41' 80° 07').
Chromite Khammam Bhimavaram (16 ° 56 80° 31'), 2,500 tonnes Ferro-chrome alloys,
Gauraram (16 ° 47 78° 36'), Chromium metal
Jannavaram (17 ° 20' 80° 24'), and extraction, Chemicals
Imamnagar (17° 22'’ 80° 28') and
Enkuru (17°18' 80°26')
Manganese Adilabad Gowlighat, Goatkur, Jamdapur and 1,17000 tons (39.6% Mn) Ferro-manganese
Chanda (19° 46 78° 29') alloys, Manganese
metal extraction,
Chemicals
Gold Khammam Mangampet (18° 15 ‘80° 30') Placer occurrence Precious metal
Mahboobnagar Atukur Block Exploration by GSI is in progress.
Non-
ferrous Molybdenite Karimnagar Maisamoalle (18° 08’ 79° 08), at 0.6 Mo grade 0.01% to 0.2% Molybdenum metal
km. S750 W of Kochamapalle (18 ° extraction, alloys
07'’ 79° 08')
Source: P. Rameshchandra Phani. Mineral Resources of Telangana State, India: the Way Forward. International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol.3, Issue 8, August, 2014.
Chp.8
Table 8.2 Non-Metalic Resources of Telangana State

on- Asbestos Mahboobnagar Somsil (18° 02' 78° 19') Unavailable. Electircal, Fire-safety
metallic/ Minor deposit.
Industrial Amethyst Karimnagar, Sandral Unavailable. Piezoelectic, gemstone
Medak Ramanapalli near Siddipet, Minor deposit.
Warangal Abdul Nagaram, Mekalgattu and

Peddapadu
Barytes Khammam Rudramkota (17 °14’ 80°12’), Venkatayapalem (17 ° 15’ Unavailable. Barium extraction,
80°14’), Gopalpur (17°15 80°12’), Ballapet (17°16’ 80° 12’), Minor deposit. Chemicals
Kodamur (17° 11’ 80°13’) and Cheruvupuram(17 °
3180°10’)
Mahboobnagar Virabhadradurgam, Bollaram (16 ° 04’ 78°26') Unavailable.

Minor deposit.
Building stones Warangal, Khammam, Unavailable.
(Granite, Dolerite) Karimnagar, Rangareddy Minor deposit.
Building stones Khammam Jestalpane (17° 24’ 81° 16'), Bethumpudi (17° 34’ 80° 27’), Unavailable.
(Marble) Chimalpahad (17° 28’ 86° 24’), Kotturu (17 ° 41' 80° 28'),
Mallamallupadu (17° 19' 80° 14'), Manditog (17° 38' 80°
20'), Pubali (17° 37' 80° 22') and adjoining places,
181
Kommuguda (17° 35' 80° 16') and Mallaipalle areas
Clays Adilabad Panchagoan and Ralapet (19° 19' 79° 29') and Katterala 5 metric tons Pharmaceuticals,
(19° 20' 79° 13') Chemicals, Paper,
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol.3, Issue 8, August, 2014.

Pottery, Refractory
Konasamudram (18 ° 44’ 78° 31’) Refractory grade Refractory
Coal Adilabad, Karimnagar, Non-coking grade. Thermal power
Warangal and Khammam Total Reserves:
Proved: 11972 m.t.
Probable: 6774.98 m.t. and
Inferred: 20.29 m.t.
Corrundum Khammam Rangapur (17° 26’ 81° 10’) and in ultrabasic rocks at Unavailable. Minor deposit. Semi-precious stone
Gobbuguriti (17° 17’ 80° 22’), Near Tadakalapudi (17 °31’
80° 27’).
Diamond Mahabubnagar Naranpet, Maddur, Kotakonda etc. Exploration in progress. So far no diamondiferous
(Kimberlites) deposits reported.
Nalgonda Vattikodu
Dolomite Khammam Raghunathapalem (17° 18’ 80° 12'), Madharam Flux grade.88 m. tonnes Paper, Pharmaceutical,
(17° 31’ 80° 13) and Vemulanarava (16° 59’30'' 80° Cement, Steel
17'00'')
Feldspar Nalgonda Nidmanur, Damarcherla and Charkonda Unavailable. Ceramics, Potash
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Source: P. Rameshchandra Phani. Mineral Resources of Telangana State, India: the Way Forward. International Journal of Innovative
Fullers Earth Adilabad Rudravaram (17 ° 22 77°39), Tinsanpalli (17° 22 77° 39), Unavailable. Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics
Marepalli (17° 22' 77° 47) and Alipur (17° 19' 77° 48').
Garnet Khammam Garibpet (17° 20 80° 38), 11 to 19%. Semi-precious stone,
31 million tonnes Abrasives, Refractory
Graphite Khammam Gopannagudem (17°20 81° 15). Kantlum (17° 20 81°16), Unavailable. Minor Refractory, Crucibles,
Kavarigundla (17 ° 22 81° 16), Gundlamadugu (17° 25 81° deposit. Chemicals
27), Bolapalle (17°28' 81° 19'), Chittemreddipadu (17 ° 22'
81° 20'), Sidharam (17° 18' 81° 25') and Kunkulgoyapaka
(17° 27' 81° 19').
Kyanite Khammam Garibpet and Rudrampur (17 ° 29’ 80° 38') Unavailable. Deserves to Refractory, Abrasives
be estimated.

Limestone Adilabad, Karimnagar, Bhavipur, Toyaguda, Maktapur (19 ° 43’78° 37’), Kamta 276 million tons Cement, Paper,
Khammam and Nalgonda (19° 41’78° 38’), Badi (19°42’78° 43), Ramai, Makora (19 ° Pharmaceuticals
43’ 78° 41), Gamarkhurd (19° 47’78° 33), Metguda (19°
39’78° 39), Kanpa, Narala (19° 44’78° 36’), Chanda,

Bhimsari, Rampur (19° 48’78° 31’) and Korta (19° 48’ 78°
31’)
Mica Khammam Gosavidu (15° 56’80° 29'), Kannaru (17° 00' 80° 34'), Unavailable. Desrves Electrical, Aerospace
Vavilala (17 ° 05' 80° 32') and Kallur (17° 52' 80° 33') estimation.
Quartz Hyderabad Kukatpalli (18 ° 14 79° 11), Ghamsabad Unavailable. Deserves Piezooelectricity,
and Timmapur (17° 10’ 78° 18') estimation. Electronics, Glass
Khammam Tadepalle (17° 14’ 80° 37' ) Glass grade
182
Reserves ,
deserve estimation.
Medak Andole (17° 48 78° 40’) and Palampet (18° 02’ 78° 05’) Unavailable. Deserves
estimation.
Steatite & Talc Karimnagar Israjpalli (18° 49’79° 50’), Unavailable. Minor Paper, Cosmetics,
Lachimidevipalle (18° 48’78° 53’), Potaram (18 ° 49 78° 51’) deposit. Pharmaceuticals
and Kondapuram (18 ° 37’78° 54’)
Medak Somsil (16° 02’ 79° 19) Unavailable. Minor Electronics, Gem stone
deposit.
Table 8.3. Radioactive mineral resources of Telangana State.

Radioactive Uranium Nalgonda Lambapur- Peddagattu, Chitrial, U3O8% is 0.02. 1600 tons Electricity,
Kuppunur and RV Tanda Nuclear Reactors,
Mahabubnagar Wanaparti U3O8% 0.25 and 0.031 Medical
Karimnagar Peddur and Kottur (18 ° 22 78° 1.96% (Peddur) and 0.059% U3O8
46) (Kottur)
Source: P. Rameshchandra Phani. Mineral Resources of Telangana State, India: the Way Forward. International Journal
of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol.3, Issue 8, August, 2014.
Chp.8
Mining Sector is identified as one of the growth engines and certain minerals have been identified as focus
minerals viz., Limestone, Coal, Iron Ore, Diamond, Dolomite, Uranium, Garnet, Granite for establishment of
Cement, Thermal Plants, Granite Cutting & Faceting, Steel and Sponge Iron as focus industry for over all
growth and development of the Mining Sector in the State. There is ample scope for development of Mineral
based Industries with the available Mineral Resources in the Districts.
Table 8.4 Mineral Geographical Distribution & Utilization Telangana
Major
Geographical Distribution Mineral Based Industry
Minerals
Amethyst Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Medak, Warangal Jewellery
Barytes Khammam, Mahabubnagar Drilling, Paints, Filler in Tyres, Rubber

Goods, Paper & Chemical
Fire Clay Adilabad, Rangareddy Refractory, Ferro Alloys
Coal Khammam, Warangal, Adila bad, Iron & Steel, Thermal Plants, Cement,
Karimnagar Railways, Domestic Fuel
Corrundum Khammam Abrasives, Jewellery
Dolomite Khammam,Warangal Iron & Steel, Ferro Alloys, Fertilizers, Glass,
Foundry & Cosmetics
Feldspar Mahabubnagar, Ranga Reddy, Ceramics, Glass, Abrasive, Enamels,
Khammam,Nizamabad,Medak Electrical, Refractories
Fullers Earth Ranga Reddy, Medak, Mahabubnagar Decolourizer of vegetable oils, Oil refineries
Iron Ore Warangal, Khammam, Adilabad, Steel, Pellatization, Sponge Iron, Pig Iron
Hematite Karimnagar.
Magnetite
Kyanite Khammam Abrasive, Refractory
Laterite Mahabubnagar, Karimnagar, Cement
Medak, Nizamabad, Rangareddy
Limestone Ranga Reddy, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Cement, Carbide, Iron & Steel, Soda Ash,
Adilabad, Karimnagar. Chemical, Sugar, Paper, Fertilizer, Glass
Manganese Adilabad Potassium Permanganate, Ferro Alloys, Iron
& Steel, Batteries, Chemicals, Ceramic, Glass
Industry
Quartz Ranga Reddy, Mahabubnagar, Khammam, Glass, Foundry, Iron & Steel, Refractory,
Nizamabad Ceramic, Electrical, Abrasive, Paints,
Electronics
Steatite Khammam Paper, Textile, Rubber, Ceramics, Soaps,
Detergents, Fertilizers
Stowing Sand Khammam Back filling of Coal Mines.
Minor
Geographical Distribution Mineral Based Industry
Minerals
Khammam Decorative, Flooring, Panels
Marble
Ranga Reddy, Mah abubnagar, Nalgonda Floorings, Pavements
Limestone
slabs
Warangal, Khammam, Karimnagar, Ranga Cutting & Polishing Industry, Decorative,
Granite Reddy, Nalgonda, Medak, Nizamabad Panels, Monuments, Flooring, Panels
Building Stones All districts in Telangana Building Material for construction purposes
Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana.
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Table 8.5 Mineral Based Industries
Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana

8.6 Way Forward
Mahabubnagar

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8.7 Mineral Deposits

Telangana is the only State in Southern India containing vast deposits of Coal and is being mined by
M/s Singareni Collieries Company Ltd.(SCCL) a State-Central Joint Public Sector Unit.
The State is also endowed with a number of scattered medium grade Iron Ore deposits in Bayyaram
Reserve Forest and Float Iron Ore deposits in Revenue and Patta Lands of Khammam District and
low grade scattered Iron Ore deposits in Karimnagar District. Bayyaram Iron Ore deposits are
estimated at around 11 Million Tons of Iron Ore and is a promising deposit for the establishment of
Pelletization Plant.
Uranium deposits with an estimated reserves of 11000 Tons in Lambapur, Pulicherla, Nammapuram
and Yellapuram Villages of Nalgonda District. M/s Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL) has filed
an application for grant of Mining Lease over an extent of 542 Ha. It is yet to be considered for grant.
MoEFCC, GoI granted EC for this project. UCIL is acquiring the lands for the said project.
Vast limestone deposits being mined by (21) Cement Industries in Nalgonda, Karimnagar, Adilabad &
Ranga Reddy Districts.
Manganese available in Adilabad District was earlier exploited by M/s Manganese Ore India Ltd.
(MOIL), a GoI Undertaking. However, after relinquishment of the areas by MOIL, Manganese is now
being mined by the private sector after de-reservation of area.
The Tan Brown prophyritic granite deposit occurring as younger emplacements in Karimnagar
District are unique and are being exploited on a large scale by the private sector. Depending upon
the proportion of brown/brownish component, this variety of Granite is also marketed under
commercial name Coffee Brown and mostly exported to China and South East Asian Countries.
The Tandur Blue Limestone Slabs (Shahbad Stone) useful for flooring, famous in entire South India is
available in Ranga Reddy District.
The Gneissic Granite occurring in Bheemgal and other areas in Nizamabad District is marketed under
the commercial name Indian Arora and it is mostly used for monuments.
The Dolerite dykes occurring in Khammam, Warangal, Nalgonda and Mahaboobnagar Districts are
famous for extraction of cut & dressed blocks of Jet Black, Absolute Black, Tiger Skin and other
varieties of Granite.
More than 60 kimberlite/lamproite pipes have been discovered in Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda
districts and opened up a new avenue for diamond exploration in the State.
8.7.1 Coal
Telangana is the only State in South India containing vast deposits of coal which is being mined by M/s. SCC
Ltd. Coal field areas exist in Warangal, Khammam, Karimnagar and Adilabad districts. Coal of Godavari
Valley Coal Field (GVCF) is generally non-coking, low grade, high moisture, high ash category and can be
used for thermal power generation. Average Annual production of Coal in the state is 56 Million Tonnes.
Estimated reserves: 22054 Million Tonnes (upto a depth of 1200 M)
Scope: Coal demand is expected to increase several fold within the next 5 –10 years due to the completion
of ongoing coal-based power projects and demand from metallurgical and other industries.
8.7.2 Limestone
The State is endowed with extensive Limestone deposits in Adilabad, Karimnagar, Mahabubnagar,
Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy Districts. Total reserves are around 7519 Million Tonnes. Limestone is being
consumed in the manufacture of cement by 21 cement plants (10 Major and 11 Minor plants) with a
capacity of 11.56 MTPA. Cement plants were mostly grounded during 1985 to 1996 and most of the areas,
which are near to the plants are under exploitation. Per capita limestone consumption in India is hardly 80
Chp.8
kg/head when compared with average of 240 kg/head in the developed countries. The consumption of
limestone and production of cement is the index for development of industries and infrastructure.
Scope
There is a need to re-establish viable blocks for future expansion of cement industry, exploration agencies
and entrepreneurs have to identify more viable limestone blocks. The State has a good scope to expand
production with ample Limestone resources.
8.7.3 Iron Ore
Iron Ore in the form of low grade Hematite in banded Hematite Quartzites is found in Adilabad, Warangal,
Karimnagar and at Bayyaram Khammam Districts; Low grade Magnetite in Khammam District near Utla
Mathwada, Usarakapalle and Kucherla Bodu of Khammam District with 22% to 65% iron content. Total
Iron Ore resources in the state are estimated at 302 MT. (Source: IBM Year Book 2012). Most of the iron ore
deposits are not prospected and explored in detail to know the geometry, reserves and grade of the iron ore.
Telangana accounts for a very minor share of iron ore resources and production in the country.
8.7.4 Manganese Ore
Pyrolusite, Psylomelane, Manganite are chief minerals. The Manganese occurrences are associated with
Penganga group in the Pakal basin. Economically significant deposits are found in Jamdapur, Guda, Gotkuri,
Pipalkoti, Pipalgoan, Gunjala etc. areas of Adilabad Dist. Minor occurrences with low grade Ores are found
in Ratampet and Kandali, Nizamabad Dist. Estimated reserves of 1.85 Million Tonnes with 25%-40% Mn
content occurs in Adilabad Dist. This is Chiefly used in the manufacture of ferroalloys, dry battery cells, as a
purifying agent in coloring glasses, paints, oil and the varnish industry.
8.7.5 Granite
Good variety of Granite for usage as a dimensional stone is available in the State. There are 1186 leases for
Granite covering an area of 2764 Ha useful for cutting and polishing. There are 723 Granite cutting and
polishing units in the state. Granite is found in the districts of Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and
Nizamabad. Brown Porphyry, Red Rose, Blue Brown and Tan Brown are varieties found in Karimnagar.
Black and Sapphire Brown are the varieties found in Warangal and Khammam. Indian Aurora is found in
Nizamabad. The Granite varieties found in the state of Telangana is given in Table 8.6.
Table 8.6 Granite Varieties of Telangana
8.7.6 Diamond
Diamond bearing rocks Kimberlite and Lamproite are found in Narayanpet Kimberlite Field in
Mahabubnagar Dist. 32 bodies discovered by GSI and (29) by Dee Beers from the Madduru-Narayanpet-
Gurmakal area did not yield any diamonds. Kimberlite surface samples from Wadegara are reported to
contain diamonds. (3) Kimberlites were discovered by GSI in Siddanapalli area. (14) Thin lamproite dykes
occurring in an area of (26) Sq. Km in Nalgonda District have also been discovered, which have scope for
Exploration and Exploitation.
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8.8 Mineral Production and Value

The Mineral consumption is increasing due to promotion of various industries and manufacture of Mineral
based products. The State produces about 33 million tons of industrial minerals, 50 to 55 million tons of
coal and 54 million cubic meters of dimensional stones and building material. Year wise mineral
production is shown in Table 8.7.
8.9 Revenue
The Mineral and Mining Sector in the State contributed a revenue of Rs. 2774.40 Crores during the year
2015-16 with a growth of 40.96% over the previous year (Rs. 1968.27 Crores). The Govt. has fixed a mineral
revenue target of Rs. 2687.87 Crores for the year 2016-17 and revised it to Rs. 4000 Crores. The State has
collected revenue of Rs. 246.43 Crores in current year as against annual target upto June, 2016, leaving
collection of royalty on coal. The District-wise and Year wise Mineral revenue are shown in Table 8.8.
Table 8.7 Mineral Production and Value (Rs. in 000)
2615376
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Table 8.8 District -Wise Mineral Revenue from 2012-13 to 2015-16 (Rs.in Lakhs)
S. No. District 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

1 Mahabubnagar 3422 2401 2953 3236 2947 2338 3535
2 Ranga Reddy 8215 9951 9135 10735 10508 10229 11871
3 Medak 1904 2677 2661 2028 2884 2677 4932
4 Nizamabad 1695 1633 2234 1706 1716 1475 2651
5 Adilabad 4989 4308 4660 4183 4294 4912 6342
6 Karimnagar 5300 8024 10205 17654 20768 17233 14942
7 Warangal 5353 3244 4410 4374 4798 5240 5995
8 Khammam 2733 2908 4270 4799 4592 4062 5374
9 Nalgonda 11052 13851 14788 14865 12577 14316 16048
Sub TOTAL 44668 49001 55320 63585 65087 62486 71694
Coal* 63676 68180 78801 113435 114690 133455 164341
Sand** 1066 2755 1097 162 0 0 40018
*Cess on Others 776 844 936 904 921 884 9171
TOTAL 110188 120782 136155 178087 180699 196826 276971
8.10 Growth of Revenue from Mineral Resources

Year Achievement Growth
2010-11 1207.82 --
2011-12 1361.56 12.73
2012-13 1780.88 30.80
2013-14 1806.99 1.47
2014-15 1968.27 8.93
2015-16* 2774.40 40.96
2016-17 246.43 --
(upto June, 2016)
*- Including revenue from coal of Rs.400/- Crores was not received

for the months of January, February & March 2016
8.11 Sand Mining: Present Status & Challenges

The Government, declared the New Sand Mining Policy Vide GO.Ms. No. 38, Industries & Commerce
Dept. Dt:12-12-2014 with the intention to ensure adequate quantity of right or sand is available at
reasonable price for the people of the state.
Out of 10 districts in the state, sand is mainly available in Godavari River passing through
Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and to some extent in Adilabad and Nizamabad Districts. Further
de-silting process is under way in Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar districts.
I, II and notified over exploited III order sand reaches are left to cater the needs of local
requirement.
Non-notified II, IV and V Order streams for sand extraction in-addition to desilting sand from
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reservoirs and de-casting sand from patta lands abutting the river to make land suitable for
cultivation by M/s Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation (TSMDC).
The Main Essence of Entrusting Sand Extraction to TSMDC was to avoid over exploitation and
conduct of operations through systematic extraction with due protection to environment and
disposal through establishment of stockyards at affordable price as fixed by the Govt. and to curtail
the intervention of middleman.
The TSMDC will appoint raising contractors for the sand reaches identified under strict competitive
bidding process
The sand requirement in the state is 60,000 Tons per day including Hyderabad city requirement of
43,500 Tonns.
Govt. as an alternative to ordinary sand giving impetus to promote 100% manufactured sand units
given industrial status by extending certain incentives/concessions, power subsidy ,soft loans
and preference in allotment of Quarries.
Existing stone crushers are also eligible for subsidy and incentives on installation of ancillary units to
produce manufacture sand subject to certification by ISO/NAC/NCCMB
50% usage of manufactured sand in Government Department works has been made mandatory
Presently, 30% of sand requirement for Hyderabad city is being met from the manufactured sand
units.
The Government has formulated the Telangana state sand mining rules, 2015 (TSSMR, 2015)
through GO Ms No. 3 Industries & Commerce Department Dt: 08-01-2015 and subsequently issued
certain amendments from time to time for proper regulation of sand mining in the state.
With full scale implementation of new sand policy TSMDC will be able to meet 95% of sand
requirements.
TSMDC mobilizing road damage fund from sand transportation vehicles for the
maintenance of roads where sand vehicles are plying. The Assistant Director of Mines &
Geology, Regular, Vigilance and the Assistant Geologist, Regional Mobile Squads of the Dept. conduct
checking of un-Authorized sand transportation and in-excess of quantity permitted by the Transport
Dept. and impose penalty as per the Telangana State Sand Mining Rules, 2015.
No. of sand reaches identified and handed over to 51
TSMDC by DLSC level sand committee
Sand reaches in operation at present 10
Stock Yards 182
8.12 Vigilance
As the rich mineral resources are open property, the department has to be vigilant to ensure that there is no
theft/misuse of the resources. For this purpose there are (6) Vigilance Offices headed by an Asst. Director of
Mines and Geology in the Districts and (3) Regional Mobile Squads headed by an Asst. Geologist stationed at
(3) Regional Dy. Directors of Mines and Geology Offices and operating in Khammam, Ranga Reddy and
Adilabad Districts and (1) Central Vigilance Unit at Directorate of Mines and Geology. Besides this, there is
(1) observation check post at Gowthapur, RR Dist. in Telangana State for effective vigilance to curb illegal
mining and transportation of minerals. During 2014-15 and 2015-16 the Department booked (3311) and
(7217) cases respectively and collected Rs.799.86 and Rs.12.98 Crores towards penalty.
8.13 Task Force
Based on the instructions from Ministry of Mines, Government of India, the State Government constituted a
State Level Task Force under the Chairmanship of the Chief Secretary, similarly District Level Task Forces
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were constituted under the Chairmanship of District Collector concerned.
The State Level Task Force conducts meetings to discuss issues of Forest and Revenue clearances for quick
disposal of Mineral Concession applications. This is useful:
1. As a measure to minimize illicit mining,
2. Identification of compensatory land adjacent of Forest areas, by Forest Department
3. To keep a Check on blanket clearances in respect of mineral bearing areas falling in Revenue lands
4. More powers for seizure of vehicles under M.V. Act – towards illicit transportation of Minerals.
5. Recovery of Seignior age fee from the bills of contractors with one time penalty
6. Inclusion of Commercial Tax Department, Seizure and safe custody of vehicles in the respective
Police stations etc.
There is a need to reconstitute the State Level Task Force both in the State of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
due to Reorganization.Similarly, the District Level Task Force conduct meetings regularly and discuss the
matters relating to prevention of illegal mining/quarrying and transportation of minerals and recommend
issues regarding inter-departmental co-ordination/co-operation in curbing illegal activity to the State
Level Task Force for issue of suitable instructions for concerted efforts to resolve the local problems in
controlling illegal mining and transportation of minerals.
8.14 Pressures
Environment Effects of Mining
Mining is not an eternal activity. The operational life of a mine may last from a few years to several decades
depending on the availability of the mineral. Mining leaves pits as land marks after excavation. However, if
the mining activity is concomitant with progressive mine closure, it will not only be a means of protection to
environment but also a source of socio-economic activity.
The common Environmental effects of mining are:
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
Acid is carried off the mine site by rainwater or surface drainage and deposited into nearby streams, rivers,
lakes and groundwater and degrades water quality.Treatment with limestone/dolomite or lime is a suggested
preventive measure to control acid mine drainage (Jha and Varma, 2013).
Heavy Metal Contamination

Metals are leached out and carried downstream as water washes over the rock surface and leaching is
particularly accelerated in the low pH conditions due to Acid Mine Drainage. Limestone, dolomite and slag
have been proved to act as removal agents of iron, sulphates and heavy metals from acid mine drainage water.
Processing Chemical Pollution
Ø
Occurs when chemical agents spill, leak, or leach from the mine site into nearby water bodies. These
chemicals can be highly toxic to humans and wildlife.A proper plan of storage and disposal of waste from
chemicals needs to be in place.
Erosion and Sedimentation
Ø
Mineral development disturbs soil and rock in the course of constructing and maintaining roads,
open pits, and waste impoundments.
Deposition of excessive sediments due to erosion & transportation can clog river beds and choke
watershed vegetation and aquatic organisms.
Afforestation can drastically reduce the environmental impact caused by mining activity and soil
degradation. A strict policy on development of vegetation and its implementation is very much warranted.
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Groundwater Depletion
Surface mining especially in sedimentary teraains, accelerates depletion of the groundwater table.
?
Excavation of river sand also increases the threat of groundwater depletion.
?
8.15 Blasts, Mine Accidents and loss of Livelihoods
S.No. Name of the Date of District Details of Killed Reason Fatal/Serious
Mine & Accident /Injured Accidents
Owner
1 RM&BS August 2011 Warangal 2 persons Due to explosive Fatal

2 RM& BS Sept. 2014 Khammam 2 persons Due to explosive Fatal
3 Coal Mines Between Jan - 5 persons Due to explosive Non Fatal
‘11 to Dec’15
Source:Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana.
BOX 8.1 Removal of Iron and Sulphates from Acid Mine Drainage and
Neutralisation of pH Using Chemical Process
The problem of acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global issue and it is one of the most serious, challenging and still a
partly solved problem. AMD is an acidic, iron and sulphate water that forms under natural conditions when geologic
strata conditioning pyrite are exposed to the atmosphere or oxidizing environments. AMD can form from coal
mining both in surface and in underground mines. In coal mining areas, water pollution is caused particularly by
seepage through mine, generally erosion and increased sediments input in case of surface mining. Releases of AMD
have low pH (generally, the pH drops to values below 4, which causes toxic metals to dissolve), high specific
conductivity, high concentrations of metals such as Fe, Al, and Mn and smaller amounts of toxic metals like Cd, Pb,
Cu, and Ni (Goldani et.al, 2013). The problem becomes more severe where coal has high percentage of pyritic
sulphur (more than 1%) and such mines suffer with Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) problem when water comes in
contact with such coal. The factors responsible for acid mine drainage are geological factors, geo-textural factors,
climatic factors, and microbiological factors
The physico-chemical parameter tested for SCCL water samples (OC-III mine which is an underground mine) in
which acidity exceeds the tolerance limit together with sulphate and iron. The sulphate content was 11,730 mg/l
after thousand dilution and iron content was 1.187 which are higher than standard limits. Hence focus was on
removal methods for sulphate and iron and also to increase the pH using some chemicals. Limestone, dolomite and
slag have been tried for the removal of iron and sulphates from acid mine drainage water. It has been found that
these chemicals can be successfully used for the removal of iron and sulphates and to neutralise the pH of acid mine
drainage water.
The neutralization reaction rate was investigated by determining the change in pH as a function of dosage and
particle size. It was determined that a minimum dosage of 10g/500ml of limestone with120 min contact time was
required to reach a pH level of 5.58. Larger dosages of limestone stone ensured a reduction in contact time such as
100g/500ml with 30 min of contact time. For dolomite the minimum dosage required was 40g/500ml and 240 min
contact time, while for the slag a minimum dosage 22.2g/500ml and 30 min contact time was necessary.
Removal Contact pH Iron Sulphate

Dosage Reduced to
Using Time (min) Increased from Reduced to
Slag 22.2g/500 ml 30 3.38 to 6.21 0.237 mg/ml 5.072 mg/ml
Dolomite 40g/500ml 240 3.35 to 5.52 0.114 mg/ml 8.322 mg/ml
Limestone 10 g/500 ml 120 3.32 to 5.58 0.07 mg/ml 6.211 mg/ml
Lime treatment is most common approach but in this investigation, limestone, dolomite and slag were selected as
pre-treatment agents based on their low cost. The results of investigation shown that the quality of water improved
with the chemical treatment using limestone, dolomite and slag.
Source: Swetti Jha & Geetha Varma. Removal of Iron and Sulphates from Acid Mine Drainage and Neutralisation of pH
Using Chemical Process, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 2(8): August, 2013
Chp.8
8.16 Health Impacts

Mining remains one of the most perilous occupations in the world, both in terms of short term
injuries and fatalities, but also due to long term impacts such as cancers and respiratory conditions
such as silicosis, asbestosis and pneumoconiosis.
Studies of mining and health by type of mine process are divided into deep and open cast mines.
Deep mines cause severe harm to employees in terms of their risks from high blood pressure;
heat exhaustion; myocardial infarction and nervous system disorders.
Studies of surface mining focus on coal, granite and rock mining and health risks related to dust
breathing. In all levels of mining health risks occur with dust exposure.
Respiratory impacts are the most studied and problematic of health impacts for mine workers.
Injuries have declined in importance but continue to be an important safety issue in mines.
8.17 Mineral Projects
With the priorities of the newly emerged Telangana State, the State Government is giving special
emphasis on mineral exploration and resource audit of existing mineral deposits in the State.
As per the State Reorganization Act, 2014, the State Government commenced exploration activity in
coordination with Geological Survey of India for assessing reserves of Iron Ore deposit in
Bayyaram of Khammam District for establishment of a Steel Plant.
The State Government is coordinating with the Central Government for establishment of a Steel
Plant by Steel Authority of India in the next financial year.
8.18 Impact on Environment
Change in land use pattern (land degradation).
Change in natural surface drainage.
Change in Ground water regime.
Air/Sound pollution
Impact on existing infrastructure (Roads, buildings etc)
Ambient Air Quality Status at SCCL: A Case Study
The Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) is a Government coal mining company jointly owned by
the Government of Telangana and Government of India on a 51:49 equity basis. The Singareni coal reserves
stretch across 350 Km of the Pranahita – Godavari Valley of Telangana with a proven geological reserves
aggregating to a whopping 8791 million tonnes. SCCL is currently operating 16 opencast and 30
underground mines in 4 districts of Telangana with a manpower of around 58,837. The production details
are shown in Figure 8.3
Source: M/s SSCL email dated 20th August, 2016

Fig. 8.2 Production (lakh tonnes) Details of M/s SCCL
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The air quality data in the study area are under the prescribed NAAQ standard limit.
The air quality is shown in Figure 8.4
300
PM 10 STD: 250 µg/m3

250
PM10 µg/m3
200
150
100
Manuguru Opencast - II Ramagundam Opencast - III Koyagudem Opencast
Srirampur Opencast Dorli Opencast - I
50
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Year
350

300
250
PM10 µg/m3
200
150
100
Manuguru Kothagudem Mandamarri
50
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Year
350
300
250
PM10 µg/m3
200
150
100
Gowtham Khani Opencast
50
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
300
250 PM 10 STD: 250 µg/m3

PM10 µg/m3
200
150
100
Yellandu Bhoopalpalli Ramagundam - I
50
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Source: M/s SCCL e-Mailed dated: 20th August ,2016

Figure 8.3 : AAQ status of PM10 at Open Cast Mines and in the Study Areas of M/s SCCL
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The air pollution control measures taken up at M/s SCCL with respect to dust and gaseous pollutant in the
project site are described below:
Dust Control Gaseous Pollution Control Measures

Water spraying along haul roads and coal
t Regular maintenance of Heavy Earth Moving
t
transport routes are being done to keep the Machinery and other vehicles is being done to
road surface wet and to reduce the dust rising due reduce vehicular emissions. Tuning of engine
to movement of vehicles and wind. is taken up as per the recommendations of
All drill machines have been provided with dust
t Vehicle manufacturer.
collectors, dust disposal arrangement and wet In pit crusher is established in the quarry and
t
drilling arrangement. coal is being transport by the belt for a length
Road leading to project is being black topped, pot
t of 1.5 km to avoid dumpers movement in
holes being repaired regularly order to reduce vehicular pollution.
3 tiers Plantation along the roads has been
t All employees are being provided with LPG
t
undertaken up for dust control along the roads cylinders to prevent burning of coal/wood.
and also thick green belt along mine boundary. Delay action detonators are being used by
t
Speed of the vehicles is controlled to minimize
t adopting control blasting technique to
dust generation. mitigate gaseous emission.
Proper loading of the Lorries and also covering
t Separate coal stockyard is provided.
t
the coal Lorries with tarpaulins to avoid coal Dumping of coal at mine surface is practically
spillage along the road. negligible.
Control blasting technique is being adopted with
t To avoid spontaneous heating of coal wetting
t
delay action non-electrical detonators to control is being practiced at coal being practiced at
ground vibrations, noise, dust and also gases coal benches and coal stocks.
emissions.
Rock breaker is being used for the boulders to
t
avoid secondary blasting to control noise and dust
from blasting.
Mist spray and dry fog dust suppression system is
t
provided and maintained in CHP at all transfer
points, crusher plant and loading/un loading
points etc.
Source:M/s.SCCL email dated 20 th August,2016.
8.19 Regulatory system for Environment aspects

8.19.1 Pre mining requisite for grant of lease
Approved mining plan is a pre-requisite for safety, scientific and eco-friendly mining operations at

the time of grant, contains a Progressive mine closure plan and a final mine closure plan.
Mining Plans contain Baseline Information on Environment Impact Assessment and

Environmental management.
Approved EIA & EMP plans by MoEFCC are pre-requisite.

Environment clearance (EC) as per the notifications issued by MoEFCC in tune with

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 from time to time.
Consent for Establishment and Consent for Operation(CFO) from State Pollution Control Board.
A deposit/bank guarantee taken for post mining reclamation.

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8.19.2 - During the mining

The concerned authorities monitor the mining & Environmental parameters in a safety, scientific and eco-
friendly manner as per approved mining/environmental plans Implementation of Progressive Mine
Closure Plan.
8.19.3. Post Mining
It is mandatory liability of the lease holder to implement the approved mine closure plan (MCP).
8.19.4 Mine Closure Plan
Refilling of the pits with materials such as gravel, which may be part of overburden or mine-waste
or any other earthly material brought from elsewhere.
Utilization of the worked-out pits for other activity linked to the public utility.
Abandoned stone quarry pits may be a source for storage of water, to mitigate the drought
situations in nearby areas for potable and agriculture/industrial purpose depending on
water quality.
The mined out pits shall be transformed into water harvesting structures/Ponds/
Drinking water Tanks/ Amusement parks for water sports, eco-tourism and allied
activities etc.
It is also suggested for afforestation and green belt around the mines/quarries by
involving local community.
8.20 Biological Reclamation in Gouthamkhani Open Cast Project of SCCL: A Case Study
M/s SCCL successfully reclaimed the external dumps through bio-engineering methods for conservation of
soil and moisture efficiently at the Gautham Khani opencast project. Systematic planning resulted in
improved soil fertility of the mine spoil, enhanced survival rate, controlled soil erosion, improved natural
re-generation of forest species, accelerated ecological rebuilding processes. These effectively resulted in
successful ecological restoration of the OB dumps starting from Zero microbial activity to the migration of
tertiary animals of the food chain to the reclaimed areas.
A Case Study on Biological Reclamation in

Gouthamkhani Open Cast Project of SCCL
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Biological Engineering …
Biological Engineering Techniques
Engineering Biological
Top soil management Macro treatment
Preserving Protectionof area
Mounds on top of decks Introduction of pioneers
Layer on the slopes Planting suitable native
Species
Terracing Micro treatment
Slope VAM
Decksize Rhizobium
Azatobactor
Vermicompost
SMCworks Vegetative barriers
Toe walls Agave
Gabions Babool
Rockfilled dams Henna
Cribs Vetiveria
Garland canals Ipomea
7
Chp.8
Treatment of slope with Stylosanthus hemata
Before After
Top
Greenbelt Development Soil Moisture Conservation CCPTs
• Continuous Cattle Proof

• Block Plantation Trenches (CCPTs)
• OB Plantation • Staggered Contour Trenches
• Avenue Plantation (SCTs)
RFDs
• Rock Fill Dams (RFDs)
• Homestead Plantation
• Check Dams
• Institutional Plantation Avenue plantation
• Percolation Tanks(PT)
• Plantations in
adjoining degraded • Contour Ploughing(CP)
PT
Forest Lands • Inter Ploughing
• Free distribution of
saplings to the farmers CP
Check Dams
Bamboo Plantation 20
Source : M/s SCCL e-mail-dated: 6th August, 2016
8.21 Policy Initiatives

Considering the recession in the domestic & international market and with an overall view to
encourage Granite Industry in the State, the Telangana Government, announced concession in the
levy of seigniorage fee with respect to Granite cutting & polishing units and Limestone slabs
polishing units in the State.
Ministry of Mines, GoI declared (31) major minerals as minor minerals. Accordingly, State
Government is formulating amendments to the existing Minor Mineral Concession Rules for
regulation of minor minerals including newly added (31) minor minerals.
In the light of New State of Telangana and recently enacted Mines & Minerals (Development &
Regulation) Amendment Act 2015 and related Rules, the State Government is considering the
priorities for development of mineral sector and formulating 'State Mineral Policy' with special
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focus on swift clearances, speedy grant of mineral concessions with prioritization for captive
industry; incentives as applicable under TS-iPASS (new Industrial Policy); good infrastructural
facilities; pronouncing entrepreneur friendly initiatives; emphasis on environmental aspects;
initiatives for conservation of minerals & waste management; identification & assistance in
establishing auxiliary/ancillary industry for better utilization of by-products generated from
mining & mineral industry etc. The 'Telangana State Mineral Policy' will be announced very shortly.
The State Government introduced 'Online Mineral e-payment & e-permit System' facilitating
payment of statutory amounts, filing, processing, issue of dispatch permits & generation of transit
forms (way bills) by leaseholders through user friendly online service totally avoiding manual
interface.
In the light of urbanization in and around major cities, the State Government introduced new
concept of 'Mining Zones' away from habitation. It has already declared a 'Mining Zone' in Ranga
Reddy District for extraction of building stone & road metal. More areas are being identified for
declaring as 'Mining Zones'.
The Govt. introduced One Time Settlement (OTS) Scheme for payment of penalty of Seigniorage fee
on the consumption of Minor Minerals in construction activity
The Govt. introduced the New Sand Mining Policy-2014 for the State of Telangana for proper
regulation of sand activity in the State by entrusting sand extraction to Telangana State Mineral
Development corporation (TSMDC) and to avoid over exploitation and conduct of operations
through systematic extraction with due protection to environment and disposal through
establishment of stockyards at prices fixed by the Govt. and to curtail the middlemen.
Payment of Environment Impact Fee @ Rs.3/- per Square feet for buildings above 10,000 Square
feet of built up area, as per approved plan by Competent Authority.
8.22 Key challenges
Telangana state has rich mineral wealth and present production is limited to Coal, Limestone, Dolomite,
Quartz, Feldspar and Building stones. However, there is a substantial scope for exploration and
exploitation of other minerals like Copper associated base metal Sulphides, Gold and Diamond in the state.
The challenges like lack of exploration for resource evaluation of mineral deposits limited the overall
investment in mining in the state for the past few decades. The recent Uranium mineral discovery in
Nalgonda district should be properly developed in an eco-friendly manner as of future source of power.
8.22.1 Recommended actions and good practices
Though biodiversity is at threat, due to mining, the affect can be minimized through sustainable
development framework.
Sand mining in patta lands located in the midst of the river shall be restricted.
A comprehensive progressive/final mine/quarry closure plan and its implementation for
reclamation of mined- out areas shall be enforced to restore the flora and fauna.
Mining waste over and above the requirement for mine/quarry closure shall be utilized for building
material.
The utilization of Fly ash generated by thermal power plants shall be as per MoEFCC notifications
for manufacture of building materials (Ex-Flyash bricks, Tiles etc.), Cement and for back Filling of
the mined-out areas as part of reclamation. Groundwater safety clearance is a must.
The environment management plan shall envisage the discharge of water from mines without
linking to the existing rivers/channels/rivulets to prevent water pollution.
The abandoned mines or quarries shall be utilized as per the requirement. It can be converted into
landscape, parking lot, pisciculture or any other allied activity.
Mined-out areas shall be a source for water storage or water harvesting pits.
Chp.8

Effective steps enforcing Consent for Operation (CFO) issued by State Pollution Control Board.
Effective implementation progressive/final mine/quarry closure for reclamation of mined-out
areas.
The Corporate Social Service (CSR) activity or the implementation of Pradhan Mantri Khanij
Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY) a part of District Mineral Foundation shall take care of regular
health check for miner’s neighborhood villages and others associated with mining and quarrying.
Crushed sand stone, occurring as overburden shall be used for filling the underground water.
Bibliography:
1. Department of Mines and Geology

2. P.Ramachandra Phani, Mineral Resources of Telangana State, India: the Way Forward
International Journal.
3. M/s.SCCL e-mail dated: 20 th August 2016
4. M/s.SCCL e-mail dated: 6 th August 2016
Chp.8

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Ministry of Environment, Forest &

Climate Change, Govt. of India

“The World has enough for everyone’s need, but

Era Super group Group Intrusive Lithology

State of Environment Report, Telangana - 2015

Peninsular Gneissic Karimnagar Granulites Migmatites (bonded gneisses, garnet-ferrous

Complex (2550-2660 Ma) quartzo-feldspathic gneisses, hypersthene-

Peninsular Gneissic Peninsular Gneiss-I Aplite, Quartz veins, pegmatite granite,

Older Metomorphics Garnet-Biotite schist/gneisses, biotite-

State of Environment Report, Telangana - 2015

Geological Succession of Meso to Neo-proterozoic Rocks of Telangana

Geological Succession of Phanerozoic Rocks of Telangana

QUAT ERNARY Holocene Deccan Traps Sahyadri Alluvium and Soil

Late Cretaceous Gondwana Upper Chikiala

8.3 Mineral Resources of Telangana State

Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana.

Iron ore Adilabad Chityal (19°04 78° 48'), 16 million tonnes

Category Mineral/Metal District Location Reserves/Grade Economic Uses

State of Environment Report, Telangana - 2015

Mahboobnagar Virabhadradurgam, Bollaram (16 ° 04’ 78°26') Unavailable.

Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol.3, Issue 8, August, 2014.

State of Environment Report, Telangana - 2015

39’78° 39), Kanpa, Narala (19° 44’78° 36’), Chanda,

Khammam Tadepalle (17° 14’ 80° 37' ) Glass grade

Table 8.3. Radioactive mineral resources of Telangana State.

Table 8.4 Mineral Geographical Distribution & Utilization Telangana

Barytes Khammam, Mahabubnagar Drilling, Paints, Filler in Tyres, Rubber

Table 8.5 Mineral Based Industries

Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana

Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana

8.7 Mineral Deposits

Table 8.6 Granite Varieties of Telangana

Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana

8.8 Mineral Production and Value

Table 8.7 Mineral Production and Value (Rs. in 000)

Source: Department of Mines and Geology, Telangana

S. No. District 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

8.10 Growth of Revenue from Mineral Resources

*- Including revenue from coal of Rs.400/- Crores was not received

8.11 Sand Mining: Present Status & Challenges

Heavy Metal Contamination

1 RM&BS August 2011 Warangal 2 persons Due to explosive Fatal

Removal Contact pH Iron Sulphate

8.16 Health Impacts

Source: M/s SSCL email dated 20th August, 2016

PM 10 STD: 250 µg/m3

PM 10 STD: 300 µg/m3

250 PM 10 STD: 250 µg/m3

Source: M/s SCCL e-Mailed dated: 20th August ,2016

Dust Control Gaseous Pollution Control Measures

8.19 Regulatory system for Environment aspects

8.19.2 - During the mining

A Case Study on Biological Reclamation in

Treatment of slope with Stylosanthus hemata

Greenbelt Development Soil Moisture Conservation CCPTs

• Continuous Cattle Proof

Source : M/s SCCL e-mail-dated: 6th August, 2016

8.21 Policy Initiatives

1. Department of Mines and Geology

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