Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

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FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at
Subscribers’ Premises
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Printed by
REGIONAL TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE
Thiruvananthapuram – 695 040

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 1

 INDEX

SL No. TOPIC Page No.

1 Fiber To The Home 1

2 FTTH Optical Link Design 17

Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’

3 22
Premises

4 Optical Measuring Instruments and Tools 40

5 ONU specification and configuration 47

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 2

 Chapter 1

Fiber To The Home

Today, majority of broadband connectivity is offered through Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL), Cable Modem and to the limited extent with Wireless technology. FTTH provides
enormous bandwidth and long reach offering multi-play services (Data, Voice, Video etc.) on
a single fiber. FTTH is future proof solution for providing add-on services such as Video on
demand, Online Gaming, HDTV etc.

Growing demand for high speed internet is the primary driver for the new access
technologies which enable experiencing true broadband. Today’s, there is an increasing
demand for high bandwidth services in market around the world. However, traditional
technologies, like Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem technologies, commonly
used for “broadband access,” which have access speeds to the order of a megabit per second,
with actual rates strongly dependent on distance from the exchange (central office) and
quality of the copper infrastructure, can not fulfill today’s customer demand for bandwidth
hungry applications such as high-definition TV, high-speed Internet access, video on demand,
IPTV, online gaming, distance learning etc. Amongst various technologies, the access
methods based on the optical fiber has been given extra .emphasis keeping into long term
perspective of the country. It has many advantages over other competing access technologies
of which ‘Being Future Proof’ and providing ‘True Converged Network’ for high quality
multi-play are the salient ones. The stable and long term growth of Broadband is, therefore,
going to be dependent on robust growth of fiber in the last mile.

However, for providing multi-play services (voice, video, data etc.) and other
futuristic services fiber in the local loop is must. The subscriber market for multi-play is large
and growing and includes both residences and businesses. Businesses need more bandwidth
and many of the advanced services that only fiber can deliver. All view Multi- Play as a
strong competitive service offering now and into the future and are looking at fiber as the
way to deliver. Optical fiber cables have conventionally been used for longdistance
communications. However, with the growing use of the Internet by businesses and general
households in recent years, coupled with demands for increased capacity, the need for optical

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 3

fiber cable for the last mile has increased. A primary consideration for providers is to decide
whether to deploy an active (point-to-point) or passive (point-tomultipoint) fiber network.
Fiber To The x (FTTx)
Today, fiber networks come in many varieties, depending on the termination point: building
(FTTB), home (FTTH), curb (FTTC) etc. For simplicity, most people have begun to refer to
the fiber network as FTTx, in which x stands for the termination point. As
telecommunications providers consider the best method for delivering fiber to their
subscribers, they have a variety of FTTx architectures to consider. FTTH, FTTB,and FTTC
each have different configurations and characteristics.
FTTH (Fiber To The Home):
FTTH is now a cost-effective alternative to the traditional copper loop. “Fiber to the Home”
is defined as a telecommunications architecture in which a communications path is provided
over optical fiber cables extending from an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) unit located in
central office (CO) connects to an Optical Network Terminal (ONT) at each premise. Both
OLTs and ONTs are active devices. This communications path is provided for the purpose of
carrying telecommunications traffic to one or more subscribers and for one or more services
(for example Internet Access, Telephony and/or Video-Television). FTTH consists of a single
optical fiber cable from the base station to the home. The optical/electrical signals are
converted and connection to the user’s PC via an Ethernet card. FTTH is the final
configuration of access networks using optical fiber cable.

Fig. 1 FTTH Configuration

FTTB (Fiber To The Building):

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 4

“Fiber to the Building” is defined as a telecommunications architecture in which a
communications path is provided over optical fiber cables extending from an Optical Line
Terminal (OLT) unit located in central office (CO) connects to an Optical Network Unit
(ONU at the boundary of the apartment or office or building enclosing the home or business
of the subscriber or set of subscribers, but where the optical fiber terminates before reaching
the home living space or business office space and where the access path continues to the
subscriber over a physical medium other than optical fiber (for example copper loops).

Fig. 2 FTTB Configuration

FTTB regarded as a transitional stage to FTTH. By introducing fiber cables from the fiber
termination point to the home living space or business office space FTTB can be converted to
full FTTH. Such a conversion is desirable as FTTH provides better capacity and longevity
than FTTB. Optical fiber cable is installed up to the metallic cable installed within the
building. A LAN or existing telephone metallic cable is then used to connect to the user.
FTTC (Fiber To The Curb):
A method of installing optical fiber cable by the curb near the user’s home. An optical
communications system is then used between the ONU installed outside (such as near the
curb or on Street Cabinet) from the installation center. Finally, copper cable is used between
the ONU and user.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 5

Fig.3 FTTC Configuration

Why FTTH?

FTTH is a true multi-service communications access which simultaneously handles several

phone calls, TV/video streams, and Internet users in the home/office. There are several
advantages of deploying FTTH over other traditional access technologies as given below:
• FTTH provides end-users with a broad range of communications and entertainment
services, and faster activation of new services.
• Competition is beginning to offer a “multi-play” (i.e., voice, video, data etc) bundle.
• FTTH provides Service Provider’s with the ability to provide “cutting edge” technology and
“best-in-class” services.
• Deploying a fiber optic cable to each premise will provide an extraordinary amount of
bandwidth for future services.
• FTTH provides carriers with an opportunity to increase the average revenues per user
(ARPU), to reduce the capital investment required to deliver multiple services, and to lower
the costs of operating networks
• FTTH provides the community in which it’s located with superior communications which
enhance the efficiency of local business and thus deliver economic advantage for the
community.
• Around the world FTTH is viewed as strategic national infrastructure similar to roads,
railways, and telephone networks.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 6

Technology Options for FTTH Architecture:
When deciding which architecture to select a provider has many things to consider including
the existing outside plant, network location, the cost of deploying the network, subscriber
density and the return on investment (ROI). At present different technology options are
available for FTTH architecture .The network can be installed as an active optical network, or
a passive optical network (PON).
Active Optical Network
The active optical network implementation is known as the “Active Node” and is simply
described as a “point-to-point” solution. Subscribers are provided a dedicated optical fibre
cable and the distribution points are handled by active optical equipment. These active
architectures have been setup as either “Home Run Fiber” or “Active Star Ethernet”.
Home Run Fiber (Point-to-Point) Architecture
A Home Run Fiber architecture is one in which a dedicated fiber line is connected at the
central office (CO) to a piece of equipment called an Optical Line Terminator (OLT). At the
end user location, the other side of the dedicated fiber connects to an Optical Network
Terminal (ONT). Both OLTs and ONTs are active, or powered, devices, and each is equipped
with an optical laser The Home Run fiber solution offers the most bandwidth for an end user
and, therefore, also offers the greatest potential for growth. Over the long term Home Run
Fiber is the most flexible architecture; however, it may be less attractive when the physical
layer costs are considered. Because a dedicated fiber is deployed to each premise, Home Run
Fiber requires the installation of much more fiber than other options, with each fiber running
the entire distance between the subscriber and the CO.

User’s Premise

Point To Point

CO

Fig. 4 Home Run Fiber (Point-to-Point) architecture

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 7

Active Star Ethernet (Point-to-Multi Point) Architecture
Active Star Ethernet (ASE) architecture is a point-to-Multi-point architecture in which
multiple premises share one feeder fiber through a Ethernet switch located between the CO
and the served premises.
User’s Premise

P2M Switched
Ethernet
CO

Fig. 5 Active Star Ethernet (ASE) architecture

With Active Star Ethernet (ASE) architecture, end users still get a dedicated fiber to their
location; however, the fiber runs between their location and Ethernet switch. Like Home Run
Fiber, subscribers can be located as far away from the Ethernet switch and each subscriber is
provided a dedicated “pipe” that provides full bidirectional bandwidth. Active Star Ethernet
reduces the amount of fiber deployed; lowering costs through the sharing of fiber.
Passive Optical Network (Point-to-Multipoint) Architecture
A Passive Optical Networks (PON) is based on the premise of a point-to-multipoint
architecture. Passive Optical Network is essentially a cost effective optical fiber based access
system for providing multi-play (voice, video, data etc) services, being rolled out by BSNL
shortly, to both business and residential customers. A Passive Optical networks (PON) use
optical fiber and optical power splitters to connect the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the
local exchange (CO) to the subscriber’s Optical Network Unit (ONU) on his premises.
Passive splitters are located downstream from the CO and can split the fiber signal up to 32
or more times over a maximum distance of 10-20 km. This means that the bandwidth is split,
or shared, between users as well. The architecture is called passive because all splitters and
intermediate equipment located between the CO and the ONT is passive; that is, it has no
active electronics and therefore does not need separate power. This approach greatly
simplifies network operation & maintenance, and reduces the cost. Another advantage is that
much less fiber is required than in point-to point topologies.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 8

Active FTTx Passive FTTx
Optoelectronics No electronics Only a glass splitter
Lasers No lasers
Receivers No receivers
Power supply No power supply
Batteries No batteries
Equipment racks No equipment racks
Environmental control No environmental control

Active FTTX Passive FTTx

There are two common splitter configurations are being used for PON architecture i.e.
centralized and the cascaded approaches
A. Centralized Splitter Approach
In Centralized Splitter Approach typically uses a 1x32 splitter in an outside plant
enclosure, such as a fiber distribution terminal. In the case of a 1x32 splitter, each device is
connected to an OLT in the central office. In this approach, optical splitters are concentrated
in a single location from which all customer’s optical network terminals (ONTs) at 32 homes
are connected.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 9

 Splitter Splitter

1X32 1X32

Central Office

Fig. 7 Centralized Splitter Approach

Cascaded Splitter Approach
A cascaded split configuration results in pushing splitters deeper into the network as shown in
fig.6. Passive Optical Networks (PONs) utilise splitter assemblies to increase the number of
homes fed from a single fibre. In a Cascaded PON, there will be more than one splitter
location in the pathway from central office to customer. Currently, standard splitter formats
range from 1 x 2, 1 x 4, 1 x 8, 1 x 16 and 1 x 32 so a network might use a 1 x 4 splitter
leading to a 1 x 8 splitter further downstream in four separate locations. Optimally, there
would eventually be 32 fibers reaching the ONTs of 32 homes.

1X16
1X8
1X2
Splitters
Splitters

1X4 1X2
1X4 1X16

Central Office

Fig.8 Cascaded Splitter Approach

There are several “flavors” of PON technology, i.e. new access technology named APON
(ATM Passive Optical Network), BPON (Broadband Passive Optical Networking), EPON

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 10

(Ethernet Passive Optical Networking) and GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Networking)
which delivers gigabit-per-second bandwidths while offering the low cost and reliability.

APON
ATM PON (APON) was standardized by the ITU in 1998 and was the first PON standard
developed. It uses ATM principles as the transport method and supports 622 Mbps
downstream services and 155 Mbps upstream service shared between 32-64 splits over a
maximum distance of 20 km.
BPON
Shortly after APON, Broadband PON (BPON) followed and is very similar to APON. BPON
also uses ATM, but it also boasts superior features for enhanced broadband services like
video. BPON has the higher performance numbers then APON pre-splitting maximum of 1.2
Gbps downstream and 622 Mbps upstream.
EPON
The IEEE standardized Ethernet PON (EPON) in the middle of 2004. It uses Ethernet
encapsulation to transport data over the network. EPON operates at rates of 1.25Gbps both
downstream and upstream (symmetrical) over a maximum reach of 20 Kms
GPON
Gigabit PON (GPON) is the next generation of PON’s from the line of APON and BPON.
The ITU has approved standard G.984x for it. GPON will support both ATM and Ethernet
for Layer 2 data encapsulation so is clearly an attractive proposition. It supports 2.5 Gbps
downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream.

GE-PON A-PON/B- G-PON

PON
LineRate(Downstream) 1.25G 155M, 1.2G 1.2G,
622M 2.4G,
Basic protocol MPCP ATM GFP
Line code 8B/10B Scrambled Scrambled
NRZ NRZ
Protocol Standard 802.3ah ITU-T ITU-T
G.983.1 G.984.1

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 11

OLT/ONU OAM standard 802.3ah ITU-T ITU-T
G.983.2 G.984.2
Security standard Vendor ITU-T ITU-T
agreement or G.983.1 G.984.1
802.1
DBA Standard N/A ITU-T ITU-T
G.983.4 G.983.4
Redundant protection standard N/A ITU-T ITU-T
G.983.5 G.983.5
System management support N/A ITU-T ITU-T
standard G.983.6 G.984.4
ITU-T
G.983.7
ITU-T
G.983.8
Analog Video service WDM overlay WDM WDM
overlay overlay
Ethernet Native Ethernet Ethernet GFP
over ATM
E1/T1/E3/T3 service TDMoE CBR CBR
POTS service VoIP VoATM DS0
FOR
GEPON Optical Feature GPON Optical Feature
Optical fiber: Single mode (SMF) Optical fiber: Single mode (SMF)
Connector: SC connector Connector: SC connector
Optical loss budget: up to 29dB Optical loss budget: up to 29dB
Max split/OLT port: up to 32/64 (reach Max split/OLT port: up to 64 (reach up
up to 20/10km) to 15km)
PON link data rate: 1.25Gbps PON link data rate: Up stream
symmetrical 2.5Gbps, down stream 1.25Gbps
Wavelength: Tx: 1490nm, Rx: 1310nm Wavelength: Tx: 1490nm, Rx: 1310nm,
RF overlay wavelength: 1550nm RF overlay wavelength: 1550nm

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 12

 GEM Mode only
Downstream/Upstream Forward Error
Correction (FEC)

PON Architecture:
The key interface points of PON are in the central office equipment, called the OLT for
optical line terminal, and the CPE, called ONU for optical network unit (for EPON) and ONT
for optical network terminal (for GPON). Regardless of nomenclature, the important
difference between OLT and ONT devices is their purpose. OLT devices support
management functions and manage maximum up to 128 downstream links. In practice, it is
common for only 8 to 32 ports to be linked to a single OLT in the central office. On the other
hand the ONT (or ONU) devices in the CPE support only their own link to the central office.
Consequently, the ONT/ONU devices are much less expensive while the OLTs tend to be
more capable and therefore more expensive.
1. OLT: The OLT resides in the Central Office (CO). The OLT system provides
aggregation and switching functionality between the core network (various network
interfaces) and PON interfaces. The network interface of the OLT is typically connected to
the IP network and backbone of the network operator. Multiple services are provided to the
access network through this interface,.
2. ONU/ONT: This provides access to the users i.e. an External Plant / Customer
Premises equipment providing user interface for many/single customer. The access node
installed within user premises for network termination is termed as ONT. Whereas access
node installed at other locations i.e. curb/cabinet/building, are known as ONU. The
ONU/ONT provide, user interfaces (UNI) towards the customers and uplink interfaces to
uplink local traffic towards OLT.
3. PON: Distributed or single staged passive optical splitters/combiners provides
connectivity between OLT & multiple ONU/ONTs through one or two optical fibers. Optical
splitters are capable of providing up to 1:64 optical split, on end to end basis. These are
available in various options like 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32 and 1:64.
4. NMS: Management of the complete PON system from OLT.
 One OLT serves multiple ONU/ONTs through PON
 TDM/TDMA protocol between OLT & ONT

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 13

  Single Fiber/ Dual Fiber to be used for upstream & downstream
 Provision to support protection for taking care of fiber cuts, card failure etc.
 Maximum Split Ratio of 1:64
 Typical distance between OLT & ONT can be greater than 15Km (with unequal
splitting - up-to 35Km)
 · Downstream transmission I.e. from OLT to ONU/ONT is usually TDM
 · Upstream traffic I.e. from ONU/ONT to OLT is usually TDMA
 PON system may be symmetrical or asymmetrical
PON and fiber infrastructure can also be used for supporting any one way distributive
services e.g. video at a different wavelength PON is configured in full duplex mode in a
single fiber point to multipoint (P2MP) topology. Subscribers see traffic only from the head
end, and not from each other. The OLT (head end) allows only one subscriber at a time to
transmit using the Time Division Multiplex Access (TDMA) protocol. PON systems use
optical splitter architecture, multiplexing signals with different wavelengths for downstream
and upstream.

EPON & GPON Applications:

 Residential or Business Services
 High Speed Internet

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 14

  Transparent LAN Service
 Broadcast Video
 Multi-Play (Voice, Video, Data etc.)
 TDM Telephony
 Video on Demand
 On –line Gaming
 IPTV etc
User Categories
FTTH / FTTB Networks may deliver services to the following categories of users:
Residential refers to private users in their homes. Residential users may live in “MDU”
(multi-dwelling units such as apartments/condominiums) or “SFU” (single family dwelling
units such as stand-alone houses/villas/landed property).
Business refers to large (corporate), medium, and small (Small Business, Small Office Home
Office) business users. Businesses may occupy “MTU” (multi-tenanted units such as office
blocks/towers) or “STU” (single-tenanted units such as a stand-alone office building or
warehouse).

Active Network Elements in EPON

Active Electronic components of EPON consists of CO chassis and ONUs that are
located at both ends of the PON. The CO chassis is located at the service provider’s CO,
head end or POP and houses OLTs, network interface modules(NIM) and the switch Card
Module(SCM). The PON connects an OLT card to 64 ONUs, each located at a home,
business or MTU. The ONU provides customer interfaces for data, video and voice
services as well as network interfaces for transmitting traffic back to the OLT.
CO Chassis
The CO chassis provides the interface between the EPON system and the sevice
provider,s core data, video and telephony networks. The chassis also links to the service
provider’s core operations network through an element management system. (EMS).
WAN interfaces on the CO chassis will typically interface with the following types of
equipment.
 DCSs, which transport non switched and non locally switched TDM traffic to the
telephony network. Common DCS interfaces include digital signal(DS-1, E-1, STM-1 etc.
 Voice gateways, which transport locally switched TDM/voice traffic to the public
switched telephone network (PSTN)
 IP routers or ATM edge switches, which direct data traffic to the core data network.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 15

  Video network devices, which transport video traffic to the core video network.
 Key functions and features of the CO chassis include the following
 Multiservice interface to the core WAN
 Gigabit Ethernet interface to the PON
 Layer 2 and 3 switching and routing
 QoS issues service level agreements
 Traffic aggregation
 Houses OLT’s and SCM
Optical Network Unit
The ONU provides the interface between the customer’s data, video and telephony networks
and the PON. The primary function of the ONU is to receive traffic in an optical format and
convert it to the customer’s desired format (Ethernet, IP multicast, POTS, E1 etc.) A unique
feature of EPON’s is that, in addition to terminating and converting the optical signal, the
ONU’s provide Layer 2 and 3 switching functionality which allows internal routing of
enterprise traffic at the ONU. EPON are also well suited to delivering video services in either
CATV format using a third wavelength or IP video.
Key features and functions of the ONU include the following.
 Customer interfaces for POTS, E1, 100Base-T, IP multicast and dedicated wavelength
services.
 Layer 2 and 3 switching and routing capabilities.
 Provisioning of data in 64kbps increments upto 1Gbps
 Low start up costs and plug and play expansion
 Standard Ethernet interfaces eliminate the need for additional DSL or cable modems.
EMS
The EMS manages the different elements of the PON and provides the interface into the
service provider’s core operations network. Its management responsibilities include the
full range of fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security (FCAPS)
functions.
Key features and functions of the EMS include the following
 Full FCAPS functionality via a modern graphical user interface (GUI)
 Capable of managing dozens of fully equipped PON systems.
 Supports hundreds of simultaneous GUI users.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 16

 How Ethernet PON’s work

The key difference between EPONs and APONs is that in EPONs, data is transmitted in
variable-length packets packets of upto 1518 bytes according to the IEEE 802.3 protocol for
Ethernet, whereas in APONs, data is transmitted in fixed length 53 byte cells ( with 48 byte
payload and five byte overhead), as specified by the ATM protocol. So traffic using ATM
protocol is time consuming and creates onerous overhead that is commonly referred to as the
“ATM Cell tax”. Ethernet was tailor ,made for carrying IP traffic and dramatically reduces
the overhead relative to ATM.
GEPON uses Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Technology.
– Downstream Wavelength: 1490nm.
– 1550nm is optional downstream for Video broadcast.
– Upstream Wavelength: 1310nm.

OLT broadcasts packets to ONUs. ONU processes only on the packets labeled with its
Logical Link ID (LLID).
Note: OLT assigns the LLID to ONU upon successful registration.Upstream traffic is based
upon TDM technology. Each ONU is allowed to send packets only in its pre-assigned time
slots. The time slot is synchronized so that the upstream packets from one ONU will not be
interfered by other packets from other ONUs. In upstream direction, ONUs aggregate frames
and transmit them in a burst during a timeslot assigned by the OLT. In downstream direction,
ONUs selectively forward frames based on unique tag (Logical Link ID) Bandwidth
Assignment is done using request/grant mechanism. All grant and request messages are
Ethernet MAC Control frames All OAM messages are Ethernet frames.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 17

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 18
 Chapter 2

FTTH Optical Link Design

Specifications should be taken either from the manufacture specifications Here we will
discuss the link design of FTTH -GEPON of UTSTAR system as an example.

Component and Loss

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 19

1. Calculate the reach of the network diagram shown below
 Can the system reach 10 Km
 What is the maximum reach?

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 20

Down stream power budget =

Maximum Reach =

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 21

Up stream power budget =

Maximum Reach =

2. Calculate the reach of the network diagram shown below

 Can the system reach 10 Km
 What is the maximum reach?

Down stream power budget =

Maximum Reach =

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 22

Up stream power budget =

Maximum Reach =

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 23

 Chapter 3

Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’

Premises
BLOCK WIRING OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDING FOR FIBRE

1.0 SCOPE

There is growing need and demand to deliver end- to-end services in the wake of
similar offers from other telecom Service Providers and the need for quick delivery of
services. This is also beneficial as it enables timely delivery of services as residents move in.
In this scenario, it is pertinent to get standard wiring done up to the end point to deliver voice,
data and broadband services.
These specifications also include Fibre to the Home (FTTH) wiring, which may be
used where applicable based on GPON specs available as on date.
It is necessary to emphasize that it is not possible to spell a rigid methodology for
block wiring. Method of block wiring and the various arrangements necessary for the same in
a multistorey building may vary depending upon the size and the purpose for which the
building is being constructed and the various types of telecommunication services required.
Therefore this document may be used as general guideline since actual implementation may
vary depending upon type of building, requirement and many unforeseen situations e.g. at
which stage block wiring is undertaken (during construction or after construction), the
permission being given by builder/society/resident about the particular way/material to be
used etc. Even then, it is always preferable to have some broad guidelines whereas specifics
may be decided at site only with mutually agreed and feasible methodology.

2.0 DESCRIPTION

2.1. GENERAL

2.1.1. Smaller Buildings

While the question of providing internal conduit wiring for smaller buildings is
essentially one of laying conduits and junction boxes properly at suitable places, providing

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 24

block wiring in multi-storey buildings is more complicated. It requires the following
arrangements to be made:-
a. Leading in underground cable from the main road into the building.
b. Provision of sufficient space and arrangement for terminating the
underground cables and feeder cables to different floors.
c. Identification of vertical risers to take the feeder cables to different floors.
d. Arrangement for distribution of the cables in each floor through the conduits.
e. Making arrangement for wiring within the flat/shop, if required.
f. Shall have up to 32 connections

2.1.2. Big Multi storey Buildings

In a big multi-storey building with up to two risers sufficient attention should be paid
to the above points so as to draw the telephone cables smoothly. It is tentatively proposed
that we may insist on the following facilities to be provided:
a) Ducts with necessary inspection holes for leading in cable into the building.
b) Safe and conveniently accessible space for termination. If cables already laid
for each floor/flat etc then this place for termination of outside cable should be
just adjacent to the cables termination coming from different floors/flats so
that jumpering is possible neatly.
c) Identification of vertical cable riser if the number of floors in the building
exceeds 3, which in all likelihood be available in multi-storey buildings as it is
a mandatory requirement to get the sanction of building plan from concerned
local authority in most States.
d) Number of connection ranges from 32 to 48/96.

2.1.3. Large Multi storey Buildings

In case of large multi-storey buildings with multiple risers or for that matter
even in upcoming new houses wiring for telephone connections is generally done in a
concealed manner through conduits and proper entry points for Risers as Multi-storey
buildings are primarily intended for Commercial, Business and Office use as well as for
residential purposes and it is natural that Telecommunication facilities should be required to
be provided in such multi-storey building complex. These requirements are to be planned

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 25

well in advance so that suitable provisions are made in the building plan in such a way that
the demands for telecommunication services in any part of the building at any floor are met at
any time during the life of this building. If there is no pre-planned wiring, if wiring is
insufficient then wiring done afterwards will be a surface, unconcealed wiring. This can be
avoided if telephone wiring is planned and demand of telecom facility is forecasted liberally
and carried out as part of building construction, just like electrical wiring. Number of
connections expected more than 100, 19 inch racks FDF is preferable in this case.
2.2.
In the unlikely situation of risers not being provided, the cable may be brought to each
floor via Conduit/PVC pipe of suitable dimension. The ISI mark PVC pipe of required size /
diameter shall be fixed along the duct / shaft of the building or suitable The PVC pipe shall
be fixed on the wall / runway with proper clamps / saddles with a maximum spacing of 50
cms. The PVC pipe shall be drawn from the cellar / ground floor to the respective floors of
the building.
There may be situation, where no duct for cable lead-in has been provided
in the building. In such situation possibility should be explored for making any
feasible arrangement to bring the cable underground inside the building. Option of laying
overhead should be used only as the last alternative and as a temporary solution only till
underground arrangement is feasible.
2.3. If no concealed dedicated conduits with access on each bend are provided, then
rectangle channels may be used, so that there is no undue pressure on fibre and it can be
accessible easily for the distribution of fibres on each floor/ inside the flat/ shop, It is again
reiterated that in case of external wiring, exact type of conduit/ channel can be decided only
after keeping the look of the building and how well it can be integrated with it, the consent of
the owner/society. The surface shall be painted and brought to original finish. Now day’s
flexible conduits are also available in the market.
The standards can be made rigid, only after practically implementing the various
methods and there by pros and cons as the situation demands.
2.4. Cable Lead In:
Conduits of iron solid-drawn of lap weld with galvanized or stove enamel surface, in
the size ranges from 19mm to 64mm (19, 25, 31, 38, 51 and 64) may be used. Use of PVC
conduits of suitable sizes (ISI make) is desirable in view of their smooth inner surface. All
these conduits must have easily accessible inspection bends. One or two steel wires must be

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 26

drawn in these conduits to facilitate later pulling of optical fibre cables. Also, the TEC
specifications are available for 40mm &32 mm outer dia. The 96F/48F cables have outer
diameter of 18 mm. The pulling force does not exceed 2.5 Kg X Weight of the cable of 1 KM.
The OF Cable to the Multi Storey Building for FTTH may drawn as per the Planning
Guidelines of BSNL vide letter No.214-117/2000 TPL (CX) dated 31.01.01. Annexure V.
Before terminating the OF cable, the number of fibres to be dropped is planned and equal
number of many pigtails are spliced. The OF Cable termination is done either in basement or
ground floor as permitted by the Building authorities on TJB (OFTB) or Customer Premises
FDMS. The TJB dimensions are 50x29.5x9.5 Cms. Refer to Figure.7
3.0 METHOD OF INTERNAL BLOCK WIRING.

A. OPTICAL FIBRE TERMINATION

3.1. Laying Practice underground in customer premises as per the standard practice /
Norms as shown in Figure 1.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 27

 FIGURE 1

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 28

 FIGURE 2

3.2. For Optical Fibre Cable of Sizes 24F/48F/96F, Optical Cable leads into the
building / multistoried building using PLB ducts up to the entry point of the Premises /
Building and suction pipe (25 mm) from the entry point to the MDUB for termination /
distribution in Multi Dwelling Unit Box-Type-II (MDUB) as per TEC GR No. GR/FTB02/01
Sep 2005 at Ground floor / the space provided by the building authority for external cable
entrance. The MDUB should be mounted at a height of 2.5 meters. The

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 29

 optical fibre cable shall be routed at every bend with a minimum bending diameter of
20D (where D is the Cable diameter). The mounting of MDUB should have sufficient space
near its exit and entry holes. In case of 2F / 4F / 6F taken out from the MDUB, Patch cords /
Optical fibre cable shall be used for different floors as shown in figure 2. For more than 6
Fibres arrangement another MDUB shall be used to cater the requisite connections. Further
for higher fibre counts, Building Premises Box, as per GR for Fibre Distribution and
Management System (FDMS) for Ribbon type optical fibre cables (GR No. GR/FDM-02/01.
Jan 2001) may be used. The FDMS for Building Premises can be installed in the basement of
a building to act as distribution box as shown in figure 3.

FIGURE 3

The fibres of incoming cable shall be distributed into outgoing cables either by
directly splicing fibres of incoming cable to fibres of outgoing cables or patching the
incoming fibres to outgoing fibres as shown in Figure 3. The Optical fibre termination and
distribution box shall be mounted at a standard height of 2.5 meters to manage the fibre
management effectively. It should be properly covered with gasket sealing and should have
lock and key arrangement. The minimum bending diameter allowed for the fibre coils inside
the splice trays shall be at least 70 mm. The output cables i.e. Optical fibre cables (4F/6F)
laying through the riser of the multi storied building, lead distribution to each floor should be
routed using PVC Conduit with a minimum bending diameter.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 30

 3.3. There are two basic types of bends in fiber—micro bends and macro bends. As
the names indicate, micro bends are very small bends or deformities in the
fiber, while macro bends are larger bends (see the figure 4 below).

FIGURE 4

The fiber’s radius around bends impacts the fiber network’s long-term reliability and
performance. Simply put, fibers bent beyond the specified minimum bend diameters can
break, causing service failures and increasing network operations costs.
3.4. Optical fibre termination at each floor of the multi storey building using
Subscriber premises Box Type-I as per TEC GR No. GR/FTB-02/01 Sep
2005. The Subscriber premises Box should be type approved by Quality
assurance Circle, BSNL, Bangalore. The wall mounted Patch panel 6F Cable
is a typical arrangement of Optical fibre and Patch Cords as shown in Figure
5 & 6.

Wall Mounted Patch panel 6 F

FIGURE 5

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 31

 Patch cords laying leading to individual flats using splitter adjacent to Subscriber
premises Box depends upon the number of proposed connections.

FIGURE 6

3.5. Splitter: The splitter is a passive device which accepts one or two fibres and
gives out 2/4/8/16/32/64 optical outputs. The output of splitter is provided with SC-UPC
(Blue) type connectors.
This patch cord can be crimped in the field and the patch cord conforms to G-657
standards. This cable is available in coils of more than 100 meters. Hence, depending on the
floor length, the patch cord can be prepared at site.
If the number of flats in the building is 32 or less, the splitter can be installed
adjacent to TJB. This will not necessitate installation of multiple splitters in each floor. Care
should be taken to protect the splitter from moisture and dust. The typical losses of various
splitters are shown in Table –I.
TABLE -I

Sl.No Type of splitter Loss

1 2 4.0 dB
2 4 7.5 dB
3 8 11.0 dB
4 16 14.0 dB
5 32 18.0 dB
6 64 21.5 dB

Generally, the splitters are represented as (1,2x4), (1,2x8).

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 32

 1- indicates one input fibre
2- indicates two input fibres (Second fibre in protection
path) 3- indicates the number of outputs.
3.6. ONE FIBRE CAN BE GIVEN A MAXIMUM OF 32 SPLITS: If the number
of flats in the building is more than 32 in each floor, one fibre can be terminated in each floor,
and depending on the number of flats in each floor, suitable splitter can be provided in
each floor. As shown in Figure. 8, 9, 10. Link Budget shall be taken into
consideration as per existing norms.

GPON Optical Fibre Specification

■ Fibre Type: ITU G.652 from GLC to premise and ITU G.652 or G.657 in
premise
■ Single-mode fibre with zero-dispersion wavelength around 1310 nm
■ Minimum optical return loss: -40 dB
■ Maximum PON length: 20 km standard
3.7. In case of Fibre to the Home (FTTH) in the multi storey buildings, fibres
will be required to be laid to individual homes. The Fibre cable will be
brought to the basement/ ground floor or to the middle height of the
multistoried building (as per the requirement / demand / place value) / any
other suitable location of the building and from there OF cables of suitable
sizes will be drawn to each floor and terminated in the Fibre Distribution
Frame (FDF) (wall mounted and covered) in each floor. The splitters may be
used for utilizing the same fibre for multiple customers. The location of
splitter will depend on the total no. of fibre (i.e. no. of flats in the building
and of course on the characteristics of the splitter. There may be requirement
of only one splitter for the whole building if the building is small. If the no.
of flats in a multi-story are more, even we may have to plan more splitters
may be floor wise.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 33

 For the purpose of drawing of fibres, separate conduits should be insisted. If
conduits are concealed, then those parts of it should be accessible wherever
there is a bend, so that fibre cable can be drawn without damaging the fibre.
3.8.

a. Equipment Specification-Annexure-I

b. Permanently lubricated duct (PLB duct) specification-Annexure-II

c. Bending / Junction Specification-Annexure-III

d. Pigtail / Patch cord conduit / electrical shielding specification- Annexure-IV

3.9. CONCLUSION: The FTTH an access technology network through which

high speed data services are provided to the customer through Optical Fibre
up to his premises.
Also, it is deployment of triple play services through Optic fibre cable from
Central Office to Individual Home. This is the most reliable next generation
triple play network design in which each home is provided with separate fibre
optic.

Passive Optical Splitter (Wall Mounting)

Figure 7

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 34

 Dimensions 39 cmsx26.5cmsx7.5cms.
Port Count
■M x N where M representing the input ports can be 1 or 2, and N
representing the output ports can be 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64.
Environmental

■ The 1xN and 2xN passive optical splitters conform to the

environmental requirements specified for ‘B2’ category for QM-333 (issue
2-1998) BSNL QA document.

FTTH ARRANGEMENT FOR LESS THAN 32 FLATS (TJB &

SPLITTER IN G.FLOOR OR BASEMENT)

Figure 8

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 35

1: 32 SPLITTER FIBRE ARRANGEMENTS DONE IN FIELD

Figure 9

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 36

(FTTH ARRANGEMENT WITH TJB IN G.FLOOR &
SPLITTER IN EACH FLOOR)

Figure 10

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 37

 Annexure I

Equipment Specification

Type I Type-II
Material of Box Polycarbonate/Polypropylene Polycarbonate/Polypropylene
Typical installation Location Indoor Only Indoor / Semi Covered
Length (mm) (without entry ports, 150 240
glands etc) (+/- 2 mm)
Width mm (+/- 2 mm) 200 160
Depth (mm) (+/- 2 mm) 40 80
Incoming Cables 1X4F or 1X6F 1X 24F
Outgoing Cables None Up to 6 Cable (total no. fibres
not exceeding 24)
No. of Organizer trays 1 12
Maximum Patching Capacity 6 24
Cable entry Ports (Cable diameter6mm 1 7
to 14mm)
Pig tail / Patch cord exit Ports 1 None
Required No. X 3.0 mm diameter

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 38

 Annexure II

Permanently lubricated duct (PLB duct) specification

PLB duct 32 mm / PLB duct 40 mm / PLB duct 50 mm /

26 mm 33 mm 42 mm
Outside diameter 32 mm / 26 mm 40 mm / 33 mm 50 mm / 42 mm
Standard length 1000+/-100 meters 1000+/-100 meters 1000+/-100
meters
Maximum outer diameter of OF Cable 12 mm 16 mm 21 mm
can be installed by blowing technique

Note: Selection of duct size depend on the outside diameter of the O.F. Cable to be installed

Indoor Protection Size

Suction Pipe 25 mm
PVC Conduit / Casing Capping As per the requirement ( Normally 25 mm)

Annexure III

Bending / Junction Specification

Precautions to be taken Standard followed

Bending Diameter of OF Cable 20D where D is the Diameter of the OF Cable
Bending Diameter of Fibre 70 mm
Loss of an adapter taken into account = or < 0.10 dB
Type 2 Splitter 4.0 dB Loss
Type 4 Splitter 7.5 dB Loss
Type 8 Splitter 11.0 dB Loss
Type 16 Splitter 14.0 dB Loss
Type 32 Splitter 18.0 dB Loss
Type 64 Splitter 21.5 dB Loss

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 39

 Annexure IV

Pigtail / Patch cord conduit / electrical shielding specification

Subscribers fitting Standard followed
PVC Conduit As per the requirement (Normally 25 mm)
Casing Capping As per the requirement (Normally 25 mm)
Earthing To be checked at the Subscriber end

Annexure V

 Planning guidelines of BSNL vide Letter No. 214-117/2000 TPL (CX) Dated
31/01/2001 Annexure VI

Bend Insensitive Optical Fibre Cable

 G.657A fibre cable is for application in FTTH networks, and is compatible with
G.652 Fibre

Fiber Properties
Fibre Style Unit Single Mode
Condition Nm 1310/1550
Attenuation dB/Km 0.40/0.30
Dispersion 1550 nm Ps (nm * Km) </= 18
1625 nm Ps (nm * Km) </= 22
850 nm MHZ*Km
1330 nm MHZ*Km

Optical fibre Cable Structure

Fibre Count 1
Fibre Property Colour Original
OD 242 +/- 7um
Tight Buffered property White Environmental Protection PVC
OD 0.87 +/- 0.05 mm
Thickness 0.31 +/- 0.02mm
Outer Jacket Thickness 0.46 +/- 0.05 mm
Material Environmental Protection LSZH
OD 2.80-2.95 mm

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 40

Applications Units Notes
Temp Range Deg Centigrade -20Deg Cent to + 70
Deg Cent
Nominal weight g/m 7.3
Min. Bending radius (mm) Dynamic mm 20H
Min. Bending radius (mm) Static mm 10H
Max. Tension (N) Short-term N 150
Max. Tension (N) Long-term N 80
Max. Crushing Resistance (N/100 Sq mm) N/100 Sq mm 500

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
IS Indian Standards
ISO International Standard Organizations
ITU International Telecommunication Union
FTTH Fibre to the Home
GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network
EI engineering Instructions
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
FDMS Fibre Distribution and Management System
MDUB Multi Dwelling Unit Box
SPB Subscriber Premises Box
PLB Duct Permanently Lubricated duct
FDF Fibre distribution Frame
OFTDB Optical fibre termination and distribution Box
BP building Premises
OF Optical Fibre
TQA Telecom Quality Assurance
QM Quality Manual
TEC Telecommunications Engineering Centre
TJB Termination Joint Box
GR Generic requirements
Kg Kilogram
Sq cm Square Centimeter

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 41

 Chapter 4

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

Object :

Principle of operation of Optical Time Domain Reflectometer. Fault location, Fibre,

connector and splice loss measurement by OTDR.

Principle of operation of OTDR

OTDR is based on the principle of back scattering of light. Back scattering results from
Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflections. Rayleigh scattering is caused by refractive
displacement due to density and compositional variations in the fibre. In a quality fibre, the
scattered light can be assumed to be evenly distributed with length. Fresnel reflections occur
because of changes in refractive index at connections, splices and fibre ends. A portion of the
Rayleigh scattered light and Fresnel reflected light reaches the input and as back scattered
light.
The OTDR technique consists of sending impulses to the fiber and measuring the time delay
and intensity of the backscattered signal. The backscatter effect occurs because of the same
reasons that we have attenuation on optical fiber, scattering. What happens is that some of the
light gets reflected back due to changes in the molecular density of the glass. Measuring this
light is equivalent to measuring fiber attenuation.
The structure of an OTDR is basically a light source to emit signal pulses and an optical
receiver connected to a data processing unit. The emitted signal is sent directly into the fiber
and the incoming reflection directed to the receiver by a beamsplitter. The light source is
synchronized with the receiver so that time delay between outgoing and incoming signals can
be measured.
Much like the radar principle, the intensity of the reflected signal depends on the fiber
attenuation and occasional bends, twists or splices. The time delay of the reflected signal is
related to the position of the fault in the fiber.
The result of an OTDR measure is a curve of reflected signal intensity versus time delay
whereas the curve slope corresponds to the attenuation coefficient. Discontinuities in the
curve indicate additional attenuation due to splices and peaks indicate large reflections,
possibly due to reflections on connectors.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 42

 Fig. 1 : OTDR BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure shows the schematic diagram of an OTDR. A short, high powered Pulse is injected
through the beam splitter into the fibre. The light is then back-scattered as it travels through
the fibre. The beam splitter directs the back scattered light to the photodetector. The
amplified output of the detector serves as the vertical input to the oscilloscope. Because the
power to the detector is extremely small, repeated measurements are made by the Electronics
of the OTDR, the SNR is improved by averaging the readings, after which the results are
displayed.
The OTDR screen displays time horizontally and power vertically. Fibre attenuation appears
as a line decreasing from the Input End of the fibre to the output end.

GENERAL WAVEFORM ANALYSIS BY OTDR:

The CRT waveform display, when measuring the splice and transmission losses of a fibre is
shown in figure. The horizontal axis is the distance equivalent to the transmission time that
actually corresponds to the fibre length.
The vertical axis represents reflected light power detected by the OTDR.
The first spike to the extreme left is caused by Fresnel reflection at the near-end connector.
The backscattered light indicates the fibre characteristics. For example, if the fibre is low loss
and the characteristics are homogenous along the entire fibre, the trace will be a straight line
falling along the horizontal axis.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 43

The gradient corresponds to the optical fibre loss. If there is a break or a connection along the
fibre, a Fresnel reflection will also appear as shown in Figure.
When a fibre with a spliced connection is measured, a spike similar to the type caused by a
break does not appear, although a step does appear. The step indicates the splice loss. If the
fibre is broken or the end of the fibre cable is detected, a large Fresnel reflection will appear.

Fig.2 : General Waveform Analysis

Both the input and the back scattered light attenuate over distance, so that detected signal
becomes smaller over time. A connector, splice fibre end or abnormality in the fibre appears
as an increase in power on the screen, since backscattering from Fresnel reflections will be
greater than back-scattering from Rayleigh scattering.
The quality of a splice can be evaluated by the amount of back scattering. Greater back
scattering means a higher loss splice.
Improvement in received power is possible by increasing pulse width at the expense of length
resolution. Back scattered signals are normally buried in noise because of their tiny
amplitudes. Special techniques are used to improve S/N of received signal in OTDR.
Whenever the optical pulse launched into the fibre encounters a transition in media, for
example, at a fibre ‘break’, connectors, splicing points and free fibre ends, reflection occurs
in addition to refraction. Depending upon the reflection coefficient at that point, the reflected
light is received back at the sending end of the fibre. This reflected light is typically 4 % of
incident light. Thus, the reflected light received at the sending has a much higher power level

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 44

as compared to back-scattered light, which is typically 50 dB lower than the incident optical
power. Resolution is determined by optical pulse width and the response time of the receiver.
Sharp lasers mey be used for very short pulse width but resolution is limited by response time
of high speed photodiode. It is possible to make resolution to be as small as few mm.
Sampling rate of 50 Mhz corresponds to resolution of 2 meters.
CONCEPT OF DEADZONE
Dead zones are related to the presence of reflections. Dead zone occurs when
reflected signal saturates the OTDR receiver. The dead-zone is the distance corresponding to
the initial length of fiber under test. whose trace is missed in OTDR, due to the saturation of
the receiver circuit of OTDR by strong signal like Fresnel reflection and due to imperative
property of this circuit that a certain time is lost in transforming the time into distance. The
back scattered signals received from the initial distance (dead zone) take too less a time to be
transformed into corresponding trace by the receiver circuit. The dead zone is the sum of
pulse-width and the distance corresponding to recovery time of the receiver circuit. The
smaller the pulse- width the smaller the dead zone.
Most OTDRs use a cursor to mark a horizontal point on the trace and display the
distance in terms of time and physical distance.
OTDR dynamic range is the difference between the initial backscatter level and the noise
level after 3 minutes of measurement time, expressed in db. Dynamic range and power losses
within the fibre system set the length possible before the back scattered light becomes too
weak to be detected. With typical low-loss fibre used in long distance telecommunication, the
OTDR can be used on lengths of 20 to 140 KM.
GHOST SPIKES

These spikes are caused by (1) large fresenal reflection, (2) wrong “Distance range “
selection. Ghost spikes can be eliminated by :
1. cleaning connectors and filling matching fluid.
2. selecting “distance range” twice the length of fiber under test.
3. set markers to avoid ghost spike or use 2PA method instead of LSA.
Uses of OTDR

Loss per unit length, splice and connector evaluation and fault location, are three field
uses of OTDR. These measurements are very important during installation and for system
maintenance.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 45

 OTDR measurements are used to evaluate the attenuation characteristics of a fiber.
These measures concern the attenuation coefficient, splice loss or plug connections allowing
the installer to determine with considerable precision what are the problems in a fiber and
where they are located.
1. Length of O.F.C Section
2. Distance up to the O.F.C. break point.
3. Loss in db/km. & Total Loss of O.F.C. Section
4. Nos. of splices in OFC Section & individual Splice Loss.
5. Connector Loss.
CORRECTION FACTOR
The correction factor is best determined by comparing a known cable length to the
corresponding fibre length as measured with the OTDR. This factor compensates for fibre
over length and OTDR variance. Below is the equation for calculating the correction factor.

CABLE LENGTH
CORRECTION FACTOR = --------------------------
FIBER LENGTH

CABLE LENGTH = FIBER LENGTH X CORRECTION FACTOR

Fault location using the correction factor (example)

1. From the route/cable plan, the distance between splice points # 2 and # 3 is
4782 m.
2. On the OTDR, the fiber distance to splice point # 2 is 11.612m. the fiber
distance to splice point 03 is 16.467m.
3. By subtracting, the fiber distance between splice points # 2 and # 3 is
calculated to be 4855m.
4. Correction factor = 4782/4855 = 0.985.
5. On the OTDR, the fiber distance from splice point # 3 to the fault is 2230m.

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 46

 6. Cable length = (2230) (0.985) = 2196m.
7. From the route/cable plan, the meter mark at splice point # 3 or the cable
section containing the fault is 0019m.
8. Fault location is calculated at meter mark: 0019 meter mark + 2196 meters =
2215 meter mark.
The MW9070A Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) has been developed for
finding faults in optical fibres when installing and maintaining optical fiber system. It can be
used to measure total loss, interval loss, splice loss and cable length (distance).
The automatic measurement procedure and the small lightweight portable design
make it very easy to use at field installation and maintenance of optical fibers. In addition, the
internal memory can save measured waveforms for subsequent analysis and print-out. The
MW9070A also has an interface for connecting a computer to process measurement results.
Faults are located and losses are measured automatically by just pressing the [Start]
key after setting the setting the measurement conditions at the Setup screens.

Trace Waveform
The trace waveform is displayed with the attenuation on the y-axis and the distance on
the x-axis. The left end of the trace display is the OTDR optical output and the right end is
the far end of the fibre cable. The symbol is displayed at faults in the cable.
Measurement Conditions

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 47

 Light Wavelength (), Distance Range (DR), Pulse width (PW), Index of Refraction
(IOR), Number of Averagings (Average)

Search Results
Total number of Faults (Total), Total Fiber Length (Fiber Length), Total Loss of
Entire Fibre (Total Loss)
Event Table
Number of Fault counted from Left (no.), Distance from OTDR(Position), Splice
Loss, Return (R.loss), Total Loss to the Fault (T.Loss).
Trace Waveform
The trace waveform is displayed with the attenuation on the y-axis and the distance on
the x-axis.
Measurement Conditions
Light Wavelength (), Distance Range (DR). Pulse Width (PW).
Index of Refraction (IOR). Number of Averagings (Average). Measurement Results

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 48

 CHAPTER-5
FTTH ONU Configuration

Alphion Make

Specifications
 Link Budget 28 dB
 Wavelength Upstream:1310 nm | Downstream: 1490 nm
 Line rate Upstream: 1.244 Gb/s | Downstream: 2.488 Gb/s
 Output power +0.5 to +5.0 dBm
 Sensitivity , overload -28 dBm,
-8dBm
 Connector SC/APC

Configuration steps

 BSNL Optical Fiber cable is directly connected to FTTH Modem and an Ethernet
cable from ONT is connected to PC or laptop.
 In ONT there are three LEDs Power, Fiber & Data which show the connection
status. Power and Fiber LEDs must be green and stable, and Data LED is in a
blinking state.
 IP address of your PC or Laptop should be selected as obtain IP address
automatically.
 Open Internet Explorer/ Chrome or any other browser
 Type 192.168.1.251 in address bar

FTTH Basics, Maintenance & Wiring at Subscribers’ Premises 49

 A pop-up window which will ask for FTTH modem username and password
 Username = root
 Password = admin
 Click on Network
 Click on WAN
 Put your connection’s FTTH username and password on this page
 User name = abXXXXXXXXX_zid@ftth.bsnl.in
 Password = XXXXXXXX
 Remember that Username & password is provided by BSNL.
 Click on Apply
 After few seconds Data LED on ONT will be stable. If it’s not getting stable recheck
the whole process or contact to BSNL.