COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT#4

SUBMITTED BY:
KINZA NISAR
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. ADNAN IFTIKHAR
REGISTRATION NUMBER:
FA15-BET-036
SECTION:
BET-7A
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
26TH December,2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 THEORY AND DESIGN OF FERROMAGNETIC
COMPONENT, KLYSTRON.

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 TYPES 1
1.3 CONSTRUCTION 1
1.4 WORKING 2
1.5 APPLICATIONS 2
1.6 ADVANTAGES 2
1.7 DISADVANTAGES 2

CHAPTER 2 DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF VACCUME TUBES

2.1 INTRODUCTION 3
2.2 TYPES 3
2.3 CONSTRUCTION 3
2.4 WORKING 4
2.5 APPLICATIONS 4
2.6 ADVANTAGES 4
2.7 DISADVANTAGES 4

CHAPTER 3 THEORY OF MAGNETRON

3.1 INTRODUCTION 5
3.2 TYPES 5
3.3 CONSTRUCTION 5
3.4 WORKING 6
3.5 APPLICATIONS 6
3.6 ADVANTAGES 6
3.7 DISADVANTAGES 7
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: KLYSTRON 1
Figure 2: VACCUM TUBE TRIODE 3
Figure 3: MAGNETRON 5
CHAPTER 1 THEORY AND DESIGN OF FERROMAGNETIC
COMPONENT, KLYSTRON.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Klystron is a vacuum tube. It is used as an amplifier for high frequencies or as a generator of
power. This is done by controlling the speed of electrons. The electrons vibrate at specific
frequency inside the tube in the absence of air to produce the energy. It is used as amplifier as
well as oscillator,

1.2 TYPES
 Two cavity Klystron
 Reflex Klystron
 Optical Klystron
 Floating drift tube Klystron
 Multicavity Klystron

1.3 CONSTRUCTION
Klystron consists of
 an electron gun
 a cathode filament
 and anode cavity
 and electrode at cathode potentia
l

Figure 1: KLYSTRON

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1.4 WORKING
The basic working principle of klystron is reflection and oscillations in a single cavity with a
variable frequency. The gun oscillator will produce a beam of electrons. This beam will flow
through a resonant cavity. These electrons are then excited by an electron gun into one end of the
tube. After passing through the resonant cavity they are replaced by a negative charge to pass
through the cavity. After this these electrons are composed.

1.5 APPLICATIONS
 Television transmitter
 Radar
 Particle accelerator
 Satellite

1.6 ADVANTAGES
 Higher efficiencies
 Easy replacement
 Long life
 No mutual coupling

1.7 DISADVANTAGES
 Narrow band device
 Cannot be used as receiver

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CHAPTER 2 DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF VACCUME TUBES

2.1 INTROCDUCTION
Vacuum tubes are used to control the flow of electric current between electrodes in an air free
container. Vacuum tube contains three electrodes, cathode, anode and a control grid.

2.2 TYPES
 Diode
 Triode
 Pentode
 Tetrode
 Cathode ray tube
 Magnetron
 Klystron
 Travelling wave tube

2.3 CONSTRUCTION
The vacuum tube that I am discussing is triode. It has a hot cathode electrode heated by a
filament. This filament releases electrons. These electrons are attracted to a anode. The anode
and cathode have a grid between them to control the current. All of this is sealed inside a glass
tube. It has a limited lifetime because filament eventually burns out.

Figure 2: VACCUM TUBE; TRIODE

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2.4 WORKING
The electrons are released from cathode into the tube by heating the cathode. This process of
heating the cathode is known as thermionic emission. The electrons flow from cathode to anode.
This flow of electron will produce current. This current is controlled by the voltage applied at the
grid. If the grid is strongly negative then the electrons going towards the plate i.e. anode will be
repelled by grid. This will reduce the plate current. Less plate current will make the grid
stronger. This condition is called cut off. Whereas when grid is positive it will attract more
electrons from the cathode. In this case more electrons will reach anode and this will increase the
anode current.

2.5 APPLICATIONS
 Television
 Radio
 Radar

2.6 ADVANTAGES
 Easily replaced
 Works at high temperature without any damage
 Produces superior sound quality

2.7 DISADVANTAGES
 Generated more heat
 High voltage is required for their operation
 Consume more power
 High cost
 Occupy more space

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CHAPTER 3 THEORY OF MAGNETRON

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The Magnetron is a vacuum tube. It is used to generate non consistent microwaves of high
power. It works as self-excited microwave oscillator based on the interaction between stream and
magnetic field, and direct current power. It has no grid that’s why it is a diode. It is known as the
“crossed-field” because it involves both magnetic and electric field in its working.

3.2 TYPES
 Negative resistance magnetron
They use the negative resistance between two anode segments. They have
low efficiency and are operated at low frequency.
 Cyclotron frequency magnetron
The simultaneity between the electric component and oscillating electron
is considered. They are used at frequencies mainly higher than 100MHz.
 Cavity type magnetron
These are used in radar applications. The interaction between electrons
and radial electro-magnetic field is considered.

3.3 CONSTRUCTION
Magnetron is a vacuum tube consisting two electrodes. It consists of a cathode placed at the
center of the chamber. This cathode releases the electrons. Surrounding this cathode are the
anode cavities. The anode cavities are spaced from the cathode at a distance and these spaces are
called interacting space. The permanent magnet is placed on the other side of the cathode. The
whole chamber is designed in a way that magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet is
perpendicular to the electric field of the cathode. At anode we use a coaxial line or waveguide to
get the output of magnetron. The electrons released by the cathode move in the different paths in
the interacting space. This path of electrons depends upon the magnetic and electric field applied
to the magnetron.

Figure 3: MAGNETRON

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3.4 WORKING
As we know that electrons released by cathode moves in different path in the interacting spaces
which depends upon the magnetic and electric field. There are three effects that magnetron will
face due to the applied fields.
1. Effect of Electric field:
In the absence of magnetic field the electron released from the
cathode moves directly to the anode. This is due to the radial
electric field acting on it.
In the presence moderate magnetic field, the field will apply force
on electrons, resulting in bending of their path.
If the flow of electrons is high, they will not reach the anode
making its current zero. At this point magnetic field is required to
get the electrons back to the cathode, that are on the anode moving
freely. This magnetic field is called critical magnetic field. If it is
smaller than the magnetic field then the electrons will experience
more rotational force and their flow back to cathode will be at a
fast rate. This process results in the heating of cathode.
2. Effect of magnetic field:
The magnetic field applied to magnetron is always perpendicular
to the electric field. This magnetic field applied to magnetron is
also known as axial magnetic field. This is the reason why
magnetrons are called “Cross Field” devices. If the magnetic field
is high, than the electrons released from the cathode will return to
it at a very fast rate. This will results in the heating of cathode
which will eventually destroy the cathode cavity.
3. Combine effect of both electric and magnetic field:
In the presence of both electric and magnetic field the electrons
will have random path depending upon the strength of electric and
magnetic field.
a. When electric field is greater than magnetic field the
electron will have a bending path towards the anode due to
the presence of small magnetic field.
b. When magnetic field is greater than the electric field the
electrons will return back to cathode.

3.5 APPLICATIONS
 Radar
 Microwave ovens
 Lighting systems such as Sulphur lamps and metal halide lamps

3.6 ADVANTAGES
 Efficient device
 Radars can be of good quality using the technology of magnetron

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3.7 DISADVANTAGES
 Costly due to which it is not used much.
 Frequency is not controllable to some extent
 Doesn’t give accurate signals
 Dangerous for health due to microwave radiations

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REFERENCES
 https://blog.oureducation.in/principle-and-operation-of-magnetrons-and-
twttravelling-wave-tube/
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microwave_engineering/microwave_engineering_ref
lex_klystron.htm
 https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/vacuum-tubes/vacuumtriode.html