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OPSOMMING INTRODUCTION
Uitkomsgebaseerde onderwys (UGO) word deur Education is aimed at creating teaching and learning
sommige as 'n paradigmaskuif in die onderwys ge- environments that would bring about desired changes
propageer. Die doel van die artikel is om hierdie in learners, whether to be more knowledgeable, better
aanspraak toe te lig teen die agtergrond van veral skilled or to influence their attitudes and values pos i-
vier onderrig- en leerbenaderings, naamlik doelwit- tively. The essence of teaching and learning is to
gerigte onderrig, bevoegdheidsgebaseerde leer, be- plan teaching events (contents, strategies, etc) and to
meesteringsleer, en kriteriumgerigte onderrig en as- ascertain to what extent learners have acquired the
sessering. intended competences.
Teen die agtergrond van die voorgemelde benade- Uncertainty about the desired learning outcomes and
rings word getoon dat UGO nie 'n paradigmaskuif failure to assess outcomes properly could end in a
meebring nie. UGO kan ten beste beskryf word as 'n situation where learners only attained pseudo-
eklektiese onderwysfilosofie wat op die beste ele- knowledge, pseudo-skills, pseudo-attitudes and
mente in hierdie onderwysbenaderings berus. Oor- pseudo-values. On completion of their studies these
eenkomstig die behoeftes en eise wat aan 'n nuwe learners are awarded a certificate inherently implying
demokratiese Suid-Afrika gestel word, is die elemen- that they have attained certain competences whereas
te egter in 'n visioenêre raamwerk saamgevoeg om in fact they have not. Disenchantment with education
aan die land se mensekragbehoeftes en werkvereis - in this regard is obvious - but not a new phenomenon.
tes te voldoen.
Dissatisfaction with education policies and practices
Daar is ook voordele aan UGO verbonde. Die be- have time and again led to initiatives to adjust these
langrikste hiervan is die nasionale fokus op onder- practices and systems to meet the needs of learners
wys as 'n middel tot 'n doel en nie 'n doel op sigself at the time. However, not all of these turned out to be
nie. ‘n Behebtheid met toetse en eksamens word to their advantage, which gave rise to revised initia-
versag met behulp van deurlopende assessering, en tives.
die resultate van sodanige assessering word in ‘n re-
mediërende hoedanigheid aangewend. Voorberei- Outcomes -based education [OBE] is currently fa-
ding vir lewenslange leer word op dié wyse 'n hoë voured internationally to promote educational renewal
prioriteit. and has been implemented in countries such as Can-
ada, the United States and New Zealand. However, it
Onderwyspraktisyns, leerders en ouers sal elkeen has already elicited harsh criticism from opponents of
hul bepaalde rol moet speel om te verseker dat UGO the movement (Claassen, 1998; HTTP, 1994). South
'n sukses is. Dit verg uiteraard harde werk en toewy- Africa is introducing its own version of OBE as the
ding van diegene wat met onderwys en opleiding ge- basis of Curriculum 2005 (Claassen, 1998; Malan,
moeid is. Praktisyns moet daarop ingestel wees om 1997:73). And, as elsewhere in the world, reactions
onderrig- en leersituasies vaardig te beplan en te be- vary between commendation by its proponents and
stuur sodat die beoogde leeruitkomste ten beste re- denouncement by its critics.
aliseer. Vaardigheidsgebaseerde assessering in ou-
tentieke omstandighede moet die basis vir betrouba- Curriculum compilers in South Africa hail OBE as a
re inligting van hoogstaande gehalte vorm. major paradigm shift in education (Reddy, 1995:13;
Department of Education, 1997b; Arjun, 1998). But
Die werklike waarde van UGO sal eers beoordeel how original is the OBE dispensation, and does it ac-
kan word wanneer die eerste geslag leerders wat tually represent a paradigm shift? This article ad-
aan die UGO-stelsel blootgestel was die arbeids- dresses these issues by tracing the roots of OBE and
mark betree of vir hoëronderwysopleiding aanmeld. by putting outcomes -based education into perspec-
tive.
Spady (1994:1) defines OBE as a … comprehensive losophy for curriculum design is firmly rooted in both
approach to organizing and operating an education Tyler's and Wheeler’s models.
system that is focused on and defined by the success-
ful demonstrations of learning sought from each stu- During the fifties the work of Bloom (1956) and his co-
dent. Outcomes are … clear learning results that we workers on developing taxonomies for educational
want students to demonstrate at the end of significant objectives became important. These benchmarks
learning experiences … and … are actions and per- were used in the formulation of objectives and the de-
formances that embody and reflect learner compe- velopment of criteria to establish whether learners
tence in using content, information, ideas, and tools have actually attained acceptable standards com-
successfully (Spady, 1994:2). Regarding the OBE pared to the desired learning outcomes. Bloom's
paradigm, Spady (1994:8) states: … WHAT and (1956) work, particularly in the cognitive domain, re-
WHETHER students learn successfully is more impor- mains invaluable for OBE assessment.
tant than WHEN and HOW they learn something.
After Bloom came Mager whose work was first pub-
Ten key components underlie what is termed the out- lished in 1962. It … captured the imagination of many
comes -based information age paradigm (Spady, teachers and helped spark off a wave of enthusiasm
1994:36-40). At issue here is whether it is in fact a (and controversy) over objectives (McAvoy, 1985:29).
new education paradigm. Guidelines (HTTP, 1999) on how to write learning out-
comes in OBE closely resemble Mager's (1984:23-
104) guidelines in terms of expected performance, the
THE ROOTS OF OBE conditions under which it is attained, and the stan-
dards for assessing quality.
Spady (1994:4) concedes that the world is filled with
examples of outcomes -based models, and even that The competency-based movement
outcomes -based systems go back at least 500 years
to the craft guilds of the Middle Ages. The concept of Competency-based education was introduced in
outcomes -based models and systems is therefore not America towards the end of the 1960s in reaction to
new. concerns that students are not taught the skills they
require in life after school. The same concern has
Analysis of educational reform movements in the past been expressed about education in South Africa.
reveals prominent features of OBE embedded in the
educational approaches described below. Competency-based education is based on six critical
components (Van der Horst & McDonald 1997:10-11):
The educational objectives movement ♦ Explicit learning outcomes with respect to the re-
quired skills and concomitant proficiency
Incongruity between what is being taught and what is (standards for assessment)
being learned led to the setting of objectives for teach- ♦ A flexible time frame to master these skills
ers and learners. McAvoy (1985:28) traced the docu- ♦ A variety of instructional activities to facilitate
mented use of objectives in education back as far as learning
1860 when Spencer in Britain formulated objectives ♦ Criterion-referenced testing of the required out-
according to a classification of human activities. In comes
1924 Herbart in Germany stressed the importance of ♦ Certification based on demonstrated learning out-
lesson planning and stating objectives to guide teach- comes
ing activities. In 1949 Tyler gave further impetus to ♦ Adaptable programmes to ensure optimum learner
the objectives-oriented movement by stressing the guidance
importance of objectives in curriculum design and
teaching practices. He listed four questions as the All six components are prominent in the OBE ap-
basis for his means -end or product-oriented rationale proach. Competency-based education also supports
for curriculum design (Tyler, in Arjun, 1998:24): the notion that the learner is accountable for his or her
♦ What educational objectives should the school aim own achievements. This is another major tenet under-
to achieve? pinning OBE.
♦ How does one select learning experiences that
are likely to be useful in attaining these objec- The mastery learning movement
tives?
♦ How should learning experiences be organised for Mastery learning was initially introduced to provide
effective instruction? intervention programmes for learners with mild dis-
♦ How would the effectiveness of learning experi- abilities and those who were at risk in traditional edu-
ences be evaluated? cational settings (Guskey et al, 1995). The authors
state that research has confirmed the applicability and
Tyler's rationale has been used extensively by cur- value of mastery learning in education to provide
riculum practitioners and formed the basis of learners at all levels with similar, individualised assis-
Wheeler's well-known model of curriculum design tance. With sufficient opportunities and supported by
which served as the main curriculum design model for an appropriate learning environment, materials and
several decades (Arjun, 1998:24). The basic OBE phi- guidance, most learners would be successful in their
learning tasks. This notion is also reflected in OBE. ♦ The focus shifts from teaching to learning. The
model has a student-centred learning approach
The following main characteristics of mastery learning, where lecturers act as facilitators. Study guides
also reflected in OBE, apply: help the learners to organise their learning activi-
♦ Ascertaining prerequisite knowledge or skills to ties, and group work, continuous assessment and
attain goals self-assessment are major features.
♦ A flexible time frame to achieve goals ♦ The framework is holistic in its outcomes fo-
♦ Using different media and materials to create en- cus. Although the learning objectives are aimed at
riched teaching / learning contexts learning at grass-roots level, they are linked to
♦ Formative evaluation to provide feedback for both goals and aims at higher levels. Attaining learning
teaching and learning improvement objectives is therefore not an end in itself; it pro-
vides building blocks for achieving higher-level out-
Criterion-referenced instruction and assessment comes.
Criterion-referenced instruction and assessment are Table 1 depicts the coherent and holistic relationship
well known and form an integral part of all types of between the aim of a programme, its goals, learning
performance-based assessment. Mpepo (1998) de- objectives and evaluation strategies. The learning
scribes criterion-referenced instruction as a form of objectives are clearly not set for the sake of achieving
mastery learning. It is based on attaining specified the objectives per se, but they serve as a means to
objectives and on testing for competence in terms of attaining a programme aim. This same coherent and
the criterion stated in the objective. This form of in- holistic premise underpins OBE.
struction compares a learning outcome or mastery of
competencies with a predetermined external standard.
Achieving the set standard signifies 'success', and OBE IN PERSPECTIVE
failing to achieve the standard implies 'not yet up to
standard’, which is followed by remedial intervention. Does OBE represent a paradigm shift?
Criterion-referenced assessment is the preferred It is true that the official version of the curriculum sys-
mode of assessment in OBE. tem which OBE is replacing does not meet modern
educational needs or expectations. In terms of the life
Integrating educational approaches skills learners need and the demands of the work-
place, the dominant transmissional approach did not
In lobbying for a change to the traditional approach to prepare learners adequately for work, further or higher
teaching and learning, Malan and Jorissen (1990) and education, or life in general (Reddy, 1995:7-8). This is
Kachelhoffer et al (1992) initiated a three-tiered eclec- the same kind of disenchantment that initiated the
tic framework for curriculum design and teaching / competency-based movement.
learning practices. The roots of this framework are
firmly embedded in all the above-mentioned move- However, does replacing the previous system with an
ments. OBE approach represent an educational paradigm
shift? Are OBE and its philosophy and practice so
The following are the main features of the model – different that being promoted as an educational para-
and distinctive features of the current OBE approach: digm shift is warranted? The answer to this question
♦ It is needs-driven. Curricula are designed in is an emphatic no.
terms of the knowledge, skills and attitudes ex-
pected from graduates and aim to equip students According to Mouton (1996:204), a paradigm repre-
for lifelong learning. sents … a collection of mutually accepted achieve-
♦ It is outcomes-driven. The model has a line that ments (including the theories, exemplary solutions,
runs from taking cognisance of training needs to predictions and laws). In this sense, a paradigm is
setting an aim (purpose) for the programme, goals primarily a model for conducting normal research.
for syllabus themes, learning outcomes, and finally When OBE being a paradigm shift is analysed in
assessing the learning outcomes in terms of the terms of these constructs, it becomes difficult to sup-
set learning objectives. port the claim.
♦ It has a design-down approach. Linked to
needs and the purpose of the programme, learning There is as yet no collection of mutually accepted
content is only selected after the desired outcomes achievements in terms of new theories on OBE, there
have been specified. Content becomes a vehicle are no exemplary solutions to the challenge of total
to achieve the desired learning outcomes which intellectual and potential development of learners, pre-
are aimed at inculcating a basis for life-long learn- dictions of the value of OBE have not been proven,
ing. and laws validating OBE as an acceptable practice
♦ It specifies outcomes and levels of outcomes. and construct are not apparent. In other words, no
Learning objectives are described in terms of research base to verify the claims of OBE has yet
Bloom's (1956) cognitive, affective and psychomo- been established and the claim of a major paradigm
tor domains and set according to Mager's (1984) shift can therefore not be substantiated.
guidelines for formulating objectives.
TABLE 1: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PROGRAMME AIM, GOALS, LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND EVALUATION STRATEGIES
ISSSN 0378-5254 Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences, Vol 28: 2000
--------------------- 1.2.2 Learning objective:
------------------------- X Group evaluation
etc
∗
K = Knowledge; C = Comprehension; AP = Application; AN = Analysis; S = Synthesis; E = Evaluation
25
ISSN 0378-5254 Tydskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe, Vol 28, 2000
At best OBE may be described as an eclectic philoso- characteristics and their accompanying transforma-
phy which takes the best from several past educa- tional aspects of OBE are firmly based on other edu-
tional approaches and incorporating them in a new cational approaches, reflecting the eclectic nature of
system that is appropriate to the needs and demands the OBE approach.
of a new, democratic South Africa. OBE's rationale
and practices may be set in a different context for dif- Claassen (1998:38) notes that proponents of OBE
ferent needs, but its tenets can be clearly traced to often express a simplistic and one-sided critique of the
older approaches, once also heralded as ideal solu- discredited previous educational model in South Af-
tions only to be discarded. rica. Looking at transformational aspects, it is obvious
that many progressive educators, trainers, schools
In terms of Kuhn's scheme of scientific revolution, Ar- and educational ins titutions have in any case been
jun (1998) also indicates that OBE does not represent adding value to curricula by following a learner-
a paradigm shift. The author contends that although centred and problem -based learning approach.
the science of education is in the midst of a paradig-
matic crisis, the means -end paradigm of Tyler is still Was the previous system that bad? One only needs
dominant. In fact: Even the proposed new curriculum to look at the scientific, economic and political
makes use of this paradigm, which indicates that achievements of many people who are products of the
there is no major paradigm shift (Arjun, 1998:25). old system to appreciate the fact that they excelled
despite the much critiqued transmissional mode of
OBE as a transformational approach teaching. It is a matter of experience to confidently
state that a transmissional approach will always have
Contrary to the transmissional approach of traditional a place in education. In fact, many students and
teaching, Spady (1994:94-98) characterises OBE as teachers still prefer a transmissional rather than a
a systems transformation approach. Claassen transformational approach. The reason is simple: it is
(1998:34) states: OBE is a transformational perspec- much easier to teach and to learn within a transmis-
tive on the curriculum . It offers a dialogue between sional framework. However, the broader educational
learner and the curriculum where the learner interacts context necessitate an official move to a transforma-
with sources of knowledge, reconstructs knowledge, tional approach.
and takes responsibility for his or her own learning
outcomes. In the same way the teacher becomes a Assessment
facilitator in the teaching and learning situation in-
stead of acting as a source of information transferring The ultimate purpose of assessment is to validate
content to learners. From this viewpoint the transfor- learning outcomes – be it for diagnostic, formative or
mational character of OBE is influenced by the mas- summative purposes. The role of assessment in OBE
tery learning and competency-based education move- is part and parcel of the aims of assessment in all its
ments. root models. OBE, however, highlights continuous
and criterion-referenced assessment.
Spady (1994:36-40) identifies ten key components
that underlie OBE as a transformation approach, OBE aims to assess the competences of learners in
namely outcomes -defined, expanded opportunities for their totality. It takes a holistic approach in describing
learners, performance 'credentialing', concept integra- the competence of a learner in terms of knowledge,
tion, instructional coaching, culminating achievement, skills and values, and assessing competence by using
'inclusionary' success, cooperative learning, criterion a variety of assessment approaches. In fact, the
validation and collaborative structures. Van der Horst smallest unit of assessment must cover the integrated
& McDonald (1997:20) redefined these components knowledge, skills and values that apply in practice in a
as characteristics of transformational OBE. When specialised context (Department of Education,
these characteristics are analysed in terms of their 1998:26). This calls for performance-based and au-
foundational roots (as indicated above), the eclectic thentic assessment strategies against the background
nature of OBE becomes obvious (see Table 2). of criterion-referenced assessment.
The characteristics of OBE are listed in the first col- Fraser (1999:16) describes authentic assessment as
umn, and the major roots of each characteristic are … assessment tasks that resemble skills, activities
indicated in brackets. Transformational aspects that and functions in the real world and in school. Authen-
apply to each characteristic appear in the second col- tic assessment aims at determining competences in
umn (Department of Education, 1997a:7; Van der contexts that closely resemble situations in which
Horst & McDonald, 1997:20; Claassen, 1998:35-36). these competences are required. Assessment then
becomes a learning experience in which learners are
As indicated in Table 2, it is only in terms of 'Geared prepared to apply their knowledge, skills and values in
towards integrating concepts across the curriculum an integrated manner.
and learning areas' and 'Based on collaborative struc-
tures allowing for democratic inputs from the commu- Assessment of knowledge, values and skills relates to
nity' [OBE's sosioconstructivist approach], where no assessing elements in the cognitive, affective and psy-
definite roots can for certain be traced to the educa- chomotor learning domains. The taxonomies of
tional approaches described earlier on. All other Bloom (cognitive domain), Krathwohl (affective do-
Aided by instructional guidance where learners Teaching is no longer aimed at covering the curriculum
receive continuous learning support (content-driven), but instead at learners discovering new
knowledge, skills and attitudes by reconstructing content for
(Competency-based, mastery learning) themselves with creative guidance by the teacher.
main) and Harrow (psychomotor domain) remain in- tion and reforms that tinker rather than reform. (Refer
valuable frameworks for assessing acquired knowl- to his Chapter 3, What went wrong, for an overview of
edge, skills and values in terms of OBE (Van der resistance and reactions to OBE.)
Horst & McDonald, 1997:176-178).
What is going to happen in South Africa? If OBE sur-
The Department of Education's viewpoint is that the vives, the academic quality of the first entrants of the
smallest unit of assessment must include the integra- OBE cohort into the workplace and higher-education
tion of knowledge, skills and values. Within this con- sectors will not only reveal the assumed benefits and
text performance-based authentic assessment strate- values of OBE, but its shortcomings as well.
gies are pivotal in assessing learning and critical
cross-field outcomes.
REFERENCES