Introduction:

“The stakes are high. It is not just the health and well-being of children as they grow up into
adults but more than this, the future of the society which the children will construct out of their
childhood experiences.” (Hobbs, Hanks & Wynne, 1993). Every day, millions of children
throughout the world are subjected to abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence in different settings,
including in their homes, schools, communities and work environments. As a result, children
experience impacts on their physical and mental health, their education and their overall quality of
life. The consequences of violence on children are often intergenerational, with those who have faced
violence as a child more likely to become a violent adult. This cycle has a long-term impact on a
family’s economic wellbeing. In Bangladesh Child abuse is not new too. In fact, Bangladesh is one
of the top ranking countries in violence against children in peaceful time. Most of the Bangladeshis
understand violence or abuse in terms of physical, visual and exposed shape. If the violence is
structural violence, psychological and private violence, then that kind of cruelty is almost
incomprehensible in Bangladesh. Abuse is so much so cleverly hidden, silently active, subtly present,
carefully nurtured, culturally blended into the social fabric of Bangladesh that it feels like a second
nature. The ugly truth is that extreme, unimaginable abuse of child is a daily reality of Bangladesh
today. Mohandas K. Gandhi stated once, “If we are to reach real peace in this world, and if we are to
carry on a real war against war, we shall have to begin with children, and if they will grow up in their
natural innocence, we won’t have to struggle; we won’t have to pass fruitless, idle resolutions; but
we shall go from love to love and peace to peace until at last all corners of the world are covered with
that peace and love for which consciously or unconsciously the whole world is hungering.”
Child: Who Are They?
Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a human between the stages of birth and puberty, or in the
developmental stage of childhood, between infancy and adulthood.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines child as "a human being below
the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier". This is
ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is
under the age of 21.

What is Child Abuse?:

The child abuse refers as the physical, sexual or mental injury of a child by any parent or other
person who has permanent or temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision of a child or
by any household or family member under circumstances that indicate that the child’s welfare is
significantly harmed or at risk of being significantly harmed; Or sexual abuse, whether physical
injuries are sustained or not.

The Texas Administrative Code defines a child and child abuse as, “A person under 18 years of
age who is not and has not been married or who has not had the disabilities of minority removed for
general purposes. Besides, child abuse is an act or omission that endangers a child’s physical, mental
or emotional health and/or development.

According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to
act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm,
sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm"
In 1999, the WHO Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention drafted the following definition,
“Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill treatment, sexual
abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitations; resulting in actual or
potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship
of responsibility, trust or power.”
Social Science Definitions:The legal-social definition of child abuse has shaped theory, research,
and social intervention regarding this phenomenon over the past two decades.

According to the social scientists, “Child Abuse emphasizes the nature of the socialization process
that permits the use of violence as a means of interpersonal control and problem solving.”

Different theory about Child Abuse:

Social Learning Theory
This pattern of learned aggression is commonly referred to as the “cycle of violence,” or the
intergenerational transmission of violence. The broad-based application of the cycle of violence
theory is questioned, pointing to findings that only 20-30% of child abuse and neglect victims
become involved in abusive and criminal behavior.
Attachment Theory
Attachment theorists believe humans develop behaviors as a result of how their caregivers nurture
them. According to attachment theory, the type of bond that develops between child and
caregiver affects the child’s later relationships. There are four bonding types:
 Secure:
 Preoccupied
 Dismissive
 Fearful
Secure attachment patterns are thought to develop from a consistent and nurturing caregiver,
whereas the insecure attachments are the result of inconsistent, emotionally neglectful and/or
abusive caregiving. Several researchers have cited that as many as 80% of abused infants and
children exhibit insecure attachment patterns.
Ecological Theory
Ecological theory holds that abuse and neglect result from multiple factors. These are divided into
four systems: individual, family, community, and culture.
Family Systems Theory
Family systems theory, however, focuses primarily on the family and is a process of identifying
problems as the consequences of dysfunctional relationships among family members.
Self-Efficacy Theory
This theory focuses on how personal characteristics of the child, and especially the parent,
influences family functioning. Self-efficacy theory addresses how a parent’s expectations of
effectiveness impact their motivation and behavior. Self-efficacy theory is limited because it does
not incorporate a developmental perspective.
Resilience Theory
Historically, child abuse and neglect research and interventions were grounded in the belief that
inevitably the victim is damaged by the trauma. However, factors such as severity of abuse,
frequency of abuse, age of the victim, and relationship to the perpetrator can predict later
adjustment. Additionally, factors such as social support, parental warmth, and the victim’s
healthy relationship with a supportive adult can influence the child’s healthy development and
avoidance of delinquent behavior. Resiliency does not explain why abuse and neglect occur,
rather, it explains why children may not inevitably be damaged by child abuse and neglect. It
may also explain how the “cycle of violence” can be interrupted

Types of Abuse: Within this broad definition, five subtypes can be distinguished – physical
abuse; sexual abuse; neglect and negligent treatment; emotional abuse; and exploitation.

 Physical Abuse
 Sexual Abuse
 Emotional Abuse
 Child Neglect

Indicators of Child Abuse (Discovered by Family Doctor)

Type of Abuse Physical Indicators Behavioral Indicators
Physical Unexplained bruises, welts, burns, Wary of adult contact, frightened of
fractures, or bald patches on scalp parents or afraid to go home,
withdrawn or aggressive, moves
uncomfortably, wears inappropriate
clothing for weather

Sexual Difficulty walking or sitting; torn or Advanced sexual knowledge,

stained/blood underclothes; pain,
itching, bruises, swelling in genital
area; frequent urinary or yeast
infections
Emotional Speech or communicative disorder,
delayed physical development,
exacerbation of existing conditions,
substance abuse
promiscuity, sudden school
difficulties, self-imposed social
isolation, avoidance of physical
contact or closeness, depression
Habit disorders, antisocial or
destructive behaviors, neurotic traits,
behavior extremes, developmental
delays

Neglect Consistent hunger, poor hygiene, Self-destructive behaviors, begging or

inappropriate dress, unattended stealing food, constant fatigue,
medical problems, underweight, assuming adult responsibilities or
failure to thrive concerns, frequently absent or tardy,
states no caretaker in home

1. Physical Abuse

Physical abuse occurs when a child has suffered, or is at risk of suffering, non-accidental physical
trauma or injury. Physical abuse does not always leave visible marks or injuries Physical abuse of a
child is when a parent or caregiver causes any non-accidental physical injury to a child. Physical
abuse includes striking, kicking, burning, biting, hair pulling, choking, throwing, hitting, shaking, ,
poisoning, shoving, whipping or any other action that injures a child.It is not how bad the mark or
injury is, but rather the act itself that causes injury or trauma to the child.
Physical abuse can result in:

 Bruises, blisters, burns, cuts and scratches, Internal injuries, brain damage
 Broken bones, sprains, dislocated joints
 Emotional and psychological harm, Lifelong injury, death

Signs of physical abuse in parent or caregiver:

 Can’t or won’t explain injury of child, or explains it in a way that doesn’t make sense
 Displays aggression to child or is overly anxious about child’s behavior
 Indicates child is not trustworthy, a liar, evil, a troublemaker
 Delays or prevents medical care for child, Takes child to different doctors or hospitals
 Keeps child from school, church, clubs, Has history of violence and/or abuse

Signs of physical abuse in a child:

 Physical:

 Any injury to a child who is not crawling yet, On different surfaces of the body
 Visible and severe injuries, Injuries at different stages of healing
 Unexplained or explained in a way that doesn’t make sense, Distinctive shape
 Frequency, timing and history of injuries (frequent, after weekends, vacations, school
absences)

 Behavioral:

 Aggression toward peers, pets, other animals, Seems afraid of parents or other adults
 Fear, withdrawal, depression, anxiety, Wears long sleeves out of season
 Violent themes in fantasy, art, etc., Nightmares, insomnia
 Reports injury, severe discipline, Immaturity, acting out, emotional and behavior extremes,
Self-destructive behavior or attitudes

2. Sexual Abuse

Sexual abuse occurs when an adult, stronger child or adolescent uses a child for sexual purposes or
involves a child in sexual acts. It also includes when a child who is older or more powerful uses
another child for sexual gratification or excitement. 20.7% of adults report being sexually abused as a
child. Sexual abuse can occur through touching and non-touching means.

Sexual abuse can be physical, verbal or emotional and can include:

• kissing or holding a child in a sexual manner, exposing a sexual body part to a child
• having sexual relations with a child under 16 years of age
• talking in a sexually explicit way that is not age or developmentally appropriate
• making obscene phone calls or remarks to a child
• sending obscene mobile text messages or emails to a child
• fondling a child in a sexual manner, persistently intruding on a child’s privacy
• penetrating the child’s vagina or anus by penis, finger or any other object
• oral sex, rape, incest, showing pornographic films, magazines or photographs to a child
• having a child pose or perform in a sexual manner
• forcing to watch a sexual act, child prostitution,Child prostitution and child pornography

 Non-touching sexual abuse offenses include:

• Indecent exposure/exhibitionism, Exposing children to pornographic material

• Deliberately exposing a child to the act of sexual intercourse
• Masturbation in front of a child

 Touching sexual abuse offenses include:

• Fondling, Making a child touch themselves or anyone else’s sexual organ(s)

• Any penetration of a child’s vagina or anus by an object for anything other than a
medical purpose

Child sexual abuse may be violent or non-violent, and many times the children are not forced into the
sexual situation. Rather, they are persuaded, bribed, tricked, or coerced. All child sexual abuse is an
exploitation of a child’s vulnerability and powerlessness in which the abuser is fully responsible for
the actions.

Signs of sexual abuse in parent or caregiver:

 Parent fails to supervise child, Unstable adult presence

 Jealous/possessive parent, Sexual relationships troubled or dysfunctional
 Parent relies on child for emotional support

Signs of sexual abuse in a child:

Physical:

 Difficulty sitting, walking, bowel problems, Torn, stained, bloody undergarments

 Bleeding, bruises, pain, swelling, itching of genital area
 Frequent urinary tract infections or yeast infections
 Any sexually transmitted disease or related symptoms

Behavioral:

 Doesn’t want to change clothes , Withdrawn, depressed, anxious

 Eating disorders, preoccupation with body, Aggression, delinquency, poor peer relationships,
Poor self-image, poor self-care, lack of confidence
 Sudden absenteeism, decline in school performance, Sexual acting out, excessive
masturbation
 Substance abuse, running away, recklessness, suicide attempts
 Sleep disturbance, fear of bedtime, nightmares, bed wetting (at advanced age)
 Unusual or repetitive soothing behaviors (hand-washing, pacing, rocking, etc.)
 Sexual behavior or knowledge that is advanced or unusual, Reports sexual abuse
 3. Emotional Abuse

When a parent or caregiver harms a child’s mental and social development, or causes severe
emotional harm, it is considered emotional abuse. While a single incident may be abuse, most often
emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that causes damage over time. 10.6% of adults report being
emotionally abused as a child. Any attitude or behavior that interferes with a child’s mental health,
social development, or psychological functioning. Examples include making fun of a child, name-
calling, shaming, rejection, threatening, and attacking a child’s self-image through labels or
ridicule.Emotional abuse occurs when a child’s social, emotional, cognitive or intellectual
development is impaired or threatened. It can include emotional deprivation due to persistent:

• rejection, hostility, teasing/bullying, yelling, criticism, exposure of a child to domestic and

family violence.

Emotional abuse can include:

 Rejecting or ignoring: telling a child he or she is unwanted or unloved, showing little interest in
child, not initiating or returning affection, not listening to the child, not validating the child’s
feelings, breaking promises, cutting child off in conversation
 Shaming or humiliating: calling a child names, criticizing, belittling, demeaning, berating,
mocking, using language or taking action that takes aim at child’s feelings of self-worth
 Terrorizing: accusing, blaming, insulting, punishing with or threatening abandonment, harm or
death, setting a child up for failure, manipulating, taking advantage of a child’s weakness or
reliance on adults, slandering; screaming; yelling
 Isolating: keeping child from peers and positive activities, confining child to small area,
forbidding play or other stimulating experiences
 Corrupting: engaging child in criminal acts, telling lies to justify actions or ideas, encouraging
misbehavior

Signs of emotional abuse in parent or caregiver:

 Routinely ignores, criticizes, yells at or blames child

 Plays favorites with one sibling over another, Poor anger management or emotional self-
regulation, Stormy relationships with other adults, disrespect for authority
 History of violence or abuse, Untreated mental illness, alcoholism or substance abuse

Signs of emotional abuse in a child:

Physical:

 Delays in development, Wetting bed, pants, Speech disorders, Health problems like ulcers, skin
disorders
 Obesity and weight fluctuation

Behavioral:
  Habits like sucking, biting, rocking, Learning disabilities and developmental delays
 Overly compliant or defensive, Extreme emotions, aggression, withdrawal
 Anxieties, phobias, sleep disorders
 Anti-social behaviors (violence, cruelty, vandalism, stealing, cheating, lying)
 Behavior that is inappropriate for age (too adult, too infantile), Suicidal thoughts

Behavior Indicators of Abuse

No eye contact

Suicide attempts Wary of parents

Dramatic
Running away INDICATORS mood changes

Aggressiveness Fear of touch

Withdrawn
(National Clearinghouse on Child
Abuse and Neglect et al., 2003)

4. Child Neglect

Child neglect is when a parent or caregiver does not give the care, supervision, affection and support
needed for a child’s health, safety and well-being. The failure to ensure a child’s physical, medical,
emotional, and safety needs are met. This includes a lack of supervision, inadequate provision of
food, inappropriate clothing for season or weather, abandonment, denial of medical care, and
inadequate hygiene. neglect occurs when a child’s basic necessities of life are not met, and their
health and development are affected. Basic needs include:

• food, housing, health care, adequate clothing, personal hygiene, hygienic living conditions
• timely provision of medical treatment, adequate supervision.

Child neglect includes:

 Physical neglect and inadequate supervision, Emotional neglect

 Medical neglect, Educational neglect

Physical Neglect: Children need enough care to be healthy and enough supervision to be safe.
Adults that care for children must provide clothing, food, and drink. A child also needs safe, healthy
shelter, and adequate supervision. Examples of physical neglect:
  Deserting a child or refusing to take custody of a child who is under your care
 Repeatedly leaving a child in another’s custody for days or weeks at a time
 Failing to provide enough healthy food and drink
 Failing to provide clothes that are appropriate to the weather
 Failing to ensure adequate personal hygiene
 Not supervising a child appropriately
 Leaving the child with an inappropriate caregiver
 Exposing a child to unsafe/unsanitary environments or situations

Emotional Neglect: Children require enough affection and attention to feel loved and supported. If a
child shows signs of psychological illness, it must be treated. Examples of emotional neglect:

 Ignoring a child’s need for attention, affection, and emotional support

 Exposing a child to extreme or frequent violence, especially domestic violence
 Permitting a child to use drugs, use alcohol, or engage in crime
 Keeping a child isolated from friends and loved ones

Medical Neglect : Some states do not prosecute parents who withhold certain types of medical care
for religious reasons, but they may get a court order to protect the child’s life. Parents and caregivers
must provide children with appropriate treatment for injuries and illness. They must also provide
basic preventive care to make sure their child stays safe and healthy. Examples of medical neglect:

 Not taking child to hospital or appropriate medical professional for serious illness or injury,
Keeping a child from getting needed treatment
 Not providing preventative medical and dental care, Failing to follow medical
recommendations for a child

Educational Neglect: Parents and schools share responsibility for making sure children have access
to opportunities for academic success. Examples of educational neglect:

 Allowing a child to miss too much school

 Not enrolling a child in school (or not providing comparable home-based education)
 Keeping a child from needed special education services

Signs of Child Neglect: There is no “smoking gun” for most child neglect. While even one instance
of neglect can cause lifelong harm to a child, neglect often requires a pattern of behavior over a
period of time.

Signs in Caregiver: There is no “typical neglectful parent.” Nevertheless, certain indicators may
suggest a parent or caregiver needs help to nurture and protect the child or children in their care:

 Displays indifference or lack of care toward the child

 Depression, apathy, drug/alcohol abuse and other mental health issues
 Denies problems with child or blames the child for problems
 Views child negatively, Relies on child for own care and well-being

Signs in Child
While a single indicator may not be cause for alarm, children who are neglected often show that they
need help:

 Clothing that is the wrong size, in disrepair, dirty, or not right for the weather
 Often hungry, stockpiles food, seeks food, may even show signs of malnutrition (like
distended belly, protruding bones)
 Very low body weight, height for age, Often tired, sleepy, listless, Hygiene problems, body
odor, Talks about caring for younger siblings, not having a caregiver at home
 Untreated medical and dental problems, incomplete immunizations
 Truancy, frequently incomplete homework, frequent changes of school

Myths and facts about child abuse and neglect:

1. Myth: It's only abuse if it's violent.

Fact: Physical abuse is just one type of child abuse. Neglect and emotional abuse can be just as
damaging, and since they are more subtle, others are less likely to intervene.

2. Myth: Only bad people abuse their children.

Fact: While it's easy to say that only "bad people" abuse their children, it's not always so black
and white. Not all abusers are intentionally harming their children. Many have been victims of
abuse themselves, and don’t know any other way to parent. Others may be struggling with mental
health issues or a substance abuse problem.

3. Myth: Child abuse doesn't happen in “good” families.

Fact: Child abuse doesn't only happen in poor families or bad neighborhoods. It crosses all racial,
economic, and cultural lines. Sometimes, families who seem to have it all from the outside are hiding
a different story behind closed doors.

4. Myth: Most child abusers are strangers.

Fact: While abuse by strangers does happen, most abusers are family members or others close to the
family.

5. Myth: Abused children always grow up to be abusers.

Fact: It is true that abused children are more likely to repeat the cycle as adults, unconsciously
repeating what they experienced as children. On the other hand, many adult survivors of child abuse
have a strong motivation to protect their children against what they went through and become
excellent parents.

 Risk factors for child abuse and neglect: While child abuse and neglect occurs in
all types of families—even in those that look happy from the outside—children are at a much
greater risk in certain situations.
 Risk factors for child maltreatment
• Lack of adequate legislation
• Social, economic and health policies that
lead to poor living standards or socio-
economic inequality
• Cultural norms that promote or glorify
violence, including physical punishment
• Social and cultural norms that diminish
the status of the child in parent-child
relationships
• Parent was maltreated as
child
• Parent misuses drugs or
alcohol
• Parent is socially isolated
• Child was unwanted as a
baby
• Child shows symptoms of
mental ill-health
• Lack of parent-child
attachment
• Family breakdown
• Intimate partner abuse
• Being socially isolated
• Breakdown in support in
child rearing from extended
family

• Tolerance of
violence
• Gender and
social
inequality in
the community
• Lack of
services to
support
families
• High levels of
unemployment

Source: World report on violence and health edited by Krug, E. et al. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 2002.

 Domestic violence. Witnessing domestic violence is terrifying to children and emotionally

abusive. Even if the mother does her best to protect her children and keeps them from being
physically abused, the situation is still extremely damaging. If you or a loved one is in an abusive
relationships, getting out is the best thing for protecting the children.
 Alcohol and drug abuse. Living with an alcoholic or addict is very difficult for children and can
easily lead to abuse and neglect. Parents who are drunk or high are unable to care for their
children, make good parenting decisions, and control often-dangerous impulses. Substance abuse
also commonly leads to physical abuse.
 Untreated mental illness. Parents who suffering from depression, an anxiety disorder, bipolar
disorder, or another mental illness have trouble taking care of themselves, much less their
children. A mentally ill or traumatized parent may be distant and withdrawn from his or her
children, or quick to anger without understanding why. Treatment for the caregiver means better
care for the children.
 Lack of parenting skills. Some caregivers never learned the skills necessary for good parenting.
Teen parents, for example, might have unrealistic expectations about how much care babies and
small children need. Or parents who were themselves victims of child abuse may only know how
to raise their children the way they were raised. In such cases, parenting classes, therapy, and
caregiver support groups are great resources for learning better parenting skills.
 Stress and lack of support. Parenting can be a very time-intensive, difficult job, especially if
you’re raising children without support from family, friends, or the community or you’re dealing
with relationship problems or financial difficulties. Caring for a child with a disability, special
 needs, or difficult behaviors is also a challenge. It’s important to get the support you need, so you
are emotionally and physically able to support your child.

The scenario of Child Abuse in Bangladesh:

Bangladesh which ratified the international convention on the rights of the child(CRC)in august
1990, has committed itself to respect,defend and promote the rights of Bangladeshies children. Yet,
despite it promise, the country faces serious problem that are currently hindering children from
accessing the full enjoymentof their rights, one of the major problem is child abuse. Child abuse can
occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional
abuse, and sexual abuse.

Nature of abuse Percentage%

Physical abuse 56.3
Sexual abuse 4.6
Emotional 6
Physical and emotional 19.2
Physical sexual and emotional 13.9
Bywhom are they abused
Family members 45.7
Relatives 13.2
Teachers 8.6
Others 32.5
Places of abuse
Own house 45.7
Others house 15.2
Streets 28.5
Other places 10.6
Source: Wikipedia

 Domestic violence: Domestic violence is considered acceptable by the majority of the

community and remains the biggest threat facing adolescent girls. Acid-throwing, sexual
coercion, rape and induced suicide are also grave concerns to the health and safety of many
adolescents, particularly child brides who are isolated in their new communities

 Violence against Children: Almost in every survey and reports, street children reported about
rude behavior of police. Rana, a 12-year-old boy who has left home to live with other street
children at Paltan in the city said, "Whenever I go out to collect bhangari (recyclable goods) with
a sack on my back the police beat me up suspecting that there are cocktails or other explosives in
the sack". In BBS survey 2003, one fifth of the street children reported they were arrested by the
 police and 50% arrest had no reason. Nobody reported about any good behavior or information or
help from police rather they had been threaten from older persons of police arrest (Prothom Alo,
2010).

Lovely is a ten-year old child. She left her house two years ago. Her father used to beat her
mother and as a child she could not bear the pain. She left her house, came to Dhaka by launch
and got lost in this big city. She stayed for one week in Kamalapur rail station without any food.
The policemen used to beat her. After seven days of starvation, she got some food that was
thrown out from a hotel. She met a man who brought her to the drop in centre”

 Child trafficking: According to Center for Women and Children Studies (CWCS) about 100
children and 50 women are being trafficked to foreign countries every month from Bangladesh.
Since independence at least 10 lakh (i.e. 1,000,000) women and children were trafficked from
Bangladesh and of them about 4 lakh (i.e. 400,000) were young women forced into the sex
business in India.

 Child prostitution:Child prostitution is widespread and a serious problem. The majority of

Bangladeshi prostituted children are based in brothels, with a smaller number of children
exploited in hotel rooms, parks, railway and bus stations and rented flats. According to an Indian
Researcher Dr.K.K Mukherjee, 20 percent of sex slaves in Indian brothels were trafficked from
Bangladesh and Nepal. A review of UNICEF indicated that 2 lakh(i.e.200,000) women and
children were trafficked to Pakistan from Bangladesh. The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
estimated in 2004 that there were 10,000 underage girls used in commercial sexual exploitation
in the country, but other estimates placed the figure as high as 29,000. Girls are often sold by
their families to brothels for a period of two to three years of bonded sex work.
 Household chores: In many places, it is acceptable for children to be required to perform
household chores in their own homes. This may not be considered child labor, depending on the
amount of work and other criteria.
 Child-selling: Child-selling is the practice of selling children, usually by parents, close persons,
or subsequent masters or custodians. After a sale, when the subsequent relationship with the child
is essentially non exploitative, the usual purpose of child-selling is to permit adoption.

 Forced labor; UNICEF estimates that, in 2011, 150 million children aged 5–14 in developing
countries were involved in child labour. Within this number, the International Labour
Organization reports that 60% of child workers work in agriculture. The ILO also estimates that
115 million children are engaged in hazardous work, such as the sex or drug trade. Overall, child
labor can take many forms, including domestic servitude, work in agriculture, service, and
manufacturing industries

 Slave Labor:The children that are doing the work are very young and some are taken right off
the streets. Many of the factories they work in poor condition and can threaten the health of the
children. One country involved in child slave labor is Bangladesh. Bangladesh is an
impoverished country in Asia. In Bangladesh there are 7.4 million workers between the ages of 5
and 17.
 Children in drug trades:Children are also used in drug trades in all regions of the world.
Specifically, children are often trafficked into exploitation as either drug couriers or dealers, and
then 'paid' in drugs, such that they become addicted and further entrapped. Due to the illicit
nature of drug trafficking, children who are apprehended are often treated as criminals.

 Child begging: Forced child begging is a type of begging in which boys and girls under the age
of eighteen are forced to beg through psychological and physical coercion. Begging is defined by
the Buffalo Human Rights Law Review as "the activity of asking for money as charity on the
street." There is evidence to suggest that forced begging is one industry that children are
trafficked into, with a recent UNICEF study reporting that 13% of trafficking victims in South
Eastern Europe have been trafficked for the purpose of forced begging.Among households
surveyed nationally in 2006, 33.1% of women aged 15 – 49 were married before their 15th
birthday while 74% of women aged 20-49 were married before their 18th birthday.
Approximately 42% of females aged 15 – 19 were married at the ti me if the survey

 The Street Children: Street Children refers to those children aged 5-17 years who are living
(i.e. sleeping, eating and working) on the street of a particular city, town or thana head quarters.
These children are floating in nature and they may live in one place for sometime and then move
to other places. They are detached from their family or parents. They usually sleep at night on the
roadside,smoking habbit railway stations, bus stations, park, and abandoned houses and public
places. These children are highly abused. Children on the streets. Estimate the number of street
children in Bangladesh to be around 380,000 - of whom 55% are in Dhaka city. These children
become prime targets of organised child trafficking rings..
 Physical and or psychological violence: Research by UNICEF (2006) indicates that as many as
275 million children worldwide are exposed to violence at home, although limitations of
reporting means that millions more may be affected. As a consequence, children may experience
immediate physical injuries and/or long-term physical conditions, with potential long term
permanent disability or premature mortality in some cases. The actual costs resulting from
violence arebased on victims’ behavioural responses (UN, 2005) and the availability of services,
significantly altering the direct and indirect costs for victims and service providers.
 Common Methods of Physical torture used in
Bangladesh
• Slapping • Pressing fingers/nails
• Kicking with boot
• Pouring hot water into nose
with players
• Beating with baton • Piercing needle into
• Hanging between two chair finger tip
• Beating with roller stick
• Blow of punch • Hanging with the roof
• Electric shock
• Aerial Suspension
• Beating with baton &
rifle bat
unsystematically
• Sexual abuse

The Surprising examples Samiul Alom Rajon a boy who was brutally murdered in public in Shylet
recently.

 Children associated with armed forces or groups: The current estimate of the number of
children associated with the armed forces or groups ranges between 250,000 and 300,000
children (UN, 2000), although this figure is likely to be an underestimate. In emergency contexts
in general, risks of violence against children vary by country and are dependent on numerous
factors, such as the number of children affected, the capacity of the country to respond and the
strength of state institutions. There may be an increased risk of sexual exploitation and violence
against boys and girls, alongside a potential increase in child trafficking, psychosocial violence
and extreme forms of child labour.

 Educational status: Poverty is a big threat to primary education.Adult literacy rates have
increased from 34.6% in 1990 to 65% in 2006. Bangladesh has one of the world's lowest literacy
rates, with an estimated 50 million illiterate adults.The practice of child labour is prevalent with
nearly 50 per cent of primary school students dropping out before they complete 5th grade. The
total working child population between 5 and 17 is estimated at 7.9 million. A total of 1.3 million
children are estimated to be working 43 hours, more per week.
 Trafficking ,sexual abuse and exploitation: Trafficking, are also crucial threats for children.
Official estimates suggest that over 13 000 children were trafficked out of the country in the last
five years. As many as 20 000 children are exploited in street prostitution. Many girls from
Bangladesh are trafficked into India for purposes of sexual exploitation. Boys from Bangladesh
are trafficked to Middle-Eastern countries to be engaged as camel jockeys.Domestic violence is a
daily reality for many and dowry-related crimes are reported to be increasing.Sexual abuse
commonly happens in the home or community, often perpetrated by someone familiar to the
child. A study in Bangladesh revealed that around six per cent of children in commercial sex
work initially left home to avoid sexual abuse at their own home or by their own family.
 Justice: Children under the age of 18, having been sentenced or not, are imprisoned and held
together with adult prisoners for long periods of time. Children younger than 15 years have been
condemned to life sentences and children younger than 18 years old to the death penalty.
Notably, the age of criminal responsibility for juveniles is set at 9 years of age. Children are often
kept together with grown-ups in jail after long police detentions, and there have been reports of
ill-treatment.

 Street violence:Types of Disabilities among the children regarding several violence

 Working children: There are more than thirty-five laws that seek to protect children from
negligence, cruelty, exploitation and abuse and to promote their development. There is a lack of
 enforcement mechanisms of specific laws to protect child workers and very limited data on the
number of affected children. However, implementation of these laws is seen as a challenge. The
Children Act, 1974, currently under review,is the principal law that provides for care, protection
and treatment for children. Studies in Bangladesh revealed that over 40 types of economic
activities done by children were hazardous.

 Harmful practices: Harmful traditional practices particularly involving girls, such as dowry
crimes and early and forced marriages, have a direct impact on their health, development and full
enjoyment of their rights. Girls also experience gender-based violence as a result of these
practices

Child Abuse: Recent phenomena in Bangladesh:

 968 children killed in 43 months: A total of 968 children were tortured to death in last three and
half a years, says child rights defender Bangladesh ShishuAdhikar Forum in a recent study.

 November 10, 2015- the day Shimul was burnt inside his vehicle. In an instant, all eyes at the
Burn Unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital turned to the young boy, still trembling in fear.
 Raja, a 16-year-old Bangladeshi boy, was beaten to death at a local political party
heavyweight’s home after being accused of stealing the BCL (Bangladesh Chhatra League)
leader’s laptop and mobile phone from his Hazaribagh residence on the outskirts of the
country’s capital, Dhaka.

 According to the BSAF statistics, based on newspaper reports, a total of 209 children were
killed in 2012, 218 in 2013, and 350 in 2014. The number of child killings stands at 191 in just
first s on 8 July.

 News surfaced of another 12-year-old Rakib, tortured to death recently in Khulna. He had been
pumped with air through his rectum.
 Another boy Rabiul Awal, 11, was beaten dead for ‘stealing fish’. He had injury marks on his
left eye
.
 In Magura, an unborn baby sustained bullet injuries when her eight-month pregnant mother
was shot in the abdomen during an attack by a MaguraChhatra League faction at the
DoarparKarigorpara area in Magura on 23 July.

 Coordinators of the one stop crisis centre at Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) Bilkis
Begum said, “Even a one-year-old child even gets raped. The reproductive organ gets absolutely
damaged when the victim is brought to us. The number of one, or two-year-old being raped is
less, but three, four or five-year-old children get raped every now and then.”

 Bangladesh’s child killing rate goes up alarmingly ,191 killed this year

 The prevalence of child abuse and exploitation was widespread in Bangladeshi villages as 2.3%
of all children were physically abused. For example—two girls, Akhi and Dalia, both aged
eight and nine, are seen being thrashed by Md Dulal, a health assistant working with the state-
run girls orphanage in Barisal, 142 km from the capital Dhaka. The two girls are seen wandering
inside the children’s homes premises and then being beaten.

 Another recent example- Sheikh SamiulAlamRajon, the post mortem report said the boy had
died of brain hemorrhage sustained after he was lynched for allegedly stealing a vehicle. A
video showing the grisly incident, which took place on the outskirts of Sylhet, was shot by one
of the alleged killers.This incident has come to light when thousands of protesters took to the
streets against the gruesome murder of a boy ,Rajon. Rajon, was beaten to death.

Therefore, the real questions are, if beating of Rajon was not posted online, if it did not go
viral, more importantly, if Rajon was not dead, how significant is the event in Bangladeshi
context? Was Rajon protected when he was not beaten.

Root causes of Violence against children in BD

• Poverty
• Gender inequality
• Discrimination and social exclusion
• Emergency situations
• Children without appropriate care
• Lack of child education
• Lack of parenting support
• Environmental disorder
• Less implementation of govt. policy etc.
Effects of Child Abuse:

While there is no single set of behaviors that is characteristic of children who have been abused
and/or neglected, several emotional and psychological effects that are commonly associated with
children who have been victimized, including:

 Low self-esteem
 Depression and anxiety
 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
 Attachment difficulties
 Attention disorders
 Eating disorders
 Poor peer relations
 Self-injurious behaviors (e.g. suicide attempts)
 Lower academic achievement

Some effects include:

 Lack of trust and relationship difficulties: If you can’t trust your parents, who can you
trust? Abuse by a primary caregiver damages the most fundamental relationship as a child—
that you will safely, reliably get your physical and emotional needs met by the person who is
responsible for your care. Without this base, it is very difficult to learn to trust people or
know who is trustworthy. This can lead to difficulty maintaining relationships due to fear of
being controlled or abused. It can also lead to unhealthy relationships because the adult
doesn’t know what a good relationship is.
 Core feelings of being “worthless” or “damaged”: If you’ve been told over and over again
as a child that you are stupid or no good, it is very difficult to overcome these core feelings.
You may experience them as reality. Adults may not strive for more education, or settle for a
 job that may not pay enough, because they don’t believe they can do it or are worth more.
Sexual abuse survivors, with the stigma and shame surrounding the abuse, often especially
struggle with a feeling of being damaged.
 Trouble regulating emotions: Abused children cannot express emotions safely. As a result,
the emotions get stuffed down, coming out in unexpected ways. Adult survivors of child
abuse can struggle with unexplained anxiety, depression, or anger. They may turn to alcohol
or drugs to numb out the painful feelings.

National Laws, Convention or Policy regarding preventing child abuse:

States shall protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect,
maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse.”

Several Act regarding prevention of child abuse-

 Muslim Family laws ordinance,1961

•The Acid Control Act,2002
•The Acid crime Act,2002
•Law of Sexual abuse
•Women and Children Act of 2000 (amended in 2003 )
•Law of Human trafficking prevention

•Labour Act in 2006 includes a chapter on child labour

•National Child Labour Elimination Policy 2010
•National Children policy 2013
•Child Marriage Prevention Act 2014

National Child Labor Elimination Policy: Under the co-ordination of the ministry of Labor and
Employment, the National Child Labor Elimination Policy 2010 has been adopted to prevent and
eliminate child labor, especially hazardous forms of child labor.

National Education Policy 2010: The policy has been formulated for the first time in Bangladesh in
order to ensure quality education for all children.

The Human Trafficking Deterrence and Suppression Act,2012: This Act was enacted to prevent
and suppress human trafficking, including children and ensuring protection and rights of the victims.

The prevention of domestic Violence Act,2010: The main objective of the Act is to prevent
domestic violence and protect women & children from all forms of domestic violence.

The Pornography Control Act,2012: This Act has been enacted to prevent depreciation of the
social and moral values with special focus on the woman and children.

Important Child protection issues in MDG

Child protection issues intersect with every one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger

2. Primary education
3. Child marriage, gender equality
4. Children separated from their mothers, risk of early death, reduce child mortality

5. Maternal health
6. Sexual exploitation and abuse hamper
7. Environmental disasters, exploitation and abuse, environmental sustainability
8. Protecting children requires close cooperation between different partners

Bangladesh Shishu Adhikar Forum( BSAF):

Bangladesh Shishu Adhikar Forum (BSAF) is a national network of Non-Government Organizations
(NGOs) actively engaged in child rights work. To establish a healthy, child-rights enriched society,
free of abuse, exploitation and discrimination for the disadvantaged children of Bangladesh. The
mission of Bangladesh Shishu Adhikar Forum is to:
•Include organizations working with children into the Bangladesh Shishu Adhikar Forum
•Stop child abuse and exploitation ,Stop child labor ,Stop child trafficking
•Education for all without discrimination.Eliminate gender discrimination
•Provide recreational facilities to children ,Participation of children of the development process
•Improve social security, Create pollution free environment
•Create a superstition-free environment for the children with disability

National Children Policy 2011

Children constitute foundation of a nation. Fundamental Principles of National Child Policy 2011-

 Poverty alleviation of the children.

 Elimination of all forms of abuse of and discrimination to female child
 Participation of the children and accepting their views into consideration in overall
protection and, in the best interest of the children.
Priority areas of the national child policy:

 Alleviation of Child Poverty

 Child Health
 Pre-Primary Education for Child Development (3-5 year)
 Child Education
 Recreation, sports and cultural programs for Children
 Child Protection
 Special Program for the Disabled Children
 Special Program for the Autistic Children
 Birth Registration of the Children
 Special Program for the backward and small ethnic group children
 Child Protection during and after a disaster
 Opinion Sharing and Participation of the Children
 Adolescents Development
 Development of the Girl Children
 Steps to Mitigate the Child Labor

The Father of the Nation. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had undertaken a number of
initiatives for overall development of the children with a firm resolve to build a happy, prosperous
and Golden Bangladesh
In the Article 28(4) particular emphases have been given in making specific provisions concerning
the advancement of the children.

Children Act 1974 was passed to ensure overall protection of the children and their rights.
Initiatives have been taken already to update this piece of legislation consistent with the
multidimensional development.
In 1990, Bangladesh is one of the countrie s that signed and ratified the Convention on the Rights of
the Child [CRC] 1989. The National Child Policy was made in 1994.

Child protection Act

Article 34 “To protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse’---

Article 39, “To promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child
victim”..
Ratified the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child (CRC) in 1990:

As The Government has taken prompt action to disseminate the CRC to the stakeholder i.e. policy
makers, elected public representatives at grass root level and to the civil society member to aware
them about the right of the children.

The constitution of Bangladesh provides:

Article -27,28 and 31, recognizes the fundamental right to equality before the law and equal
protection of the law. It further guarantees that 'the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on
the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth and right to protection of law
respectively, lay down the general principles regarding the protection of children and others from all
forms of discrimination. The constitution also provides that the state shall not be prevented from
making special provision in favor of children.

Article 14: Prohibits all sorts of exploitation;

Article 17: Provides for adopting effective measures for the purpose of establishing a uniform mass-
oriented and universal system of education and free and compulsory education to all children.

Article 18: Provides that the state shall raise the label of nutrition and improvements of public
health.

Multilevel Targets for Child Abuse Prevention and Intervention

1. Individual Level

 Psychological problems associated with the parents history of abusive and/ or rejecting
childhood experiences
 Limited coping skills of caregivers
 Stress-related symptoms affecting emotional and physical health
 Negative attributions for child transgression
 Insensitivity to, or neglect of, child’s needs and abilities
 Child symptoms associated with victimization (fears, affect disturbance, poor peer relations).
2. Family Level

 Marital discord and conflict, poor problem- solving abilities

 Low rate of positive interactions between family ,Difficult behavior of child
3. Community Level

 Socioeconomic conditions, Support and educational services for disadvantaged families

 Suitable employment opportunities

4. Societal and Cultural Level

 Acceptance of corporal punishment of children
 Low priority for parenthood education and preparation
 Unequal burden of child-rearing responsibilities placed on women
 Prevention points

Prevention Prevention Prevention

before of of
occurrence recurrence impairment

Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse Long-term
Neglect outcomes
Exposure to IPV

Indicated
Universal Selected Interventions

(MacMillan et al., 2009)

Recommendation: Protective factors that reduce the Impact of Child

Neglect and Abuse

Protective factors also exist at individual, familial, relational, community and societal levels.
Critical to the use of protective factors is the importance of assessing and using protective
factors as strengths in the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. A review of
the literature indicates that the following are associated with a reduction in child neglect and
abuse:

• Communities that support parents and take responsibility for preventing abuse
•Patience the children negative attitude. Increase your knowledge about this issue
•Attentive heard talk the children, Stop aggressive attitude / behavior with children.
•Discuss this issue with your family and friends and provide them correct information.
•Aware children about child sexual abuse, which person identify reliable and dependable.
•Never see pornography to the child, Write to newspapers and magazines about the issues
• Household rules and monitoring of the child, Parental employment
• Adequate housing, Access to health care and social services
• Parental expectations of pro-social behavior such a positive school, peer and community behaviors
 Multi-agency and safegurding programme as following framework-

• Promotion of higher levels of public investment in children and more effectiveness, efficiency, and
equity in the use of financial resources.
• Promotion of decentralized planning, management, and monitoring and advocacy for genuinely
consultative processes, involving children and adults, in policy development.
• Advocacy for mechanisms to strengthen coordination among the various Government bodies
responsible for children’s rights.
• Facilitating coordination among all stakeholders involved in protecting the rights of children
affected by disaster and ensuring that children’s rights are respected in climate change adaptation.
• Advocacy for the high-level and inter-ministerial policy decisions needed to meet human resource
requirements in the social sectors.
• Serving as a catalyst between the Government and civil society and supporting policies to
recognize, support, and regulate non-government service providers.
• Parental resilience, An array of social connections
• Adequate knowledge of parenting and child development, Adequate support in times of need
• Social and emotional competence of children, Supportive family environment
• Nurturing parenting skills, Stable family relationships

Other recommendations:
Support families so that all children can live in and be cared for by families, including children
with disabilities. Family separation and violence in families should be prevented by: increasing local
job opportunities for parents; providing more economic and practical support to families to better
care for their children; and increasing parenting education for fathers, mothers and other care-givers.

Strengthen legislation, monitoring and re-porting to respond to all forms of violence against
children, including stricter enforcement of laws to punish perpetrators who abuse, harm or exploit
children.

Raising awareness to prevent all forms of violence against children.

Provide child protection services including: psychosocial support, parenting education, legal
advice, assistance for children or women who have suffered abuse, and services for family members
to prevent and overcome drug or alcohol use.

Ensure all children access safe schools where codes of conduct prevent and address violence in
schools; and promote schools as a space for prevention and protection against violence. The school
curricula should include: sexual and reproductive health, prevention of teenage pregnancy;
prevention of human trafficking, sexual exploitation etc.

Address discrimination based on gender, disability, family income, ethnicity, religion, care
status, sexual orientation, and other factors.

Prevent conflict and support peace building in communities, schools and families.

Ensure all boys and girls have opportunities to rest and to play.

Ensure children’s participation in decision making, access to information, and support for child
led organizations and action initiatives. Children have asked to be involved in policy and practice
developments affecting them, including opportunities to influence the development, implementation
and monitoring of the post 2015 agenda. Give the priority what they want…

 The rights should be protected against all forms of abuse and violence such as-
 1. the right to special care if disabled, adequate nutrition and medical care

2. the right to learn to be a useful member of socitey and to develop individual abilities

3. the right to be brought up in a spirit of peace, the right to a name and nationality

4. the right to affection,love and understanding, the right to be among the first to receive
relief in times of disdaster

5. the right to protection against all forms of neglect, cruelty and expectation

6. the right to education and recreation, enjoy these regardless race,

colour,sex,religion,social origin .

Conclusion:
“Children never stop needing their mommies; children never stop needing their daddies”. The
child is father of an adult. The child is an abridged adult with rights which cannot be abridged. The
Child is a person for all practical purposes. Today’s children are the future of tomorrow. Since they
create the world of tomorrow, they are at the heart of social development. The future depends on how
children prepare themselves to enter into the world of work. Bangladesh, which is now home to
about 63 million children out of total160 million, But every day, millions of children throughout the
world are subjected to abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence in different settings, including in
their homes, schools, communities and work environments. The continue of ruthless killings, torture
and abuse of children in Bangladesh are turning into a daily life phenomenon that are hampering the
life of children. There are many social issues that affect children in our society, but our issue is about
child abuse. Much more can and should be done about the problem. In many countries, there is little
recognition of child abuse among the public or health professionals. Recognition and awareness,
although essential elements for effective prevention, are only part of the solution. Prevention efforts
and policies must directly address children, their caregivers and the environments in which they live
in order to prevent potential abuse from occurring and to deal effectively with cases of abuse and
neglect that have taken place. Furthermore, children need to be protected from vested interest groups
and acts of impunity towards children by those purporting to protect society must be dealt with
seriously and in accordance with the law.

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