1.

0 Objective
1.1 To obtain a relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in
equilibrium with water, at all pressure between atmospheric and 10 bar (150𝑙𝑏⁄𝑖𝑛2 ).

1.2 To compare between calculated values from experiment data to the data obtained from steam
table for 𝑣𝑓𝑔 and ℎ𝑓𝑔 .

2.0 Theory
Thermodynamics is defined as a study related to the transfer of heat and work between a system
and the surrounding, undergoing a process causing any of the properties of the system change.
An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or density, and
absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R.

𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉 =
𝑀

𝑑𝑇 𝑇(𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓 ) 𝑇𝑣𝑔
= =
𝑑𝑃 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑓𝑔

Where
𝑣𝑓 = specific volume of water

𝑣𝑔 = specific volume of steam

ℎ𝑓 = enthalpy of water

ℎ𝑔 = enthalpy of steam

ℎ𝑓𝑔 = enthalpy of evaporation

3.0 Equipment / Appara1

1. Pressure transducer
2. Pressure indicator
3. Temperature indicator
4. Control panel
5. Bench
6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge
7. Temperature sensor
8. Pressure relief valve
9. Heater
10. Water inlet port and valve

3.1 Safety procedure

1. Do not touch the pressure vessel when conducting the experiment.
2. Do not attempt to change the setting of the digital meter.
3. Do not switch “ON” the heater if there is no water in the vessel.
4. Do not regulate the pressure relief valve.
5. The system had been tested and set to relief pressure when 10 bar and maximum
temperature is 185°𝐶.
4.0 Procedure
1. Open the hand valve.
2. Switch “ON” the power supply and “ON” heater.
3. Wait and observe the steam release from the hand valve.
4. DANGER: THE STEAM IS HOT, DO NOT STAY NEAR TO THE HAND VALVE.
5. After steam release about 1 minute, close the hand valve.
6. The heating process until the pressure gauge reaches the maximum reading of 10 bar.
7. During heating process, pressure and temperature will increase.
8. Take both the temperature reading started at 1.1bar.
9. Continue the reading until 10 bar.
10. Once pressure increase until 10 bar, the heater will be switch OFF.

5.0 Result
Pressure Reading Temperature Reading
Gauge pressure (bar) Absolute pressure Temperature (°𝐶) Temperature (K)
(bar)
1.02 2.033 99.9 373.05
1.52 2.533 110.8 383.95
2.02 3.033 119.6 392.75
2.52 3.533 126.9 400.05
3.02 4.033 133.0 406.15
3.52 4.533 138.2 411.35
4.02 5.033 143.0 416.15
4.52 5.533 147.3 420.45
5.02 6.033 151.1 424.25
5.52 6.533 154.7 427.85
6.02 7.033 158.1 431.25
6.52 7.533 161.2 434.35
7.02 8.033 164.2 437.35
7.52 8.533 167.0 440.15
8.02 9.033 169.6 442.75
8.52 9.533 172.2 445.35
9.02 10.033 174.6 447.75
9.52 10.533 176.9 450.05
 Experimental Theory
Data (experiment) Result Data (steam table) Result
Absolute Temperature Pressure Temperature Measured Steam specific Enthalpy of Calculated
Pressure, P Reading, T difference, difference, slope volume, 𝑣𝑔 evaporation, slope
(bar) (°𝐶) dP (kPa) dT (°𝐶) dT/dP (𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔) ℎ𝑓𝑔
(kJ/kg)

2.033 99.9 - - - 0.8736 2200.2008 0.0397

2.533 110.8 50 10.9 0.218 0.7106 2179.9856 0.0361
3.033 119.6 50 8.8 0.176 0.6053 2163.4028 0.0335
3.533 126.9 50 7.3 0.146 0.5199 2146.7364 0.0307
4.033 133.0 50 6.1 0.122 0.4592 2132.5354 0.0286
4.533 138.2 50 5.2 0.104 0.4113 2119.4882 0.0268
5.033 143.0 50 4.8 0.096 0.3727 2107.2476 0.0253
5.533 147.3 50 4.3 0.086 0.3408 2095.8872 0.0240
6.033 151.1 50 3.8 0.076 0.3141 2085.1202 0.0228
6.533 154.7 50 3.6 0.072 0.2913 2074.8598 0.0217
7.033 158.1 50 3.4 0.068 0.2716 2065.1796 0.0208
7.533 161.2 50 3.1 0.062 0.2545 2055.8126 0.0200
8.033 164.2 50 3 0.06 0.2395 2046.9258 0.0192
8.533 167.0 50 2.8 0.056 0.2261 2038.2522 0.0185
9.033 169.6 50 2.6 0.052 0.2142 2029.9654 0.0179
9.533 172.2 50 2.6 0.052 0.2035 2021.8852 0.0173
10.033 174.6 50 2.4 0.048 0.1938 2014.1050 0.0168
10.533 176.9 50 2.3 0.046 0.1853 2006.6050 0.0163
6.0 Calculation and Analysis
6.1 Graph of Temperature (°𝐶) VS Absolute Pressure (bar).

Temperature (°𝐶) VS Absolute Pressure (bar)

200
180
160
140
Temperature (°𝐶)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Absolute Pressure (bar)

6.2 Graph of Measured Slope vs Calculated Slope.

Measured slope VS Calculated slope

0.25

0.2

0.15
Slope

0.1

0.05

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Absolute Pressure (bar)

Measured slope Calculated slope

Data between pressure 5 to 6 bar.
At gauge pressure = 5.02 bar, temperature reading is 151.1°𝐶,

Measured slope:
Absolute pressure = 𝑃𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 5.02 𝑏𝑎𝑟 + 1.01325𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 6.03𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑑𝑃 = 6.033𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 5.533𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 0.5𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 50𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑑𝑇 = 151.1°𝐶 − 147.3°𝐶 = 3.8°𝐶
𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑇 = 3.8⁄50 = 0.076

Calculated slope:
Pressure = 6.03bar = 603kPa
Pressure (kPa) 𝑣𝑔 (𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔) ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔)
600 0.31560 2085.8
650 0.29260 2075.5
700 0.27278 2065.8

(603 − 600)(0.29260 − 0.31560)

𝑣𝑔,603𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.31560 = 0.3141𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(650 − 600)
(603 − 600)(2075.5 − 2085.8)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,603𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2085.8 = 2085.12 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(650 − 600)
151.1 𝑥 0.3141
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.02277
2085.12

𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Percentage of error, % = measured slope – 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑥 100%
0.02277
= 0.076 - 𝑥100%
0.076

= -22.36%
At gauge pressure = 5.52 bar, temperature reading is 154.7°𝐶,

Measured slope:
Absolute pressure = 𝑃𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 5.52 𝑏𝑎𝑟 + 1.01325𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 6.53𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑑𝑃 = 6.533𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 6.033𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 0.5𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 50𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑑𝑇 = 154.7°𝐶 − 151.1°𝐶 = 3.6°𝐶
𝑑𝑃⁄𝑑𝑇 = 3.6⁄50 = 0.072

Calculated slope:
Pressure = 6.53bar = 653kPa
Pressure (kPa) 𝑣𝑔 (𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔) ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔)
600 0.31560 2085.8
650 0.29260 2075.5
700 0.27278 2065.8

(653 − 650)(0.272780 − 0.29260)

𝑣𝑔,653𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.29260 = 0.2913𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(700 − 650)
(653 − 650)(2065.8 − 2075.5)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,653𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2075.5 = 2074.86 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(700 − 650)
154.7 𝑥 0.2913
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.02172
2074.86

𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Percentage of error, % = measured slope – 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑥 100%
0.02172
= 0.072 - 𝑥100%
0.072

= -22.97%
6.3 Calculation
Pressure (kPa) 𝑣𝑔 (𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔) ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔)
700 0.27278 2065.8
750 0.25552 2056.4
800 0.24035 2047.5
850 0.22690 2038.8
900 0.21489 2030.5
950 0.20411 2022.4
1000 0.19436 2014.6
1100 0.17745 1999.6
At gauge pressure = 6.02bar, absolute pressure = 7.03bar = 703kPa
(703 − 700)(0.25552 − 0.27278)
𝑣𝑔,703𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.27278 = 0.2716𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(750 − 700)
(703 − 700)(2056.4 − 2065.8)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,703𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2065.8 = 2065.18 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(750 − 700)
158.1 𝑥 0.2716
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0208
2065.18

At gauge pressure = 6.52bar, absolute pressure = 7.53bar = 753kPa

(753 − 750)(0.24035 − 0.25552)
𝑣𝑔,753𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.25552 = 0.2545𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(800 − 750)
(753 − 750)(2047.5 − 2056.4)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,753𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2056.4 = 2055.81 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(800 − 750)
161.2 𝑥 0.2545
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0200
2055.81

At gauge pressure = 7.02bar, absolute pressure = 8.03bar = 803kPa

(803 − 800)(0.22690 − 0.24035)
𝑣𝑔,803𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.24035 = 0.2395𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(850 − 800)
(803 − 800)(2038.8 − 2047.5)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,803𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2047.5 = 2046.93 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(850 − 800)
164.2 𝑥 0.2395
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0192
2046.93
At gauge pressure = 7.52bar, absolute pressure = 8.53bar = 853kPa
(853 − 850)(0.21489 − 0.2269)
𝑣𝑔,853𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.2269 = 0.2261𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(900 − 850)
(853 − 850)(2030.5 − 2038.8)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,853𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2038.8 = 2038.25 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(900 − 850)
167.0 𝑥 0.2261
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0185
2038.25

At gauge pressure = 8.02bar, absolute pressure = 9.03bar = 903kPa

(903 − 900)(0.20411 − 0.21489)
𝑣𝑔,903𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.21489 = 0.2142𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(950 − 900)
(903 − 900)(2022.4 − 2030.5)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,903𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2030.5 = 2029.97 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(950 − 900)
169.6 𝑥 0.2142
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0179
2029.97

At gauge pressure = 8.52bar, absolute pressure = 9.53bar = 953kPa

(953 − 950)(0.19436 − 0.20411)
𝑣𝑔,953𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.20411 = 0.2035𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(1000 − 950)
(953 − 950)(2014.6 − 2022.4)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,953𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2022.4 = 2021.88 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(1000 − 950)
172.2 𝑥 0.2035
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0173
2021.88

At gauge pressure = 9.02bar, absolute pressure = 10.03bar = 1003kPa

(1003 − 1100)(0.17745 − 0.19436)
𝑣𝑔,1003𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.19436 = 0.1938𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(1100 − 1000)
(1003 − 1100)(1996.2014.6)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,1003𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2014.6 = 2014.11 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(1100 − 1000)
174.6𝑥 0.1938
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0108
2014.11
At gauge pressure = 9.52bar, absolute pressure = 10.53bar = 1053kPa
(1053 − 1100)(0.17745 − 0.19436)
𝑣𝑔,1053𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 0.19436 = 0.1853𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
(1100 − 1000)
(1053 − 1100)(1996.2014.6)
ℎ𝑓𝑔,1053𝑘𝑃𝑎 = + 2014.6 = 2006.61 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(1100 − 1000)
176.9𝑥 0.1853
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.0163
2006.61
7.0 Discussion
7.1 Experimental result.
From the temperature VS absolute pressure graph, we can see that the temperature is increase
linearly with the absolute pressure, which mean higher the pressure, higher the water temperature
in the constant boundary. From the comparison graph of measured slope and calculate slope,
there is huge difference between the two slopes. At the beginning of the graph, measure slope
has super high reading compare to the calculated slope. However, the two slopes become closer
and closer to each other especially at higher pressure.

7.2 Why do we need to release the air from the equipment before the experiment?
It is necessary to remove air form the boiler as this could affect the accuracy of the experimental
results. Before the experiment is conducted, it is vital to remove the air from the boiler. This is
because the air might affect the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is not removed,
the correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be
obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air, a lower water temperature will be required to raise
the pressure. Besides, the air trapped in the boiler could lead to boiler failure.

7.3 Compare the experimental result with theoretical result.

Absolute pressure(bar) Measured slope Calculated slope Percentage of error
2.033 - 0.039664 -
2.533 0.218 0.036118 5.232025
3.033 0.176 0.033463 -1.41286
3.533 0.146 0.030732 -6.44902
4.033 0.122 0.02864 -11.2755
4.533 0.104 0.026821 -15.3896
5.033 0.096 0.025292 -16.7459
5.533 0.086 0.023954 -19.2529
6.033 0.076 0.02276 -22.3477
6.533 0.072 0.021719 -22.9646
7.033 0.068 0.020795 -23.7816
 7.533 0.062 0.019957 -25.9892
8.033 0.06 0.019209 -26.0153
8.533 0.056 0.018526 -27.4815
9.033 0.052 0.017894 -29.212
9.533 0.052 0.017329 -28.1247
10.033 0.048 0.0168 -30.2009
10.533 0.046 0.01634 -30.9217
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % = (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 − )𝑥 100%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
The smallest range of error is around 5% while the biggest range of error is around 30%. With
the negative value, which means we get smaller calculated value compared to measured slope.
This mean the experimental data isn’t accurate enough.
There are several sources of error of the experiment:
• Measurement reading accuracy.
• Room temperature and pressure.
• The stability of the material.
• The calculations of the data obtained.

7.4 Relationship between pressure and temperature.

The pressure and temperature are directly proportional, which means higher the temperature,
higher the pressure too. When the water in the boiler is heated up, the liquid molecules started to
gain heat and move faster. As they move around so fast that they cannot even hold on to each
other anymore, all the molecules started to flying apart and becoming gas. As the liquid absorbed
enough heat energy, it changes from liquid form to vapour form. However, as the steam is not
allowed to exit, the pressure in the boiler increases. Thus, causing the temperature rise. The
liquid (water) undergoes evaporation and becomes gas (steam).

7.5 If we increase the pressure, what will happen to the temperature?

The temperature of the water will increase too. However, when the pressure is relatively too
high, the water will become superheated. Superheated water is liquid water under pressure at
temperatures between the usual boiling point, 100 °C (212 °F) and the critical temperature,
374 °C (705 °F). It is also known as "subcritical water" or "pressurized hot water." Superheated
water is stable because of overpressure that raises the boiling point, or by heating it in a sealed
vessel with a headspace, where the liquid water is in equilibrium with vapour at the saturated
vapor pressure. This is distinct from the use of the term superheating to refer to water at
atmospheric pressure above its normal boiling point, which has not boiled due to a lack of
nucleation sites.
8.0 Conclusion
Marcet boiler is a device which we use to study the relationship between pressure and
temperature for water at saturated liquid phase. As what we did in the laboratory, we started the
experiment by heating water with constant pressure until it reached boiling point. Then, close the
valve which creates a constant volume system which will force the pressure to increase as the
temperature rises. And thus, enable us to study the direct relationship between pressure and
temperature for water at that point. We notice that it is essential to close the valve as it reached
the boiling point to ensure that we are now in a constant volume process or otherwise pressure
would have never increased and this will result the experiment to be useless. We also notice that
we closed the valve exactly when we reached the boiling temperature and thus keeping the water
at a saturated liquid phase. After studying the results and plotting the diagram, we find out that
the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The difference
between the theoretical values and the actual values is caused by errors with certain calculated
acceptable percentages. In this experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is
found to be directly proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental
slope shows a small deviation between them because of certain errors.
Some examples of application of boiler in industries are:
1. Power plant boiler
The boiler generates high pressure steam by transferring heat of combustion in various heat
transfer sections. Volume of one-unit mass of steam is thousand times that of water. When water
is converted to a steam in a closed vessel, the pressure will increase. Heat the water from a cold
condition to a boiling point or saturation temperature. Water boils at saturation temperature to
produce steam. Heating steam from saturation temperature to higher temperature called
superheating to increase the power plant output and efficiency.

2. Food steamer used by food industries

There are two types of food steamers used by the food industry to heat food in large quantities.
The traditional design uses steam trays connected to a central boiler. Newer technology uses
individual heating systems to create the steam on each set of steam trays. The newer technology
offers significant advantages in both energy and water efficiency. The boiler-based steamers
utilize a boiler to inject (through pipes) steam into the heating compartment containing the food
trays. Steam that does not condense on the food product escapes as a mixture of steam and hot
condensate through a drain at the bottom of the set of steam trays. Not only is water wasted in
the rejected steam, but also a substantial amount of additional water is required to condense this
steam and cool the condensate water to an acceptable temperature before it enters the sewer
system.
3. Fluidized bed reactor
The fuel is fluidized in oxygen and steam or air. The ash is removed dry or as heavy
agglomerates that defluidize. The temperatures are relatively low in dry ash gasifiers, so the fuel
must be highly reactive; low-grade coals are particularly suitable. The agglomerating gasifiers
have slightly higher temperatures, and are suitable for higher rank coals. Fuel throughput is
higher than for the fixed bed, but not as high as for the entrained flow gasifier. The conversion
efficiency can be rather low due to elutriation of carbonaceous material. Recycle or subsequent
combustion of solids can be used to increase conversion. Fluidized bed gasifiers are most useful
for fuels that form highly corrosive ash that would damage the walls of slagging gasifiers.
Biomass fuels generally contain high levels of corrosive ash.

4. Steam engines
Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the
combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or
geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyse this process is
called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler
operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is
done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.