Abstract:

Through this paper an overview is presented of some basic use of

psychoanalytics understanding into an organisation. The paper highlights the
different psychoanalytically approaches that
have been adopted by any organisation and also raises issues for those who
wished to use physchoanalytical methods to manage organisational dynamics
and wants to interrupt or make interventions.
Here we have described about the different therapy which aims to treat mental
disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious
elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the
conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free
association. It also covers the believe of the Sigmund freud, who frequently
called as “father of psychoanalysis”.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that people can be cured by making them
conscious through different motivations talks.

Introduction:
The term psychoanalysis means a system of psychological theory and therapy
which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of
conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears
and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream
interpretation and free association.

Sigmund Freud [1] was an Austrian neurologist and the founder

of psychoanalysis, also frequently called as the “father of psychoanalysis” had
developed a clinical method for treating psychopathology  through dialogue
between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
Freud believed that certain types of problems come from thoughts, feelings,
and behaviours buried deeply in the unconscious mind. Therefore, the present
is shaped by the past i.e., an individualʼs current actions are based upon the
early childhood experiences of that individual.
Freud developed techniques such as the use of free association and discovered
transference, established its central role in the analytic process.
On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of unconscious and develops a model
comprising id, ego and super-ego [2]
Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis
remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, and
across the  humanities. It thus continues to generate extensive and highly
contested debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status,
and whether it advances or is detrimental to the  feminist cause.[3]
Psychoanalysis is related to mainly three things:

1. A method of investigating the mind and especially the unconscious mind.

2. A therapy of neurosis inspired by the above method.
3. A new self-standing discipline based on the knowledge gained from the
application of the investigation method and clinical experiments.

Development of Psychoanalysis:
The psychoanalysis made a major progress when Freud went to Paris on
fellowship to study with jean_Martin Charcot who was a renowned neurologist
and at that time he was conducting scientific research into hypnosis.
After few years Freudʼs developed new theories that took place during a period
in which he experienced heart irregularities, disturbing dreams and periods of
depression, a "neurasthenia" which he linked to the death of his father in 1896
[4] and which prompted a "self-analysis" of his own dreams and memories of
childhood. On the basis of his early clinical work, Freud had postulated that
unconscious memories of sexual molestation in early childhood were a
necessary precondition for the psychoneuroses (hysteria and obsessional
neurosis), a formulation now known as Freudʼs seduction theory In the light of
his self-analysis.
The future developments in the psychoanalytic studies of organisations that
might be about:
(i) greater conceptual inclusivity and crossing the boundaries between the
humanities and science.
(ii) the study of affect and emotion in organisations .
(iii) an integration of psychoanalytical insights with social theory via
psychosocial approaches and ‘systems psychoanalysisʼ.
(iv) linking psychoanalysis to discourses of power and the politics of life.

Psychoanalytic Techniques:

A variety of therapy techniques are used during psychoanalysis, all of which are
employed in an attempt to maximise insight and gain awareness into the
patientʼs behaviour. Some of the more popular methods include:
● Dream analysis — In psychoanalysis, dream interpretation is used to
reveal unconscious thoughts. Freud thought that repressed ideas and
feelings rise to the surface of the mind through dreams. However, the
content of dreams is often altered. Therefore, the psychoanalyst must help
the patient interpret and understand the dreamʼs substance to discover its
hidden meanings.
● Free association — During free association, the patient is encouraged to
talk about anything that freely comes to mind. The psychoanalyst may read
a list of random words, and the patient simply responds with the first
 ●

associations that occur. Repressed memories often emerge during the

process of free association.
● Interpretation — The psychoanalyst helps the patient explore memories
and personal narratives in detail, and while doing so, analyses them. The
therapist looks for some common themes in the patientʼs stories. One, the
so-called “Freudian slip,” occurs when patients accidentally reveal
something important when making random conversation. The
psychoanalytic therapist provides an interpretation of the patientʼs
inadvertent choice of word or phrase.
● Transference — Patients engage in transference when they transfer
feelings they had for someone in their past to the present. Transference
sometimes takes place between the patient and the therapist. Patients may
apply certain feelings toward the therapist that actually relate to someone
from their past.

After knowing about the techniques different questions arrises, as like:-

How Does Psychoanalytic Treatment Work?
Numerous assumptions underlie the theories behind psychoanalysis. Firstly,
three functions exist within everyoneʼs personality — the id, ego, and superego.
The id, comprising both instinct and basic fundamental drives, is unconscious
energy; it also includes aggressive and sexual tendencies. The conscious mind,
or the ego, serves to keep the id in check by exerting a moderating influence.
Finally, the superego represents the external reality, including conscious
thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, which reflect parental or societal mores and
values.
These three components form the structural model of what we know as
personality. The interaction between the three presents a struggle for
dominance, which takes place within every person. Psychoanalytic treatment
helps alleviate the underlying tensions that occur between the id, ego, and
superego. In an attempt to balance these three mental functions, patients must
unveil their unconscious thoughts and feelings.
In most traditional psychoanalysis therapies, the patient lies on a couch while
the therapist sits behind the patient to prevent eye contact. This position helps
the patient feel comfortable, so he or she can reach a more intimate level of
discussion with the psychotherapist.
Psychoanalytic therapy typically comprises a long-term course of treatment.
Clients often meet with their therapist at least once a week and can remain in
therapy for a number of years.

When Is Psychoanalytic Therapy Recommended?

Psychoanalysis is better suited for some patients than for others. It is
particularly useful for those people who want to develop an in-depth
understanding of their internal motivators. This therapy also works well for
those who want to make sense of their experiences and deal with the heart of
the dilemma rather than just its manifestations. The patient in psychoanalysis
typically must undergo long-term treatment, which indicates both willingness
and commitment to what sometimes can be a painful growth process.

Case study:
Freud described the evolution of his clinical method and set out his theory of
the psychogenetic origins of hysteria, demonstrated in a number of case
histories such as :

c. Studies on Hysteria published in 1895 (co-authored with Josef Breuer).

d. In 1899 he published The Interpretation of Dreams in which, following a
critical review of existing theory, Freud gives detailed interpretations of his
own and his patients' dreams in terms of wish-fulfillments made subject to
the repression and censorship of the "dream work”.

Benefits of psychoanalysis:
Psychoanalysts help clients to tap into their unconscious mind to recover their
repressed emotions and deep-seated, sometimes forgotten experiences. By
gaining a better understanding of their subconscious mind, patients acquires
insight and the internal motivation, that drive their thoughts and behaviours
correspondingly. Doing so helps patients to work toward changing their
negative and destructive behaviours.

It is also used to treat a variety of conditions and emotional problems in both

adults and children. Few of the issues which responds well to this type of
treatment are:-

● Anxiety
● Depression
● Panic attacks
● Phobias
● Obsessive behaviour
● Trauma
● Eating disorders
● Self-esteem problems
● Sexual difficulties
● Relationship problems
● Self-destructive behaviours

Psychoanalyst: Education, Training, and Licensing

To become a psychoanalyst, a therapist must undergo specialised intensive
training approved by the American Psychoanalytic Association. To apply to a
psychoanalytic training program, the candidate first must have a bachelorʼs
degree, along with a graduate degree in a mental health-related field. The
candidate should also have previous training and experience as a therapist.
Several types of graduate degrees are acceptable for candidacy into a
psychoanalytic training program, including:
● Doctor of Medicine, or M.D.
● Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, or D.O.
● Ph.D. in psychology or social work
● Masterʼs degree in counselling, social work, marriage, or family therapy
After potential candidates meet all the requirements, they can apply to a
training program in psychoanalysis, which typically comprises the following
three components:
● Detailed personal analysis
● A didactic curriculum
● Supervised, hands-on psychoanalytic clinical training
This training thoroughly prepares the student to become a skilled,
knowledgeable, and confident psychoanalyst.
Psychoanalysis is an important psychological therapy method that can provide
lasting benefits to patients — even long after treatment has ended.
Psychoanalytic therapy helps individuals gain an in-depth understanding of the
psychological roots that drive their thoughts and behaviours. This process of
self-exploration helps the patient gain insight into their own behaviour and
motivators, which leads them to make healthy, even life-altering, changes.

Psychoanalysis: Limitations and Effectiveness:

As we know every coin has two faces, psychoanalysis do has both

advantages and disadvantages.

Some of the benefits of this psychoanalytical method include:

● Psychoanalysis gets to the basic cause of the problem rather than
simply addressing its symptoms.
● People who donʼt respond to conventional therapy or medications
sometimes respond to psychoanalysis.
● Provides an in-depth insight into the origins of certain thoughts,
feelings, and behaviours.
● Biological research supports at least a portion of Freudʼs claims.
● A broad examination of the self, such as that offered by
psychoanalysis, can lead to positive growth over time.

Some of the potential drawbacks of psychoanalysis include:

● Certain ideas, such as “penis envy,” are outdated.
● Patients may find it both painful and unpleasant to discover memories
that they have repressed, sometimes for many years.
● It is not an appropriate treatment for some mental health problems,
 ●
such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
● It can be both expensive and lengthy, so it requires a deep level of
commitment from both patient and therapist.

Psychoanalysis: Myths and False Stereotypes:

There are several myths that are associated with psychoanalysis. The general
public typically holds an outdated view of psychoanalysis, perhaps gathered
from television or movie portrayals of psychoanalysts, which is far from
accurate.
Some of the most common stereotypes of psychoanalysis include:

● Psychoanalysis Lasts Forever

While itʼs true that psychoanalytic treatment takes longer than other types
of therapies, the patient does not undergo treatment forever. The goal of
treatment is to help patients develop a deeper understanding of their
unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories to generate permanent
growth and alterations in personality. The deep level of understanding
required in psychoanalysis does not develop overnight, which is why a
patient may be in therapy for a number of years.

● Psychoanalysis Is Not a Real Science

Itʼs a myth that psychoanalysis is fake science. Psychoanalytic theory and
practice have been the subject of numerous research studies over the
years, which have proven both their accuracy and efficacy. In fact,
psychoanalysis therapy often succeeds when other types of treatment have
failed. Psychoanalytic therapy is a nationally recognised treatment that is
recognised by major insurers, who reimburse patients for treatment.

● Psychoanalysis Is Only About Sex

Although Freud did popularise the term “libido”, he did not intend for the
term to applied only to sexual desire. In psychoanalysis, libido refers to the
energy or life force that drives all human behaviour, not solely sexual
passions. Although lust often drives behaviour, it is not the motivator for
every action. Psychoanalysis focuses on many other aspects of experience
that drive behaviour.

Psychoanalytic Treatment: Goals and Objectives:

One of the primary aims of psychoanalysis is to help patients to identify their

hidden thoughts, behaviours, and desires that are creating problems in their
day-to-day life. The main objective is to help patients understand the issues
that have caused this problems and the reason behind the negative
perspective on life. Psychoanalysis helps the patient by assisting them for
adopting a new thinking and starting a new life with positive attitude. This new
attitude generates significant change and growth in the patientʼs life.

Conclusion:
Psychoanalysis approaches itʼs cases starting from the beginning where the
analysis of the unconscious mind is done. The feelings, the experiences and
the ideas as well as other repressed psychical contents can come back in the
shape of neurotic symptoms and disorders. To help the patient with this one
needs to find the major cause/ reason for the depression or can say, find roots
in repression.
Psychoanalysis approaches the repressed thoughts and asks the patient to
integrate consciously if it is rejected from his conscious mind. The analysis of
dreams is a big step in the work of integration of the unconscious and
repressed thoughts.

bibliography:
1—> "Freud" Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Random
House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

2->   Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso

2015 [1971], pp. 49–51, 152–54

3->  For its efficacy and the influence of psychoanalysis on psychiatry and
psychotherapy, see The Challenge to Psychoanalysis and
Psychotherapy, Chapter 9, Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing
RelationshipArchived 6 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine by Robert Michels,
1999 and Tom Burns Our Necessary Shadow: 

4-> "jewishvirtuallibrary Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)".

jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 20
May 2013.

References :

Brickman, H. R. (2008). Living within the cellular envelope: Subjectivity and self

from an evolutionary neuropsychoanalytic perspective. Journal of American
Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 36, 317–341. 
Butler, J. (2000). Competing universalities. In Butler, J., Žižek, S., Laclau, E.
(Eds.), Contingency, hegemony, universality: Contemporary dialogues on the
Left (pp. 136–181). London and New York: Verso. 

Ettinger, B. L. (2006b). Matrixial trans-subjectivity. Theory, Culture & Society,

23, 218–222.

Grey, C. (2010). Organizing studies: Publications, politics and polemic.

Organization Studies, 31, 677–694. 

Rice, A. K. (1953). Productivity and social organization in a Indian weaving

shed: An examination of the socio-technical system of an experimental
automatic loom shed. Human Relations, 6, 297–329.

Walkerdine, V. (2005). Freedom, psychology and the neoliberal worker.

Soundings, 29, 47–61.

Kenny, K., Bell, E. (2011). Representing the successful managerial body. In

Jeanes, E., Knights, D., Yancey Martin, P. (Eds.), Handbook of gender, work and
organization. Oxford: Blackwell Wiley.

Arnaud, G. (2012). The contribution of psychoanalysis contribution to

organization studies and management: An overview. Organization Studies.

Fotaki, M. (2009). Maintaining the illusion of a free health service in post-

socialism: A Lacanian analysis of transition from planned to market economy.
Journal of Organizational Change Management, 22, 141–158.