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Instructional Project 3
Directions:
This is a research assignment. Use your textbook, web articles, and NAU library to conduct research
when writing this paper.
Use APA style references and in-text- citations. You need to use at least 3 different resources
besides Castronova (2002), and Moore (2015).
Castronova, J. A. (2002). Discovery learning for the 21st century: What is it and how
does it compare to traditional learning in effectiveness in the 21st century. Action
Research Exchange, 1(1), 1-12. Retrived from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.594.6363&rep=rep1&type=pdf
After reading this article and conducting additional research, answer to the following
questions.
Discovery Learning is an active, hands-on style of learning where the student participates actively in
the learning process rather than passively receiving knowledge as if he were an empty vessel to be
filled by the instructor. It is an approach to instruction through which students interact with their
environment by exploring and manipulating objects, wrestling with questions and controversies, or
performing experiments and is supported by the theories of learning and understanding from
cognitive psychology and constructivist ideologies. Students are encouraged to think, ask questions,
hypothesize, speculate, cooperate and collaborate with others and develop confidence in problem
solving and in using what is in their own minds.
How does this form of teaching compare to traditional, teacher-centered instruction?
The five major differences between discovery learning and traditional learning are (Bonwell,
1998; Mosca & Howard 1997; Papert, 2000):
What is the most important thing you discovered about discovery learning?
I liked most that it supports active engagement of the student in the learning process and it
Provides high motivation because students have the opportunity to experiment
1. Teaching all students. Remember that a teacher’s job is to teach all students and assume an
attitude that all students can learn. Research techniques and strategies that can be used to
accomplish this task. Sources of information include the library, the Internet, current journals, and
recent books.
2. Intelligence profile. Evaluate your own intelligence profile according to Gardner. In what frames
of mind (intelligence areas) do you come out strongest?
2. Causes of misbehavior. Think back over the classes you have attended in which there have
been disciplinary incidents. List the possible causes for any such misbehavior. How might knowledge
of the causes of these incidents influence a teacher’s actions? Some behavior problems are teacher
created and some are student centered. Can you think of examples?
1. How does technology enhance the teacher’s ability to plan instruction? Use one of the available
search engines to explore the web for technological tools such as lesson planning software,
worksheets and puzzle tools, poster and bulletin board production tools, and time management tools
that will assist you in planning. Share your findings with your class.
2. Technology offers tools that can help students learn. To what technology should students have
access? Do you have any educational concerns about the use of these technologies in schools? If
so, what are they? If not, why not?
1. Teaching methods. What teaching methods and procedures can be used to improve
students’ critical thinking abilities? Creative thinking abilities?
Critical Thinking
CATS (Classroom Assessment Techniques)
Cooperative Learning Strategies
Case Study /Discussion Method
Using Questions
Reciprocal Peer Questioning
Reader's Questions
Conference Style Learning
Dialogues
Use Writing Assignments
Ambiguity
Creative thinking
We need to improve these three aspect
Fluency
Flexibility
Elaboration
2. Thinking. What type of thinking is emphasized in most schools? Is critical thinking rewarded?
Creative thinking? Is school success based on students’ ability to think critically? Creatively?
Generally knowledge is transferring to the students rather than making them to think creatively or
critically. Educators agree that the development of higher order or cognitive intellectual abilities is of
utmost importance and that critical thinking ''is central to both personal success and national needs'.
The critical thinking module measures students' ability to clarify, analyze, evaluate, and extend
arguments. What is of utmost importance is creating a classroom that encourages collaboration,
open dialogue, and an acceptance of diverse values, beliefs, and perspectives. Students should be
allowed to openly express their opinions without fear of judgment, censure, or reproach, and
educators can encourage optimal critical thinking behaviors and attitudes through effective modeling
of those behaviors.
3. The environment. What type of classroom environment would be conducive to developing critical
thinking? Creative thinking? What problems can you foresee in establishing this environment?
Create a compassionate, accepting environment
Be present with students’ ideas
Encourage autonomy
Re-word assignments to promote creative thinking
Give students direct feedback on their creativity
Help students know when it’s appropriate to be creative
Use creative instructional strategies, models, and methods
Channel the creativity impulses in “misbehavior.
Protect and support your students’ intrinsic motivation
Make it clear to students that creativity requires effort
Explicitly discuss creativity myths and stereotypes with your students
Experiment with activities where students can practice creative thinking.
The downside of critical thinking skills is that they can lead you into new and frightening
territory. You might find yourself questioning the values, even t he religion, by which you
were raised. There is a certain existential comfort in someone else telling you how the
world works, then blindly clinging to those tenets. The price of this simple comfort is
forgoing a deeper understanding of how the world works , and all the opportunities this
deeper thinking provides. While you can use your thinking skills to find new tenets that
make sense, a modified version of those original tenets, or a new understanding of those
original tenets, you might feel lost as you move between points A and B
Part 3. REFERENCES:
Cite at least 5 References in APA.
You need to use at least 3 different resources besides Castronova (2002), and Moore
(2015).
You may use http://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-journal for citing your sources
in APA style.
References:
5. Emily Sandford Brown . Discovery Learning in the Classroom (2006). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305174476
6. Barbour, Samantha Colleen, "A study of teaching methods to enhance creativity and critical
thinking in graphic design" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
15661.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15661
7. Moore, K. (2015). Effective instructional strategies: From theory to practice (4th ed.). Los
Angeles: Sage.
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