RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING

CORPS

MILITARY SCIENCE - 2

WORKBOOK
(INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

QUIRINO S CALONZO
2007
 SUBJECTS
(Military Science 2)

Chapters
Pages
1. GENERAL MILITARY SUBJECTS

A. PA ORGANIZATION
B. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE
C. RESERVIST AND RESERVE FORCE DEVELOPMENT
D. INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS

2. SMALL UNIT TACTICS

A. PATROLLING
B. RAIDS
C. AMBUSCADES
D. RIFLE SQUAD TACTICS

3. INDIVIDUAL/UNIT TRAINING

A. VISUAL TRACKING
B. MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING
C. JUNGLE BASE OPERATION
D. MARCHES AND BIVOUACS AND LAND NAVIGATION
E. MAP READING
F. MILITARY STAKES

4. MARKMANSHIP TRAINING

A. MARKMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS
B. RANGE SAFETY PROCEDURES

5. INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

B. FIRST AID (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)

6. DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

A. DISMOUNTED DRILLS
CEREMONIES

7. MANDATORY READINGS

A. INTRO TO ARTILLERY OPERATIONS

B. FORWARD OBSERVER
C. INTRODUCTION TO ARMOR OPERATIONS
D. INTRODUCTION TO UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
E. PLATOON TACTICS
F. CREW SERVE WEAPONS’ TRAINING

1) 60MM/81MM MORTAR
2) CAL .50 MACHINE GUN
8. ANNEX

A. RA 7077
B. RIDS
 CHAPTER 1
GENERAL MILITARY SUBJECTS

A. PHILIPPINE ARMY ORGANIZATION

PRESENT PA ORGPANIZATION

ARMY

COMBAT UNIT

INF DIV SOCOM LA Bde

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

ENGR BDE 525 ECB 1SG SIG BN CAG

SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS

RESCOM TRADOC ASCOM AMIC FIN CTR HHSG SEG

MISSION: To provide command, control and supervision of

element (organic and attach) in support of its security role by planning,
directing and reviewing the operation and administration of the Army
establishment, regular and reserve, to include the organization, training,
equipment and development of land forces on the conduct of prompt
and sustained combat operations on land in accordance with plans for
national security and to perform such peacetime task as may be
directed.

FUNCTIONS:

1. Provide staff planning, control and supervision of

administration and operation of the Philippine Army.
2. Plan for and provide direction and supervision related to
civil function such as:
a. Participation in Socio –Economic Military Program
b. Emergency function in the public interest, such as
disaster relief and domestic disturbance, the latter when directed by
higher authority.
c. Operation of essential utilities directed towards
national interest.
d. Civil Works, such as flood control.
3. Prepare plans and program for use of Army, both separately
and in conjunction with air and naval forces in organizing, supplying,
equipping, training, mobilizing and demobilizing the Philippine Army.
4. Prepare detailed instruction for the execution of approved
plans and to supervise the execution of such plan.
5. Supervise the development, execution and review and
analysis of Army Programs, to include budgetary and logistical
considerations.
 6. Individuals of this unit, except those specifically exempted
by existing regulations and laws, can fight as infantrymen when
required.

COMBAT UNITS

1. INFANTRY DIVISION

MISSION: To destroy enemy military forces and to control

land areas including population and resources.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct independent offensive and defensive

operations.
b. Conduct sustained combat operations against
similarly or less equipped land forces independently or as part of a
larger force.
c. Conduct operations in any local weather and terrain
and in any visibility condition.
d. Participate in air assault operations.
e. Participate in amphibious operations.
f. Control population and restore order.
g. Operate in conjunction with heavy forces.
h. Rapidly accept and integrate augmenting forces.

2. LIGHT ARMOR DIVISION

MISSION: To destroy enemy military forces and to control

land areas including population and resources.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct sustained combat operation against

similarly or lass well-equipped land forces independently or as part of a
larger forces.
b. Conduct independent offensive, defensive and
retrograde operations.
c. Conduct operations in any local weather and terrain
and in any visibility condition.
d. Disperse over great distances and concentrate
rapidly from widely separated areas.
e. Act as covering forces in offensive, defensive and
retrograde operations.
f. Participate in amphibious operations.
g. Operate in conjunction with light forces.
h. Rapidly accept and integrate augmentation forces.

3. SPECIAL OPERATION COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To plan for, conduct and support special

operations.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct unconventional warfare operations.

 b. Conduct special reconnaissance and intelligence
operations
c. Conduct disaster relief and rescue operations.
d. Conduct raids ambuscade and sabotage operations.
e. Conduct recovery operations.
f. Conduct Civil Military Operations.
g. Conduct Special Operations Training.
h. Conduct Counter Terrorist Operations.

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

1. ENGINEER BRIGADE

MISSION: To provide general engineer support to PA

units and contribute to the socio-economic development program of the
government.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Undertake construction project in support to the

Base Development Program of the Philippine Army.
b. Undertake construction project in support to the
socio-economic Development Program of the National Government.
c. Assist in relief, rescue and rehabilitation operations.
d. Provide organizational maintenance on organic
equipment.
e. Undertake Combat Engineering Support activities
when directed.

2. SIGNAL GROUP, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To provide Communication-Electronics

services to the Philippine Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Install, operate and maintain fixed Commel facilities

and radio terminals/relays on all echelon of command.
b. Install, operate and maintain multi-channel tactical
microwave and satellite communication terminals.
c. Supervise the construction and installation of outside
plan facilities.
d. Conduct electronic-warfare activities.
e. Provide up to 4th echelon repair and maintenance of
Commel equipment.
f. Provide Commel support to HPA units and task
forces/special units organized by the command during times of
emergency and calamities.
g. Conduct special studies researches tests and
evaluation of Commel equipment.
h. Monitor Commel personnel management recommend
career and specialization training and subsequently assignment and/or
reassignment.
i. Maintain satellite communication terminals.
 j. Act as commodity manager on Commel supplies and
equipment for acquisition.

3. CIVIL AFFAIRS GROUP, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To conduct Psychological Operations in

support to Army units and to conduct Civil Affairs activities in
coordination with the Local Government agencies (LGU’s), Local
Government Units (LGU’s), Non Government Organization (NGO’s),
People Organization (PO) and other sectors of society aimed at winning
the heart and mind of the people.

FUNCTIONS:

a. To influence the people’s emotion, belief, behavior

and attitude as well as the enemies in favor of the AFP and the
government.
b. To weaken the will of the enemy to fight to reduce
their strength by inducing surrender, defection and desertion.
c. To conduct research and area studies to determine
the issues obtaining in the target areas for propaganda exploitation.
d. To conduct counter-PSYOPS to negate enemy
propaganda.
e. To establish a good working relationship with the
media, LGA’s, LGU’s, NGO’s, PO’s and other sector to have a concerted
efforts in uplifting the plight of the people in the depressed areas.
f. To conduct civil affairs activity in coordination with
other AFP units NGO,s and LGU’s.
g. To plan, provide, conduct and evaluate PSYOPS
actions covering the following areas of concerns security and laws
enforcement, religious, economic, social, political, educational, cultural,
heath and media people.
h. To analyze and evaluates propaganda activities and
conduct counter PSYOPS.
i. To conduct and provide instructions for CMO,
PSYOPS, Tri Media, Public Affairs Courses and SOT training.
j. To develop produce, and evaluate PSYOPS products
using the following forms of media, face to face , radio, TV and object
merchandize.
k. To maintain networking with LGU’s, LGA’s, and
NGO’s for a collaborated effort in the conduct of humanitarian
assistance in depressed localities tagged as national priority areas.
l. To enhance the socio-economic well-being of
soldiers and their dependence through livelihood training.
m. To conduct news coverage of all command activities.
n. To provide command and control of PA NCR DRTU.
o. To conduct photo/video coverage, film showing and
other related civil-military operations.

4. INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY GROUP

MISSION: To conduct special intelligence and counter-

intelligence operations in support of the Philippine Army mission.

FUNCTIONS:
 a. Conduct penetration and infiltration operations
targeting specific enemy personalities and organizations of the
CPP/NPA/NDF the MILF, the ASG and other threat groups.
b. Conduct Tactical Intelligence operations to directly
support PA infantry Divisions.
c. Conduct counter-intelligence and operations
independently or in support of other PA units.
d. Conduct signal intelligence operations in support of
human intelligence operations.
e. Conduct specialized intelligence and security training
PA-wide.
f. Conduct limited propaganda operations.
g. Operate as an infantry unit.
5. 525th ENGINEER BATTALION

MISSION:

a. To provide general engineering support to combat

units of the Philippine Army and to perform general engineer works to
bolster the Army’s Socio-Economic program.
b. To construct and rehabilitate roads, bridges and
drainage structures airfield and related in support of the socio-economic
program of the government.
c. To engage and perform reforestation activities of the
Philippine Army.
d. To assist in disaster relief, rescue and rehabilitation
operations during calamity.
e. To undertake and carry out the mission of an infantry
battalion when required.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Provide engineer staff planning and suspension for

organic and attached engineer troops.
b. Performs construction, repair and maintenance of
roads, bridges ford and culvers.
c. Provide support of hasty stream-crossing operations
opportunity with boats and raffs and coordination of organic and
engineer troops for deliberate river crossing.
d. Assists in the emplacement of obstacle including
mines and bobby traps.
e. Construction and rehabilitation of roads bridges and
drainage structures airfield and related facilities to include installation
and repair of utilities.
f. Perform deep well drilling operations and related
activities as directed by higher Headquarters.
g. Providing its own administrative supply mess and
limited general support to an engineer equipment and vehicle of the
battalion.
h. Medical services for the battalion to include
emergency medical treatment operations of battalion and station,
evacuation of sick and injured when prescribed and supervision of
sanitation of the battalion.
i. Take-over and operate existing sawmills
j. implement forestry laws rules and regulations.
 k. Conduct relocation survey in support to engineer
construction units.
l. Conduct construction survey in support to engineer
construction units.
m. Produce terrain intelligence by collecting analyzing
and interpreting military geographic information.
n. Provide field maintenance for organic engineer
equipment. Vehicle and sawmill equipment of the battalion.
o. Maintaining and operate heavy engineer equipment
not available in the construction companies and the operation and a
maintenance of the quarry.

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS

1. HEADQUARTERS & HEADQUARTERS SUPPORT GROUP, PA

MISSION: To provide administrative, security, ceremonial

service and service support function as complimentary unit for
Headquarters Philippine Army.

CAPABILITIES:

a. Provide security the commanding General Philippine

Army and other important personages.
b. Secure important personages, camp facilities, vital
installation and detention center.
c. Conduct military ceremonial activities.
d. Provide appropriate music in military ceremonies and
recreational activities.
e. Provide transportation and limited engineering
construction service to Headquarters, Philippine Army.
f. Provide medical, dental and chaplain services.
g. Provide maintenance service of utilities, building
facilities and grounds.
h. Enforce military laws, AFP and Post Rules and
Regulations.
i. Perform limited security operations outside camp as
directed.
j. Provide comptroller services to designated satellite
units within post.

2. ARMY SUPPORT COMMAND

MISSION: To provide combat service support to all PA

units.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Procure, receive, store, maintain while in storage and

issue material for PA units.
b. Recover/reclaim and dispose
unserviceable/obsoletes material.
c. Provide land transportation services and coordinate
with other agencies for air water and rail transportation.
 d. Perform general support and depot level (4 th and 5th
echelon) maintenance on common-wheeled vehicles and other
equipment.
e. Provide health services medical and dental to PA
personnel and their dependents.
f. Operate and maintain LNMB and provide mortuary
and interment service to AFP personnel and authorize non-military
personnel.
g. Undertake programs aimed at the development and
maintenance of physical and mental well-being of PA personnel.
h. Operate forward support units to extend combat
services support to PA and other AFP field units.
i. Provide explosive ordnance disposal to PA and other
government agencies.
j. Conduct research and material development
activities.
k. Accounts for all PA properties/assets.

3. TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND

MISSION: To educate and train personnel and develop

doctrines for the Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct career, specialization and special courses.

b. Conduct other training as may be required by higher
Headquarters.
c. Develop test evaluate and validate and doctrines.
d. Evaluate units on training.
e. Publish manual and pamphlet for doctrinal/historical
information and instructional purposes.
f. Conduct research and special studies.
g. Participate in any joint and combined exercises with
other services and other Allied Nation.
h. Conduct entry training for officer and enlisted
personnel.

4. ARMY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION CENTER

MISSION: To provide Information Technology (IT)

services for the effective and efficient management of operations and
resources.

FUNCTIONS;

a. Plan, develop, acquire, install and maintain major

Army information System (IS).
b. Operate common Army information System.
c. Integrate information System and data bases
throughout PA.
d. Advise assist and provide support to all PA IT users.
e. Evaluate and select computer systems for
organization use.
f. Conduct specialized IT training for selected PA’s
military and civilian personnel.
 5. FINANCE CENTER, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To provide financial services to the Philippine

Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Administer the payment of pay and allowances,

collateral entitlements of military and civilian personnel to include other
legal authorized claims against PA appropriations.
b. Gather and collate financial data and furnishes such
information to higher headquarters when required.
c. Provide staff financial advice to higher adjacent and
lower headquarters when required.
d. Process claims for retirement, separation,
hospitalization and death benefits of Army personnel
e. Collect both appropriate and non appropriated fund
due the government (Trust Fund) and deposit same to authorized
depository bank.

6. ARMY RESERVE COMMAND

MISSION: To develop, organize, train, equip and

administer reserves into responsive and mobilizeable Reserve Forces as
integral component of the total Army in the defense of the state and to
participate in Socio Economic Development efforts.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Develop, organize train, equip, administer and

maintain the ready reserve component of the Philippine Army.
b. Provide mobilizeable reserve forces as bases for the
expansion of Army in case of war or nation emergencies.
c. Conduct continuous mustering/accounting of
reservist nationwide broken down by age category, province and
city/municipality both officer and EP reservist.
d. Organize and administer the standby reserve units.
e. Conduct selective annual formal and informal
assembly of Ready Reserve Units.
f. Conduct training of basic and advance ROTC, POTC,
BCMT, AADT and other specialized training.
g. Conduct processing of applicant for BCMT, POCT,
candidate soldier, commission and promotion of reservist.
h. Organize, train and administer PAARU’s
i. Assist retirees and veterans.
j. Assist government agencies in the conduct of annual
registration of military registrants
k. Assist in emergency relief and rescue operation
during disaster and calamities.
l. Assist in socio-economic activities.

7. ARMY REAL ESTATE OFFICE

MISSION: To administer and manage PA Real State.

 FUNCTIONS:

a. Formulate and recommend to CG, PA policies

concerning the administration & management of PA Real Estate.
b. Plan and recommend for the general utilization of PA
bases and reservations.
c. Plan and ensure the protection of all PA real estate.
d. Secure perfect and protect the PA real estate
documents.
e. Undertake legal action on matters pertaining to PA
Real Estate.
f. Acquire and dispose new real estate for the PA.

8. ARMY PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CENTER

MISSION: To provide a responsive and efficient

personnel management in support to the Philippine Army mission.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Implement policies regulations plans and orders

pertaining to personnel management.
b. Perform career management function for all
ranks/salary grades except for the promotion and/or placement of O6
and above.
c. Recommend changes to policies to ensure
continuous and efficient utilization of the human resources of the
Philippine Army.
d. Develop, review, analyze recommend and execute
program of activities under its supervision.
e. Provide and maintain data necessary for career
management of personnel.
f. Perform other function as the CG, PA may direct.

B. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES (TLP)

TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE is the logical sequence of action

that a leader follows while preparing for the execution of an assigned
mission making the best use of time, facilities or equipment and
personnel.

Troop-leading procedure is a dynamic process by which a

commander receives a mission, plans and executes it. It should be an
instinctive and familiar way of thinking for a commander. The sequence
of the individual TLP’s is not rigid. It is modified to meet the mission,
situation and available time. Some steps are done concurrently while
others may go on continuously throughout the operation. TLP is time
saver and as such, the leader conducts them in the order that most
effectively uses the available time.

PURPOSES OF TLP

1. It ensures that the leader makes the best use of time,

equipment and personnel, in accomplishing the assigned mission.
 2. Allows the commander/leader to launch his troops in the battle
quickly with maximum preparation.
3. It assures the accomplishment of all actions required before
battle.
4. To save time.

STEPS OF TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE

STEP 1. RECEIVE THE MISSION

A mission may be received either in a written or oral form;

warning order, operation (OPORD), or fragmentary order (FRAGO). At
times, a leader may deduce a change in mission based on a change in
the situation.
a. Once an upcoming mission is identified, actions to
begin preparing the unit are conducted. The CO conducts an initial
METT-T analysis to determine the requirements for his warning order.
b. With the information available, the commander sets
his time schedule by identifying the actions that must be done (time-
critical tasks) to prepare his unit for the operation. These preparatory
actions are identified by a preliminary consideration of the information
on the mission, enemy, terrain, and own troops. An initial
reconnaissance is conducted to allow the leader to more fully
understand the time requirements for the mission. He then develops his
time schedule by starting at “mission time” and working backward to
the time it is now (reverse planning). The mission time is normally the
most critical time in the operation.
c. The commander must ensure that all subordinate
echelons have sufficient time for their own planning needs. A general
rule of thumb for leaders at all levels is to use no more than one-third of
the available time for planning and issuance of the OPORD. This will
leave the rest of the available time for the subordinate leaders to use for
the planning and preparation.

STEP 2. ISSUE A WARNING ORDER

Do not wait for more information. Issue the best warning

order possible with the information at hand and update it as needed with
additional warning orders. The warning order allows units prepare for
combat as soon as possible after being alerted of an upcoming mission.
This normally involves a number of standard actions that should be
addressed by SOP that must be done to prepare for the mission. The
specific contents for each warning order will vary, based upon the
unique tactical situation.

STEP 3. MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN

Tentative plans are the basis for the Operation Order

(OPORD). The leader uses the commander’s estimate of the situation to
analyze METT-Information, develop and analyze a course of action
(COA), compares COA and make decision that produces a tentative
plan.

The company commander makes a tentative plan based on

the following:
 M - Mission
E - Enemy
T - Terrain and weather
T - Troops
T - Time

What is the company MISSION? What are the stated and

implied tasks?

What is the ENEMY situation? What weapons and units do

they have in support? Will they mounted, dismounted, or both?

SEQUENCE IN STUDYING ENEMY SITUATION

S - Size S - Size
A - Activity E - Equipment
L - Location L - Location
U - Unit D - Disposition
T - Time O - Organization
E - Equipment M - Morale/Movement

How can the TERRAIN and WEATHER be used best? To

get an answer to this question, he considers the following and its effects
to personnel, equipment, visibility and trafficability:

K - Key terrain is any feature that affords marked advantage

to the force that seizes or retrieves it. A commander considers key
terrain and the weather in selection of positions in the defense.
O - Observation and field of fire dictate where platoon and
weapon crews are positioned to cover likely enemy avenues of
approach.
C - Cover and concealment influence the choice of routes
and positions. In the offense, a commander picks positions that provide
the best cover and concealment.
O - Obstacles also influence the choice of routes in the
offense and the choice of positions in the defense. In the offense, the
commander may by-pass obstacles that allow movement. In the
defense, he positions troops and weapons to take advantage of
obstacles that allow or stop the enemy. He reinforces existing
obstacles, if there are no natural obstacles, with improvised or
expedient means.
A - Avenues approach are considered in conjunction with
thel direction of attack in the offense and the assignment of position and
sectors of fire in the defense. A commander considers how the enemy
avenues of approach or withdrawal can affect friendly operations.

How may TROOPS and how much TIME are available?

These affect the selection of position, routes, formation and degree of
preparation.

STEP 4. INITIAL MOVEMENT

This can be done by having a subordinate leader move the

unit to an assembly area or attack position. The instructions for this
movement can be given in the warning order.
STEP 5. CONDUCT RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is a continuous process during the TLP.

This is done to gather information on the actual area of operation to
validate the plan and make adjustments as necessary.

STEP 6. COMPLETE THE PLAN

The tentative plan is adjusted based on the results of the

reconnaissance. He may have to change COAs if the situation is not
what he expected. In this case, one of the previously analyzed and
discarded COAs may be adjusted to quickly finalize his new plan.
Coordination continues with all supporting agencies, higher
headquarters and adjacent units. When issued, the plan becomes an
OPORD.

STEP 7. ISSUE THE ORDER

Preferably issue the order while viewing the avenues of

approach/objective and make maximum use of visual aids (sketches and
terrain models) to enhance the presentation of the order

STEP 8. SUPERVISE

The best plan may fail it is not supervised correctly. Brief

back, rehearsals, inspections and continuous coordination of plans
must be used to supervise and refine TLP.
To help ensure the correct execution of actions, the
following are done:

a. Inspect the following during pre-combat inspections,

1) Weapons and ammunition.

2) Uniforms and equipment.
3) Mission-essential equipment
4) Soldier’s knowledge and understanding of the
mission and their specific responsibilities.
5) Communications.
6) Rations and water.
7) Camouflage.

b. Rehearse. Rehearsals are always conducted. They

are essential to ensure complete coordination and understanding of
tasks. The warning order should provide subordinate leaders sufficient
detail for them to schedule and conduct rehearsals of drills/SOPs before
receiving the company OPORD. Rehearsals conducted after the OPORD
can then focus on mission specific tasks. Rehearsals conducted as any
other training exercise except the training area should be as much like
the objective area as possible, including the same light and weather
conditions. Mock-ups of the objective should be used for these
practices. Rehearsals include holding soldier and leader brief backs of
individual tasks and using sand tables or sketches to talk through the
execution of the plan. These are followed by walk-through exercises
and then full-speed, blank-fire or live-fire rehearsals. The priority of
rehearsals, as COA development, flows from the decisive point of the
operation. For example, actions of the objective, battle drills for
maneuver, actions on enemy contact, special teams, movement
techniques, and others as required. Security must be maintained during
the rehearsal.
c. Brief back. Subordinates should brief back the
commander right after the OPORD to ensure they understand
instructions. Brief backs of the subordinates’ plans should also be
conducted. These brief backs may be given collectively at a meeting of
the orders group. Such technique allows exchange of information,
coordination among units, and rapid distribution of changes to the initial
plan.
d. Coordinate. The commander visits his subordinates
and adjacent units to discuss their plans. The CO ensures that all
necessary preparations are being made. These may include
coordination of fire support and engineer activities maintenance, re-
supply, movement and other required actions.

C. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

Military decision making is both an art and a science. The

commander and staff continually face situations that involve
uncertainties, questionable and incomplete data, and several possible
alternatives. They must not only decide what to do, but they must also
recognize when a decision is necessary. How a commander or staff
officer arrives at a decision is a matter of personal determination;
however, sound conclusions, recommendations and decisions result
only from a thorough, clear, unemotional analysis of all facts and
assumptions relating to the situation. A systematic approach to problem
solving assist in applying thoroughness, clarity, judgment, logic, and
professional knowledge to the task.
Solutions to a problem(s) result from a logical and orderly
process that consists of:

1. Recognizing and defining the problem.

A problem exists when there is an observable or perceived

deviation from norms. Sometimes, there seems to be a lot of problems
requiring multiple solutions but after careful analysis, it will be found
out that there is only one problem where the efforts should focused at.
Problems should be clearly identified.

2. Gathering the facts and making assumptions needed to

determine the scope of and the solution to the problem.

Gathering as many facts bearing on the problem as

possible will help the staff officer or a commander. All bits of
information are to be treated important. When put together, they may
provide an essential lead to the solution to the problem. Furthermore,
making assumptions is necessary to determine the scope of possible
solutions to the problem.
Understandably, an assumption is a supposition on the
current and future situation, assumed to be true in the absence of
positive proof. In the absence of facts, they are used to fill gaps in what
is known about a situation. Typically, they describe future eventualities
on which the success of the situation depends. In planning,
assumptions are indispensable tools; however, it must be borne in mind
that replacement of assumption by facts when possible is best. When
used, assumptions must be logical, realistic and positively stated.

3. Developing possible solutions to the problem.

Based on the assumptions made, possible solutions or

courses of actions are developed.

4. Analyzing and comparing possible solutions.

Self test may be administered based on a prescribe criteria.

Advantages and disadvantages of each possible solution as well as its
suitability, feasibility and acceptability must be considered.

5. Selecting the best solution to the problem.

For simplicity, assigning numerical value to each criteria is

resorted to in determining the best possible solution. The best solution
is recommended for approval or implemented.

Two procedures commonly used to solve a military problem are

the estimate of the situation and the staff study. Both of these
procedures parallel the problem-solving process described above. If
decision makers use these procedures, they can make sound decisions.
These two procedures will provide summarize the significant aspects of
the situation, including both facts, assumptions and ethical implications
of various alternatives and indicate or recommend how the means
available can best be sued to resolve the problem to accomplish the
mission.

1. Estimate of the Situation.

The purpose of the estimate of the situation is to collect

and analyze relevant information for developing, within the time limits
and available information, the most effective solution to a problem. The
estimate is applicable to any situation and to any level or type of
command. Although normally used in solving tactical problems, it is
applicable to other military activities. Anyone may use this process. The
estimate is as thorough as time and circumstances permit. The detail
varies with the level and type of command. Estimates may be written,
but are usually a mental process. Information, conclusions and
recommendations from other pertinent estimates maybe used.
Estimates are revised continuously as factors affecting the operations
chance, as new facts are recognized, as assumptions are replaced by
facts or rendered invalid, or as changes to the mission are received or
indicated.

2. Staff Study

A staff study is a staff officer’s analysis of and

recommended solution to a specific problem or problem area. Most
often, the staff study is a mental analysis in which the staff officer thinks
through a problem in a logical manner and arrives at a solution.
Frequently, the results of the staff are presented to the commander or
other superior for his decision. This is accomplished either orally, as a
briefing or in writing, as a staff paper. The purpose of the staff study, like
the estimate of the situation, is to collect and to analyze relevant
information to develop the most effective solution to a problem. It
applies to the solution of administrative as well as operational problems,
although the estimate of the situations is used more commonly when
solving tactical problems.

REF: FM 101-5

D. RESERVISTS AND RESERVE FORCE DEVELOPMENT

REFERENCES:

1. RA 9163 (National Service Training Program Act of 2001)

2. RA 7077 (AFP Reservist Act of 1991)
3. GHQ Implementing Guidelines on NSTP dated 07 May 2002
4. Circular number 3, GHQ, AFP dated 03 March 2004 (AFP
Affiliated Reserve Units Program).
5. Letter Directive HPA dated 28 April 93, subject: Command
Relationship between ARESCOM and the Responsible Soliciting Units of
PAARUs.
6. SOP #3 HPA dated 10 February 93, subject; Procurement,
Training, Promotion, Call to Active and Separation of Reservist under
Project 36-70

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

a. Career Course – pertains to the course required for

career progression (Basic, advance and etc) which provides AFOS such
as: Infantry, Armor, Artillery, Quartermaster, Signal, Engineer, Finance,
Ordnance, etc.
b. Non-Resident Career course – course offered by PA
Service Schools to junior and company grade inactive reserve officers
to prepare them to assume as company commander, battalion
commander or brigade staff of the PA Reserve Force.
c. Active Duty Training – a call to active duty of inactive
reserve officer and Enlisted reservist for the purpose of training. The
training may involve updating of skills and knowledge on military
techniques, doctrines, policies and regulations in order to upgrade his
state of preparedness for integration with the active component in time
of emergency.
d. Inactive Reserve – a commissioned officer and
enlisted reservist not performing regular military duty with the AFP.
e. Mobilization – the utilization of the reserve force in
times of war or national emergency.
f. Mobilization Center – a designated area or place
wherein reservist will report when mobilization is ordered.
g. Deserving Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) – an
enlisted personnel in the grade of E-3 (Corporal) or higher including E-7
(Master Sergeant), who has conspicuously demonstrated meritorious
and valuable service.
h. Grade – the military rank of a commissioned officer
of the AFP.
i. Separation – the severance of all connections linking
a reserve officer with the AFP. It includes the termination of appointment
as a reserve officer as a result of resignation, deferment of promotion
and administrative or court martial action.
 j. Reserve Manpower Development – is one of the
functional areas of the Reservist Retiree Affairs (RRA) such as ROTC,
BCMT and MOT.
k. Reservist Training – This refers to training programs
to prepare and qualify individuals to become officer or enlisted
reservists.

l. Recruitment – encouraging persons to join a

particular activity, association or party.
m. Soliciting Agency – Any unit in the PA whose AOR
covers.
n. Military Organizational Training – is the 1st training
for the newly organized Ready Reserve Company or Battalion and
PAARU.
o. Basic Citizen Military Training – A basic military
training course of thirty (30) days or one (1) month or 240 periods of
eight (8) periods per day. The trainees shall receive pay and allowances,
including initial clothing allowances (ICA) of a third class trainee. (HPA
letter directive dated 03 March 2004)
p. Philippine Army Affiliated Reserve Unit – a
component of the AFP Reserve Force as prescribed in R. A. 7077
composed of vital public and/or private utilities organized as affiliated
units of the AFP Reserve Force. ( Ref: Para 4b, Circular 3).
SOURCES OF RESERVIST OFFICERS:

1. Commissioned Officers under Circular 30, GHQ, AFP dated

7 Dec 87, Graduates of Probationary Officers Training Course (MS-43);
2. Commissioned Officers under Circular 16, GHQ, AFP dated
6 Dec 82, deserving NCOs (implementing RA 718);
3. Commissioned Officers under Circular 14, GHQ, AFP dated
13 Jan 75, civilian graduates of NDCP (implementing PD 190);
4. Commissioned Officers under SOP Nr 12, GHQ, AFP dated
12 Oct 70, “Captains of Industry” and those operating vital public
utilities, Project 36-70;
5. Commissioned Officers under section 44 of RA 7077,
Elected and Appointed Officials;
6. Retired Officers of the AFP who were honorably separated
or retired from the service; and,
7. Commissioned Officers of the defunct Philippine
Constabulary who applied for change of branch of service in AFP &
assigned PA pursuant to GHQ Letter Dir dated 6 Jun 96.

SOURCES OF ENLISTED RESERVISTS:

1. Basic ROTC Training

2. BCMT graduates
3. PAARU
4. Enlistment under Project 36-70
5. Ex-serviceman of PA (honorably discharged or retired)
6. World War II veterans
7. CAFGU

PRE-RESERVISTS TRAINING:

1. ROTC Training (Basic and Advance)

2. MS-43 (POTC) training
 3. Basic Citizen Military Training
4. Project 36-70 Training
5. Military Orientation Training (MOT) for PAARU

RESERVIST INDIVIDUAL TRAINING

1. Career Schooling (Basic/Advance/GSC)

2. Specialization Training

CATEGORIES OF RESERVIST:

1. First Category – shall be composed of able-bodied

reservists whose ages are between eighteen (18) years and thirty-five
(35), inclusive.
2. Second Category – shall be composed of able-bodied
reservists whose ages are between thirty-six (36) and fifty-one (51),
inclusive.
3. Third Category – shall be composed of all able-bodied
reservists who are above fifty-one (51) years of age.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVE FORCE UNITS:

1. Ready Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers belonging

mostly to the first category reserve. This shall be organized, trained and
maintained as mobilizisable ready reserve subject to call at any time to
augment the regular armed force of the AFP not only in times of war or
national emergency but also to meet local emergencies arising from
calamities, disasters and threat to peace, order, security and stability in
any locality, including the need to provide assistance in the relief and
rescue work and other civil assistance activities.

Degree of readiness to respond to the call to service:

a. Ready Reserve I – units maintained in a high degree

of readiness as to be ready for operational employment in not more than
seven (7) days after activation.

b. Ready Reserve II - units maintained in a high degree

of readiness as to be ready for operational employment in not more than
fifteen (15) days after activation.

2. Standby Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers belonging

mostly to the second category reserve and the third category reserve.
This shall be organized and assigned to specified reserve units and
shall be maintained through annual assembly tests to update their
records and their present addresses. It shall only be mobilized or order
to active duty in times of national emergency or war.
3. Retired Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers who have
qualified for retirement through length of service, old age or disability or
attained the age of sixty five (65). It shall only be ordered to active duty
in times of local or national emergencies if they volunteers for active
duty.

PROMOTION – names of all reservist officers shall be carried in

promotion lists similar to those prescribed in the Regular Force in 2
categories, namely: Active and Inactive.
 Two (2) factors that primarily governed in the promotion of
Reserve Force:

1. Qualifications, ability and performance demonstrated by

individual reservist.
2. Vacancies occur within the prescribed reserve force
structure of the PA, consistent with existing TOE and reserve force
manpower requirement.

SEPARATION OF RESERVE OFFICERS – appointment of officers

in the Reserve Force of the AFP are automatically terminated upon
death, resignation or an approved administrative or court martial action.
E. INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS

1. Definition

Logistics is the process of planning and executing the

sustainment of forces in support of military operations. It encompasses
the organization, procedures and principles together with the
equipment, materials and facilities needed to organize, train and equip
military forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained combat
operations; support to national development programs, inter- agency
operations and operations other than war.

2. Goal

The goal of logistics is to support the continuous conduct

of security operation and timely crises response during rescue, relief
and rehabilitation operation. At tactical level, it focuses on the traditional
functions of providing the soldier and his unit the required sustainment
and the capability to move, shoot and communicate.

3. Principles of Logistics

To effectively manage the pillars of the logistics system,

logisticians must understand and apply certain fundamental principles
of logistics as follows:

a. Impetus from the rear. This means that combat

service support is provided to the echelon as far as the tactical situation
permits. It means pushing supplies from the rear areas to the end-user.
In as much as the logistics resources are scarce, combat service
support resources support forces that contribute the most to the overall
mission, for the greatest good and the greatest number.
b. Logistics Intelligence. Commanders must have
accurate and timely logistics information in order to provide effective
logistics support.
c. Objective. Logistics endeavors must be directed
towards a clear and attainable objective.
d. Generative Logistics. The professional application of
initiative, knowledge and ingenuity and the innovative exploration of
technical and scientific advances are fundamental to the generation of
logistics system improvement.
 e. Interdependence. Logistics system efficiency
requires effective inter-relationship among all the functional parts of the
system.
f. Simplicity. Simplicity is essential at all levels of the
logistics system.
g. Timeliness. Logistics support must be provided in
the right quantity at the proper time and place for the accomplishment of
the mission.
h. Cost – effectiveness. Efficient management of the
logistics resources is essential to cost-effective logistics support.
i. Security. Security of every facet of logistics system
must be maintained to preserve resources and insure sustained combat
capability.

5. Functional Areas of Logistics

The functional areas of logistics are linked together by

operating systems, procedures and concepts. The most successful plan
considers the application of these pillars, the product of which when
combined, balanced, produced and delivered effectively supports the
operating forces.

a. Supply. It involves the systematic coordination

between the user, the supply units and the materiel management
system. Key functions of supply includes requirement determination,
flow of requisition, storage and stock control, distribution and disposal.
It also include techniques whereby demands for an item of supply are
balanced against the assets of the item through a system of reporting,
computation and evaluation.
b. Transportation. Transportation services in support of
military tactical and administrative movements from one point to
another at the least time and cost. Transportation management includes
the monitoring of available vehicles and their capacity in terms of
volume and weight. This ensures immediate and efficient response and
service to the request for transportation. The function involves
determining the transportation requirements, processing of request
through preparation and approval of directives and periodic monitoring
to maintain serviceability of vehicles.
c. Maintenance. All actions taken to retain materiel in
serviceable condition and operational status aimed to promote
operation readiness whenever there is a need for equipment, tools,
supplies and facilities. In all levels of maintenance, the main goal is to
provide available logistics in good working condition at the right time
and the right place. It includes restoration of materiel into serviceable
condition or upgrading its functional utility through appropriate
modifications deemed necessary.
d. Facilities and Installation. This function includes
planning, acquisition, construction, maintenance and disposition of real
estate properties. It provides evaluation of technical and financial
viability of the project classified as facilities. Facilities of installation are
significant because of their wide distribution of money value and their
basic importance to the unit. They are crucial to the overall logistics
management because of their impact to administrative and operational
system of the unit.
e. Other Logistics Services. This function is geared
towards providing combat service support involving food, finance,
commissaries, clothing, health care, water support, laundry and bath,
legal, postal, mortuary and other services.

5. Characteristics of Logistics

Successful logistics must be both effective and efficient.

Logistics operations are not successful unless they provide effective
support. Scarce resources require logistics operations to be efficient.
Effectiveness, however, cannot be handicapped by efficiency. These two
aspects of logistics are balanced to provide the foundation for
successful logistics operations.

The five (5) characteristics of logistics facilitate effective

and efficient logistics operations. Commanders and logisticians
anticipate requirements. They integrate logistics concepts and
operations with strategic, operational and tactical plans. Logistics
operations and systems must be responsive to the commander and
must provide continuous support to forward deployed units. They apply
to war and operations other than war.

a. Anticipation. Foremost among the characteristics is

anticipation. Accurate anticipation of requirements can enhance both
the agility of the force and its ability to seize and to retain the initiative
and synchronize activities in depth. Though no one can predict the
exact course of events, future logistics demands must be estimated as
accurately as possible. Anticipation means identifying, accumulating
and maintaining the assets and information necessary to support
operations at the right time and places. Anticipation also means
developing logistics capabilities that are versatile and mobile enough to
accommodate likely operational and tactical events. Logistics planners
should anticipate requirements in order to push the right support
forward; this minimizes the need for improvisation in the area of
operations. Anticipation requires constant coordination between the
operations and logistics staff.
b. Integration. Tactical and operational success depend
on fully integrated concepts of logistics and operations. Integration
during planning ensures support of operations during execution.
Logistics capabilities often affect the feasibility of a concept of
operations.
c. Continuity. Any interruption in logistics operations
diminishes the combat power of a force. During operations, committed
forces require continuous supply and service support to sustain their
fighting strength and agility. Continuity of support is the lifeblood of
operations at all levels.
d. Responsiveness. The logistics system must react
rapidly in crises. Moreover, seldom will requirements for units and
supplies be known. Logistics commanders and staffs must adapt units
to requirements, often in short notice. Tailoring organizations will be the
rule. Responsive logistics, especially when other resources are
constrained, relies greatly on assured communications and automation
networks.
e. Improvisation. Improvisation is the talent to make,
invent, arrange, or fabricate what is needed out of what is in hand.
Successful logistics operations adapt to changing situations.
Improvised methods and supply sources can maintain logistics
continuity when standard procedures fail.
 CHAPTER 2

SMALL UNIT TACTICS

A. PATROLLING

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Patrol - is a detachment sent out from a unit to perform an

assigned mission of reconnaissance or combat or a combination of
both.
2. Patrol Order – An order issued by the patrol leader using
the five (5) basic paragraphs of an OPORD.
3. Warning Order – Preliminary notice of action or orders that
are to follow. These are usually oral or written messages.
4. Route - An access intended for use of the patrol in going in
or from objective.
5. Primary Route – Route intended for use of patrol to
objective and returning to friendly forces.
6. Alternate Route - Route intended for use of patrol when
the primary route is not feasible.
7. Rallying Point - Point where the patrol were assemble or
re-organized.

AIMS IN PATROLLING:

1. To gather information
2. To provide protection and Security
3. To harass the Enemy

TYPES OF PATROLS ACCORDING TO NATURE OF MISSION

D 1. Reconnaissance Patrol:

a. Point Recon- one which was undertaken to secure

information about a specific location or small specific areas, usually
known position activity.
E b. Area Recon – one which was undertaken to
secure information about extended areas.

2. Combat Patrol:

F a. Raid- the mission of which is to destroy or capture

G enemy personnel, equipment, destroy installation or liberate friendly
troops.
 b. Ambush- ambush enemy patrol and provides
protection against surprise enemy ambush.
c. Contact- this establishes or maintains contact with
friendly or enemy forces.
d. Economy of Force- this will perform limited
objectives mission such as seizing and holding critical terrain to allow
maximum forces to be used elsewhere.
H e. Security- protection from enemy infiltration and
surprise ambush/attack.
I
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF COMBAT
PATROL:

1. Formation and Order of Movement

J 2. Rallying Point
K 3. Action at the Danger Area
L 4. Action at the Objective
5. Action upon Enemy Contact

SKILLS INTEGRATED INTO PATROLLING:

1. Leadership
2. Team work
3. Individual and Unit security
M 4. Communication
N 5. Ability to Operate Day and Night
O
STEPS IN CONDUCTING PATROL

1. Study and analyze the mission

2. Study the Terrain Situation
3. Select Men, Weapon and Equipment
4. Organize the Patrol and Execute the Mission.

B. ORGANIZATION OF SPECIAL FORCES TEAM

SPECIAL FORCES (SF)

As a major component of the Special Operations Command

(SOCOM), SF plans, conducts, and support Special Operations in all
operational environment in peace, conflict and war SF operations are
normally joint and may be combined and/or part of a interagency
activity. They may support or be supported by conventional forces.

SF is an unconventional combat arm. SF commanders should

employ tactics of supplementary or reinforcing combine arms. They
may use PSYOPS, lift assets, and other resources to increase the
effectiveness of independent SF operations. Normally, CS and CSS are
being provided by the Area Command.

1. Special Forces Mission

The mission of the Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) is to

plan for and conduct Unconventional Warfare operations in designated
areas. Within the context of this mission, the primary objective of this
unit is to support the conventional force in all phases of the defense of
the country. Guerilla Warfare and related activities shall be conducted
within designated unconventional warfare operational areas (YWOA).
(COL BENJAMIN A FE, The need To Organized AFP UW Bde, thesis, pp
VII-6)

2. Special Forces Tasks

Tasks of the Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) are:

a. Conduct of Internal Security Operations in

conjunction with conventional forces operations.
b. Provide planning assistance and training for regular
and reserve components of the AFP along unconventional warfare
techniques.
c. Conduct area assessment nationwide.
d. Perform rescue, relief and recovery operations and
training in view of emergencies and other crisis.
e. Conduct counter-terrorists operations.
f. Provide waterborne operations to deny enemy, use of
rivers, inland waterways and shorelines.

3. Special Forces Capabilities

In addition to the above specified tasks of the unit, SFR(A)

has the following capabilities.

a. Develop, organize, train, equip, command and control

indigenous forces, ie. CAFGU AA.
b. Provide Mobile Training Team MTT to organize, train
and advice Cadres of conventional forces that are tasked to administer
CAFGU’s.
c. Conduct denial operations to prevent enemy access,
influence and control over a particular area of strategic value.

d. Perform PSYOP, civic action operations and

umanitarian assistance.

e. Strike operations unilaterally by SF or jointly by SF

and indigenous assets.

f. Perform Forward Air Control for air mission, (e.g.

armed and Reconnaissance, close air support, and interdiction).

g. Sabotage, subversive and abduction of selected

personnel.

h. Search, rescue and recovery operations.

4. SF Team Organization and Responsibilities

The special forces team is composed of one (1) officer and

eleven (11) enlisted personnel.

a. The Team Leader

 The team leader exercises command of the team and
responsible for planning and supervising unit operations; training,
morale, and discipline of his men; and the organization of activities and
operations within the team’s area of operations.

Upon the word ‘go’ by his superior, his team can

conduct direct action mission, training and can provide effective
command and control of a company size cafgu or civilian volunteers.
He is equipped with map, compass, snap link and
armed with Cal .45 pistol and Steyr rifle.

b. The Team Sergeant

The team sergeant is the principal assistant of the

team leader. He is the tam technician who is knowledgeable in all fields
of specialization. He attends to the administrative requirements of the
team. During training, he can teach subjects on operations and
intelligence. He is equipped with nap link and armed with m653 assault
rifle.

c. The Operations Sergeant

The operations sergeant is responsible for the

planning of e team’s preparation and infiltration into the area of
operation. he is the jump master of the team. He can train CAFGU or
guerilla personnel on operational functions. He is equipped with snap
link, map, compass, night vision goggles and armed with m653 assault
rifle.

d. The Intelligence Sergeant

The intelligence sergeant is responsible for the

coordination of outer and inner security of the team’s operational area.
He can operate overt and covert intelligence net independently or along
other AFP Units. he is also responsible for all aspects of intelligence,
counter intelligence, and force protection for the team and its
indigenous forces.
He is armed with rappel rope, snap link and armed
with M653 assault rifle.

e. The Demolition and Sabotage Specialist

The demolition and sabotage specialist is

responsible for the delay of enemy pursuit by placing mines and booby-
traps in raids and ambuscades. He is a member of special purpose
team. He is also the logistics NCO of the team. He can teach subjects
on arming and disarming of explosives, placement of mines and booby
traps and sabotage operations.
He is equipped with demolition kit, snap link and
armed with 7.62 mm m-14 assault rifle.

f. The Assistant Demolition and Sabotage Specialist:

The Assistant Demolition and Sabotage Specialist

can teach subjects on demolition and can function similarly with the
demo specialist. He is equipped with demolition kit, snap link and
armed with 7.62 mm m-14 assault rifle.

g. The Heavy Weapons Specialist:

The Heavy Weapons Specialist is the assistant of the

operations sergeant in planning and preparation of camp defense
plan/patrol base plan. He plans and conducts training on tactical
security of the team. He can teach subjects on markmanship, operation,
care and maintenance of government issued firearms. He is equipped
with snap link and armed with M60 general purpose machine gun.

h. The Light Weapons Specialist

The Light Weapons Specialist assists the weapons

specialist. He is responsible for the preparation of the cross loading
plan of ammunition and other weapons repair equipment. He is
equipped with snap link and armed with Minimi Squad Automatic
Weapon.

i. The Medical Specialist

The Medical Specialist functions as the psyops

specialist. He is primary responsible in the preparation of personnel
estimates and the medical requirements of the team. He ensures that
each member has excellent health/physical condition, and provides
training on combat life saving, ad hygiene and sanitation. He is the dive
master and underwater specialist of the team. He is equipped with
medical kit, snap link and armed with M16A1 assault rifle.

k. The Assistant Medical Specialist

The Assistant Medical Specialist functions similarly

as the Medical Specialist. He is responsible in the preparation of
personnel estimate and the medical/dental requirements of the team. He
is equipped with medical kit and armed with M16A1 assault rifle.

l. The Communication Specialist

The Communication Specialist prepares

communication and signal plans of the team. He can instruct subject on
installation of expedient antennae, message writing and continuous
wave operation. He is equipped with URC 187 radio, snap link and
armed with m653 assault rifle.

m. The Assistant Communication Specialist

The Assistant Communication Specialist is

responsible for the team radio. He can teach subject on radio telephone
procedures, silent signals and different kind of guerilla communication
system. He is equipped with PRC 77 radio, snap link and armed with
m653 assault rifle.

For operational purposes, SF team can be sub divided into three

(3) direct action teams. These teams could infiltrate by land, air, and
water.
 Likewise, the SF team is a unit that is composed of personnel who
have their respective skills in the five (5) fields of specialization, such
as; operations and intelligence, demolition and sabotage, signal
communication, weapons, and field medical services

Every member is cross-trained with other specialization to

enhance his skills. Each SF trooper has the inherent ability of utilizing
psyops in influencing the target community or individual.

C. RANGER SQUAD ORGANIZATION

1. Lead scout
2. Guide
3. Squad leader or Team leader
4. Radio Man
5. Assistant Radioman
6. Contact man
7. Tail scout

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SQUAD MEMBERS

1. LEAD SCOUT

He is the point man. He ensures the security of his

squad. He always chooses the advantageous terrain during the
movement. He is physically and mentally prepared to shoot the enemy
first. Prepares himself for a quick draw, the safety lever of his rifle is on
semi-automatic the whole time.

2. GUIDE

The guide takes on a supporting role to the lead scout. He

is expected to be always at the back of the lead scout, there are times
that he will stay by the side of lead scout. When there is imminent
danger to the front, the lead scout and the guide are abreast to maintain
two rifles to unload their stinging bullets. The guide often controls the
pace of the squad. The guide helps out in making path through the
jungle. He makes sure that the squad is always on the right track.

3. SQUAD OR TEAM LEADER

The squad leader is in effective control of the squad. He is

responsible for what his team does or fails to do.

4. RADIOMAN

The radioman is the voice of command. He is responsible

for all the signal equipment of the squad. He emphasizes radio security.
He must always be beside the squad leader. He always gives feedback
on all instructions.

5. ASSISTANT RADIOMAN

The assistant radioman has a lot of duties to perform for

the team. He acts as the aircraft marshal and as the sniper of the squad.
The assistant radioman assists the radioman with the operation of the
squad’s radio.

6. CONTACT MAN

During commando operations, the contact man is the point

man. He disguises as a rebel and mingles with the barrio residents to
fish for information of intelligence value. He is responsible for the
conduct of civil military operation. He is the squad’s silent killing
specialist. He is the primary interrogator of the squad. He is the media
man of the squad. The contact man must also master the dialect in the
area, as the intelligence agent of the squad and the demolitionist.

7. TAIL SCOUT

He provides the rear security. He is responsible for the

subsistence of the squad and policing the harboring area. He is in
charge of counterattacking.

D. RAID

RAID – is a surprise attack against enemy position or installation.

1. Purpose of Raid

a. Destroy a position or installation

b. Destroy or capture enemy personnel or equipment.
c. Liberate friendly personnel

2. Types of Raid

a. Hasty raid is an immediate action in response to an

unexpected meeting at close range with an enemy force. In this
situation, the enemy force is considered a target opportunity.

b. Deliberate raid is planned against a specific target.

Detailed information of the target requires its size, organization,
weapons, equipment, route of entry and exit, and activities and the time
during which it will leave its location temporarily.

3. Key Factors of Raid

a. Surprise – achieved by attacking when the enemy is

least prepared by attacking from unexpected direction.
b. Firepower – concentrate firepower at the right time
for the target and exploit the weakest point and pierce through his
defense.
c. Violence – attack aggressively and destruction.
d. Swift withdrawal – withdraw as fast as possible.

4. Considerations for Planning a Raid

a. Sound Intelligence
b. Planning, reconnaissance and rehearsals
c. Security
d. Concealment
 e. Good Control
f. Simple Planning
g. Maximum use of Firepower
h. Battle Discipline
i. Training

5. Organization for Raid

a. Command Group – Provides command, control and

communications necessary for the accomplishment of the mission. It
starts from planning phase up to the time the mission is accomplished.

b. Assault Element – They accomplish the purpose of

the raid by assaulting through the objective in close coordination with
the support elements.
c. Support Element – Provides the suppressive fires on
the objective to allow the assault elements to close in. Fires are shifted
or lifted in coordination with assault elements on prearranged signals.
d. Security Element – Provides early warning to the
raiding party before the raid. Once the raid commences, they seal off the
objective by not allowing any enemy reinforcement to enter the
objective area. They are the first to be emplaced and the last to
withdraw.

6. Conduct and Execution

a. Preparations

The briefing for raid must be as detailed and

exhaustive as possible. Terrain sketches must be used to properly
orient the members of the raiding team.
After the briefing, maximum secrecy must be
maintained. As much as possible, all troops must be confined at the
camp after the briefing. Through rehearsals, things that can do wrong
must be identified and provided a solution.

b. Action at the Objectives

Assemble the team near the objective and establish

security, if possible make a leader’s reconnaissance taking along
subordinate leaders. Confirm plans and announce changes. Dispatch
elements to their positions. This improves the combat group capability
for decisive action if prematurely detected by the enemy.
c. Maneuver

Penetration and envelopment on the enemy flank or

rear is normally preferred over other type of maneuver. Aggressive fire
and maneuver by assaulting team are conducted to overcome enemy
resistance. As the enemy place is located, the fire and maneuver
elements of the assaulting force generally move on a single line with the
fire concentrated generally on a selected and limited area of the enemy
defense perimeter. The objective of the initial assault is to achieve
penetration on the enemy’s position. Once penetration is made, it is
exploited until the objective is taken. During the assault, supporting
fires continue until lifted or shifted by the ground commander.
 d. Reorganization

Immediately after the execution of the assault, the

team consolidate and re-organize if necessary for immediate withdrawal.
Normally, the route for withdrawal is different from the route of assault.

E. AMBUSHCADES

Ambush is defined as a surprise attack from a concealed position

on a moving or temporary halted enemy.

Planning Considerations:

1. Covering the entire killing zone by fire.

2. Using existing or reinforcing obstacles (Claymores and
other mines).
3. Protecting the assault and support elements by using
security elements or teams to isolate the killing zone.
4. Timing the actions of all the elements of the ambushers to
preclude loss of surprise.

a. Ambush Formations

1) Linear – In an ambush using a linear formation,

the assault and support elements are deployed parallel to the enemy’s
route. This formation can be used in closed terrain that restricts the
enemy’s ability to maneuver against the ambusher or in open terrain that
provide a means of keeping the enemy in the killing zone.

2) L-Shaped – An ambush in which the assault

elements forms the long leg to the enemy’s direction of movement along
the killing zone while the support elements forms the short leg at one
end of and right angle to the assault elements. This formation can be
used in a sharp bend in trial, road or steam. It should not be used where
the short leg would have to cross a straight road or trail because it
leaves a mark or traces that compromise the ambush.

b. Categories of Ambush:

1) Hasty – Is an ambush conducted when it

makes visual contact with an enemy force and there is no time to plan to
establish an ambush. The actions for a hasty ambush must be well
rehearsed so that the ambushers knows what to do on the leader’s
signal of attack or same is through when compromised.

2) Deliberate Ambush: An ambush conducted

against a specific target at a predetermined location and the commander
has enough time to plan to establish the ambush. The leader requires
detailed information in planning a deliberate ambush such as:

a) Size & composition of the targeted

enemy unit.
b) Weapon & equipment available to the
enemy.
c) Times that the targeted unit will reach or
pass specified points along the route.
 c. Types of Ambush:

1) Point Ambush - In a point ambush, soldiers

deploy to attack an enemy in a single kill zone. The platoon leader
should consider the following sequence of actions when planning a
deliberate point ambush.

a) The security or surveillance team(s)

should be positioned first. The support element should be in position
before the assault element moves forward of the release point. The
support element must over watch the movement of the assault element
into position.
b) The platoon leader is the leader of the
assault element. He must check each soldier once they establish the
assault position. He signals the surveillance team to rejoin the assault
element.

2) Area Ambush – In an area ambush, the

elements are deployed in two (2) or more related point ambush. The
platoon leader should consider the following sequence of actions when
planning a deliberate area ambush:

a) The platoon is the smallest unit to

conduct an area ambush. Platoons conduct area ambushes where
enemy movement is largely restricted to trails or steams.
b) The platoon leader should select one
principal ambush site around which he organizes outlying ambushes.
These secondary sites are located along the enemy’s most likely
approach to and escape from the principal ambush site. Squad-size
elements are normally responsible for each site. They establish an area
ambush as described above.
c) The platoon leader must determine the
best employment of his machine guns, he normally positions them both
with the support element of the principal site.
d) Squads are responsible for outlying
ambushes and do not initiate their ambush until the enemy escapes or
reinforced.

F. INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD TACTICS

1. ORGANIZATION:

The Rifle Squad is broken in to two (2) fire teams. Each fire
team has four (4) men composed of a team leader, grenadier, automatic
riflemen and rifleman. The two fire team leaders double as anti-armor
gunners. The rifleman is also serve as a medical aid man.

2. MISSION OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD:

To close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver, to

destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close combat and
counter attack.

3. CAPABILITIES OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD

 Infantry Rifle Squad can:

a. Provide a base of fire and maneuver

b. Close with the enemy to destroy and capture him
c. Repel and assault by fire, close combat and counter
attack
d. Seize and hold terrain
e. Maneuver in all types of local weather and terrain
f. Conduct combat operation under limited visibility
g. Provide light anti-tank protection
h. Participate in air assault operation
i. Participate in amphibious/waterborne operation
j. Operate in conjunction with heavy forces.

4. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

a. Rifle Squad Leader – Responsible for all that the Rifle

Squad does or fails to do. He is tactical leader and, as such, leads by
example.

1) Control the maneuver of his squad and each

rate and contribution of fire.

2) Trains his squad on the individual and

collective tasks required to sustain combat effectiveness.
3) Manage the logistical and administrative needs
of his squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water ration, and
special equipment.
4) Maintains and accountability of his soldier and
equipment.
5) Complete casualty feeder reports and reviews
the casualty reports completed by squad member.
6) Submits reports for awards and decorations.
7) Direct the maintenance of squad weapon and
equipment.
8) Inspect the condition of soldier weapon,
clothing and equipment.
9) Ensures that supplies and materials are
distributed to the soldier in the squad.
10) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on
squad supplies status and squad requirements.
11) Ensure supplies and equipment is internally
cross level within the squad.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipment: Map and Compass, Handheld FM Radio,
Binocular, Utility Rope

b. Team Leader

There are two (2) team leaders in the squad, one (1)
for each fire team. They lead by personal example and help the squad
leader. They control the movement of their fire teams. They ensure that
their soldiers maintain the unit standards in all areas. They are the eyes
and ears of the team. Provide short range anti-armor capability for the
squad and the platoon.
 Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle, LAW
Equipment: Map and compass, NVG, Utility rope.

c. Automatic Rifle Man

There are two (2) automatic rifle men in the squad,

one (1) for every team. He is responsible in providing sustained
automatic fire for the squad and secure the left flank area during
movements and halts.

Armaments: Squad automatic (SAW) Ultimax

Equipment: SAW Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

d. Grenadier

There are two (2) grenadiers in the squad, one (1) for
each fire team. He provides grenade capability to the squad and the
platoon for maximum firepower and secure the right flank area of the
squad during movement and halts.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle attach with 40 MM grenade

launcher
Equipment: 40 MM Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

e. Rifle Man

There are two (2) Rifle Man in the Squad, one (1) each
fire team. They are responsible for the food supply and medical
requirements of the team. He monitors the health and hygiene of the
squad and provides technical expertise and supervisions of the combat
lifesavers. He erased the tracks left team during operations.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipments: Medical kit, Cooking Utensils, Utility
rope

5. INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD FORMATION

a. Wedge Formation (Fire Team)

The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team.

The interval between soldiers and wedge formation normally is ten (10)
meters. The wedge expands and contracts depending on the terrain.
When rough terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make control of the
wedge difficult, fire team modifies the wedge.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER AUTOMATIC GRENADIER AUTOMATIC

RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
 RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 1. Fire Team Wedge

(Squad leader may choose his position depending on the terrain and
enemy position, and or, where he thinks he can best command his men)

b. Squad Column

The squad column is the most common formation. It

provides good dispersion laterally and depth without sacrificing, control
and facilitates maneuver. The leader fire team is the base fire team.
When the squad moves independently or as the rare elements of the
platoon, the rifleman in the tail fire team provides rear security.

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLE MAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 2. (Squad Column with Fire team in Column)

c. Squad Line

The squad line provides maximum firepower to the

front. When a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the
right is base fire team.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN GRENADIER
 RIFLEMAN SQUAD LEADER
RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 3: SQUAD LINE

d. Squad File

When not traveling in a column or line, squad travels

in file. The squad file has the same characteristics as the fire team file,
if the squad leader of desire increase his control over the formation,
exert greater moral presence by leading from the front, and be
immediately available to make key decisions. He will move forward to
the first or second position. Moving the team leader to the last position
can provide additional control over the rear of the formation.

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER (OPTIONAL)

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 4. Squad File

6. MOVEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

A movement technique is the manner a squad uses to

traverse terrain. The selection of a movement technique is based on the
likelihood of enemy contact and the need for speed factors to consider
each technique are controls, dispersion, speed and security.

Three types of movement techniques:

a. Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is

not likely an speed is needed

b. Traveling over watch - is used when contact is

possible. Attached weapons move near the squad leader and his
command so he can employ them quickly.
 c. Bounding Over watch – is used when enemy contact
is expected. It is most secured, but the slowest movement technique.

CHAPTER 3

INDIVIDUAL/UNIT TRAINING

A. VISUAL TRACKING

Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemy’s

presence or activity. Such signs can often alert us to an enemy’s
presence and give our unit time to prepare for contact.

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

a. Tracking – is the technique of locating and enemy

with the aid of markings and traces left as he moves through and out of
the area.
b. Visual Tracking – is following the path of men or
animals by the signs they leave, primarily on the ground or vegetation.
c. Scent Tracking – is following men or animals by their
smell.

2. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACKING

a. Displacement – takes place when something is

moved from its original position to another place.
b. Staining – roots, stones and vines may be stained by
crushed leaves or berries when walked on. Yellow stains may be urine
mark left by personnel in the area.
c. Weathering – weather may either aid or hinder
tracking. It affects the signs or marks but wind, rain and sunlight can
also obliterate signs completely.

1) Footprints are greatly affected by weather.

When a foot displaces soft, moist soil to form print, the moisture holds
the edges of the prints intact and sharp. A sunlight and air dry the
edges of the prints, small particles that were held in place by the
moisture fall into a print. If particles are just beginning to fall into a
print, making the edges appears rounded.
2) Wind affects sound and odors. If the wind is
blowing from the direction of a trail you are following, sounds and odors
are carried to you. If the wind is blowing in the same direction as the
trail you are following, you must be cautious as the wind will carry your
sounds toward the enemy. To find the wind direction, drop a handful of
dry dirt or grass from shoulder height and watch its direction as it fall.
` 3) Sun – you must also consider the effects of the
sun. The vision is affected when the tracker is directly facing the sun.

d. Littering – poorly trained units may leave trails of

litter as they move. Gum or candy wrappers, ration cans, cigarette
butts, remains of fire, or human feces are unmistakable sign of recent
movement.

Weather affects litter – rain may flatten or wash litter

away, or turn paper into pulp. Winds may blow litter away from its
original location. Ration can exposed to weather will rust. They first
rust at the exposed edges where they were opened. Rust then moves
toward the center. Use your memory to determine the age of litter. The
last rain or strong wind can be the basis of a time frame.
e. Camouflaging – Camouflage is used to conceal
movement and to slow down and confuse the tracker. Walking
backward, brushing out trails and moving over rocky ground are
examples of camouflaging.
f. Interpretation/Immediate use of intelligence – report
facts, not the interpretation of facts. Report what you have seen only.
g. Tracking Teams – A typical tracking team has three
trackers, three security men and a team leader with the radiotelephone
operator (RATELO).
h. When a team is moving, the best tracker should be in
the lead, followed by his security. The two other trackers should be on
the flanks over watched by his security. The leader should be where he
can best control the team. The RATELO should be with the leader.
i. Tracker dogs may be used to help track an enemy.
Tracker dogs are trained and used by their handlers. A dog track human
scent and the scent of disturbed vegetation caused by man’s passing.
Tracker dogs should be used with tracker teams. The team can
track visually, and the dog and handler can follow. If the team loses the
signs, then the dog can take over. A dog can track faster than man
tracks, and the dog can track at night.
j. Counter Tracking – in addition to knowing how to
track, you must know how to counter an enemy tracker effort to track
you.

1) While moving from close terrain to open

terrain, walk fast a big tree (30cm [12 in]) in diameter or larger toward
the open area for three to five paces. Then walk backward to the forward
side of the tree and make a 90 degree change of direction passing the
tree on its forward side. Step carefully and leave a little sign as possible.
If this is not the direction that you want to go, change direction again
about 50 meters away using the same technique. The purpose of this is
to draw the enemy tracker into the open area where it is harder for him
to track. That also exposes him and causes him to search the wrong
area.
2) When approaching a trail (about 100 meters
from it). Change your direction of movement and approach it at a 45
degree angle. When arriving at the trail, move along it for about 20 to 30
meters. Leave several signs of your presence. Then walk backward
along the trail to point, cross the trail and leaved no sign of your leaving
it. Then move about 100 meters at an angle of 45 degrees, but this time
on the other side of the trail an in the reverse of your approach. When
changing direction back to your original line of march, the big tree
technique can be used. The purpose of the technique is to draw the
enemy tracker along the easier trail. You have, by changing direction
before reaching the trail, indicated that the trail is your new line of
march.
3) To leave a false trail and to get an enemy
tracker to look in the wrong direction, walk backward over soft ground.
Continue this deception for about 20 to 30 meters or until you are on
hard ground. Use the technique when leaving a stream. To further
confuse the enemy tracker, use the technique several times before
actually leaving the stream.
4) When moving toward a stream, change
direction about 100 meters before reaching the stream and approach it
at a 45 – degree angle. Enter the stream and proceed downwards for at
least 20 to 30 meters. Then move back up-trail and leave the stream in
your initial direction. Changing direction before entering the stream may
confuse the enemy tracker. When the enemy tracker enters the stream,
he may follow the false trail until the trail is lost. That will put him well
way from you.
5) When your direction of movement parallels a
stream, use the stream to deceive an enemy tracker. Some techniques
that help elude a tracker are as follow:

a) Stay in the stream for 100 to 200 meters.

b) Stay in the center of the stream and in deep
water.
c) Watch for rocks or roots near the banks
that are not covered with moss or vegetation and leave the stream at
that point.
d) Walkout backward on soft ground.
e) Look for a small vegetation/covered tributary
and exit from it.
f) When being tracked by an enemy tracker, the
best bet is to either try to out distance him or to back track and ambush him.
3. TRACKER QUALITIES

a. Be Patient
b. Be able to move slowly and quietly, yet steadily, while
detecting and interpreting signs.
c. Avoid fast movement that may cause you to overlook
sign, lose the trail, or blunder into an enemy unit.

d. Be persistent and have the skill and desire to

continue the mission even though signs are scare or weather or terrain
is unfavorable.
e. Be determined and persistent when trying to find a
trail you have lost.
 f. Be observant and try to see things that are not
obvious at first glance.
g. Use your sense of smell and hearing to supplement
your sight.
h. Develop a feel for things that do not look right. It
may help you regain a lost trail or discover additional signs.
i. Know the enemy, his habits, equipment and
capability.

B. MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING

ROPE MANAGEMENT AND KNOTS

The rope is a vital piece of equipment to the mountaineer. When

climbing, rappelling, or building various installations, the mountaineer
must know how to properly utilize and maintain this piece of equipment.
If the rope is not managed or maintained properly, serious injury may
occur. This section discusses common rope terminology, management
techniques, care and maintenance procedures, and knots. Practical
application shall be demonstrated by qualified personnel.

1. PREPARATION, CARE AND MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION,

TERMINOLOGY

The service life of a rope depends on the frequency of use,

applications (rappelling, climbing, rope installations), speed of descent,
surface abrasion, terrain, climate, and quality of maintenance. Any rope
may fail under extreme conditions (shock load, sharp edges, misuse).

a. PREPARATION

The mountaineer must select the proper rope for the

task to be accomplished according to type, diameter, length, and tensile
strength. It is important to prepare all ropes before departing on a
mission. Avoid rope preparation in the field.

1) Packaging. New rope comes from the

manufacturer in different configurations – boxed on a spool in various
lengths, or coiled and bound in some manner. Precut ropes are usually
packaged in a protective cover such as plastic or burlap. Do not remove
the protective cover until the rope is ready for use.
2) Securing the Ends of the Rope. If still on a
spool, the rope must be cut to the desired length. All ropes will fray at
the ends unless they are bound or seared. Both static and dynamic
rope ends are secured in the same manner. The ends must be heated to
the melting point so as to attach the inner core strands to the outer
sheath. By fusing the two together, the sheath cannot slide backward or
forward. Ensure that this is only done to the ends of the rope. If the
rope is exposed to extreme temperatures, the sheath could be
weakened, along with the inner core, reducing overall tensile strength.
The ends may also be dipped in enamel or lacquer for further protection.

b. CARE AND MAINTENANCE

 The rope is a climber’s lifeline. It must be cared for
and used properly. These general guidelines should be used when
handling ropes.

1) Do not step on or drag ropes on the ground

unnecessarily. Small particles of dirt will be ground between the inner
strands and will slowly cut them.
2) While in use, do not allow the rope to come
into contact with sharp edges. Nylon rope is easily cut, particularly
when under tension. If the rope must be used over a sharp edge, pad
the edge for protection.
3) Always keep the rope as dry as possible.
Should the rope become wet, hang it in large loops off the ground and
allow it to dry. Never dry a rope with high heat or in direct sunlight.
4) Never leave a rope knotted or tightly stretched
for longer than necessary. Over time it will reduce the strength and life
of the rope.
5) Never allow one rope to continuously rub over
or against another. Allowing rope-on-rope contact with nylon rope is
extremely dangerous because the heat produced by the friction will
cause the nylon to melt.
6) Inspect the rope before each use for frayed or
cut spots, mildew or rot, or defects in construction (new rope).
7) The ends of the rope should be whipped or
melted to prevent unraveling.
8) Do not splice ropes for use in mountaineering.
9) Do not mark ropes with paints or allow them to
come in contact with oils Petroleum products. Some of these will
weaken or deteriorate nylon.
10) Never user a mountaineering rope for any
purpose except mountaineering.
11) Each rope should have a corresponding rope
record, which is also a safety record. It should annotate use, terrain,
weather, application, number of falls, dates, and so on, and should be
annotated each time the rope is used.

12) Never subject the rope to high heat or flame.

This will significantly weaken it.
13) All ropes should be washed periodically to
remove dirt and grit, and rinsed thoroughly. Commercial rope washers
are made from short pieces of modified pipe that connect to any faucet.
Pinholes within the rope force water to circulate around and scrub the
rope as you slowly feed it through the washer. Another method is to
machine wash, on a gentle cycle, in cold water with a nylon safe soap,
never bleach or harsh cleansers. Ensure that only front loading
washing machines are used to wash ropes.
14) Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) tends to
deteriorate nylon over long periods of time. This becomes important if
rope installations are left in place over a number of months.
15) When not in use, ropes should be loosely
coiled and hung on wooden pegs rather than nails or other metal
objects. Storage areas should be relatively cool with low humidity
levels to prevent mildew or rotting. Rope may also be loosely stacked
and placed in a rope bag and stored on a shelf. Avoid storage in direct
sunlight, as the ultraviolet radiation will deteriorate the nylon over long
periods.
 c. INSPECTION

Ropes should be inspected before and after each use

especially when working around loose rock or sharp edges.

1) Although the core of the kernmantle rope

cannot be seen, it is possible to damage the core without damaging the
sheath. Check a kernmantle rope by carefully inspecting the sheath
before and after use while the rope is being coiled. When coiling, be
aware of how the rope feels as it runs through the hands. Immediately
note and tie off any lumps or depressions felt.
2) Damage to the core of a kernmantle rope
usually consists of filaments or yarn breakage that results in a slight
retraction. If enough strands rupture, a localized reduction in the
diameter of the rope results in a depression that can be felt or ever seen.
3) Check any other suspected areas further by
putting them under tension (the weight of one person standing on a
Prusik tensioning system is about maximum). This procedure will
emphasize the lump or depression by separating the broken strands and
enlarging the dip. If a noticeable difference in diameter is obvious, retire
the rope immediately.
` 4) Many dynamic kernmantle ropes are quite soft.
They may retain an indention occasionally after an impact or under
normal use without any trauma to the core. When damage is suspected,
patiently inspect the sheath for abnormalities. Damage to the sheath
does not always mean damage to the core. Inspect carefully.

d. TERMINOLOGY

When using ropes, understanding basic terminology

is important. The terms explained in this section are the most
commonly used in military mountaineering.

1) Bight. A bight of rope is a simple bend of rope

in which the rope does not cross itself.
2) Loop. A loop is a bend of a rope in which the
rope does cross itself.
3) Half Hitch. A half hitch is a loop that runs
around an object in such manner as to lock or secure itself.
4) Turn. A turn wrap around an object, providing
360-degree contact.
5) Round Turn. A round turn wraps around an
object one and one-half times. A round turn is used to distribute the load
over a small diameter anchor (3 inches or less). It may also be used
around larger diameter anchors to reduce the tension on the knot, or
provide added friction.
6) Running End. A running end is the loose or
working end of the rope.
7) Standing Part. The standing part is the static,
stationary, or nonworking end of the rope.
8) Lay. The lay is the direction of twist used in
construction of the rope.
9) Pigtail. The pigtail (tail) is the portion of the
running end of the rope between the safety knot and the end of the rope.
 10) Dress. Dress is the proper arrangement of all
the knot parts, removing unnecessary kinks, twists, and slack so that all
rope parts of the knot make contact.

2. COILING, CARRYING, THROWING

Use the butterfly or mountain coil to coil and carry the rope.
Each is easy to accomplish and results in a minimum amount of kinks,
twists, and knots later during deployment.

a. Mountain Coil. To start a mountain coil, grasp the

rope approximately 1 meter from the end with one hand. Run the other
hand along the rope until both arms are outstretched. Grasping the
rope firmly, bring the hands together forming a loop, which is laid in the
hand closest to the end of the rope. This is repeated, forming uniform
loops that run in a clockwise direction, until the rope is completely
coiled. The rope may be given a ¼ twist as each loop is formed to
overcome any tendency for the rope to twist or form figure-eights.

1) In finishing the mountain coil, form a bight

approximately 30 centimeters long with the starting end of the rope and
lay it along the top of the coil. Uncoil the last loop and, using this length
of the rope, begin making wraps around the coil and the bight, wrapping
toward the closed end of the bight and making the first wrap bind across
itself so as to lock it into place. Make six to eight wraps to adequately
secure the coil, and then route the end of the rope through the closed
end of the bight. Pull the running end of the bight tight, securing the
coil.
2) The mountain coil may be carried either in the
pack (by forming a figure eight), doubling it and placing it under the flap,
or by placing it over the shoulder and under the opposite arm sling
across the chest.
b. Butterfly Coil. The butterfly coil is the quickest and
easiest technique for coiling.

c. Coiling Smaller Diameter Rope. Ropes of smaller

diameters may be coiled using the butterfly or mountain coil depending
on the length of the rope. Pieces 25 feet and shorter (also known as
cordage, sling rope utility cord) may be coiled so that they can be hung
from the harness. Bring the two ends of the rope together, ensuring no
kinks are in the rope. Place the ends of the rope in the left hand with the
two ends facing the body. Coil the doubled rope in a clockwise direction
forming 6 to 8 inch bight is left. Wrap that bight around the coil,
ensuring that the first wrap locks on itself. Make three or more wraps.
Feed the bight up through the bights formed at the top of the coil. Dress
it down tightly. Now the piece of rope may be hung from a cabinet on
the harness.

d. Uncoiling, Back-feeding and Stacking. When the

rope is needed for use, it must be uncoiled and staked on the ground
properly to avoid kinks and snarls.

e. Throwing the Rope

Before throwing the rope, it must be properly

managed to prevent it from tangling during deployment. The rope
should first be anchored to prevent complete loss of the rope over the
edge when it is thrown. Several techniques can be used when throwing
a rope. Personal preference and situational and environmental
conditions should be taken into consideration when determining which
technique is best.

3. KNOTS

All knots used by a mountaineer are divided into four

classes: Class 1 – joining knots, Class II – Anchor knots, Class III –
middle rope knots, and Class IV – special knots. The variety of knots,
bends, bights, and hitches is almost endless. These classes of knots
are intended only as a general guide since some of the knots discussed
may be appropriate in more than one class. The skill of knot tying can
perish if not used and practiced. With experience and practice, knot
tying becomes instinctive and helps the mountaineer in many situations.

a. SQUARE KNOT. The square knot is used to tie the

ends of two ropes of equal diameter. It is a joining knot.
b. FISHERMAN’S KNOT. The fisherman’s knot is used
to tie two ropes of the same or approximately the same diameter. It is a
joining knot.
c. DOUBLE FISHERMAN’S KNOT. The double
fisherman’s knot (also called double English or grapevine) is used to tie
two ropes of the same or approximately the same diameter. It is a joining
knot.
d. FIGURE-EIGHT BEND. The figure eight bend is used
to join the ends of two ropes of equal or unequal diameter within 5-mm
difference.
e. WATER KNOT. The water knot is used to attach two
webbing ends. It is also called a ring bend, overhand retrace, or tape
knot. It is used in runner and harnesses and is a joining knot.
f. BOWLINE. The bowline is used to tie the end of a
rope around an anchor. It may be used to tie a single fixed loop in the
end of a rope. It is an anchor knot.
g. ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES. This knot
is used to tie the end of a rope to an anchor, and it must have constant
tension. (Figure 4-12). It is an anchor knot.
h. FIGURE-EIGHT RETRACE (REROUTED FIGURE-
EIGHT)
The figure retrace knot produces the same result as a figure-eight lop.
However, by tying the knot in a retrace, it can be used to fasten the rope
to trees or to places where the loop cannot be used. It is also called a
rerouted figure-eight and is an anchor knot.
i. CLOVE HITCH. The clove hitch is an anchor knot that
can be used in the middle of the rope as well as at the end. The knot
must have constant tension on it once tied to prevent slipping. It can be
used as either an anchor or middle of the rope knot, depending on how
it is tied.
j. WIREMAN’S KNOT. The wireman’s knot forms a
single, fixed loop in the middle of the rope. It is a middle rope knot.
k. DIRECTIONAL FIGURE-EIGHT. The directional figure-
eight knot forms a single, fixed loop in the middle of the rope that lays
back along the standing part of the rope. It is a middle rope knot.
 l. BOWLINE-ON-A-BIGHT (TWO-L0OP BOWLINE). The
bowline-on-a-bight is used to form two fixed loops in the middle of a
rope. It is a middle rope knot.
m. TWO-LOOP FIGURE-EIGHT. The two-loop figure-eight
is used to form two fixed loops in the middle of a rope. It is a middle
rope knot.
n. FIGURE-EIGHT LOOP (FIGURE-EIGHT-ON-A-BIGHT).
The figure-eight loop, also called the figure-eight-on-a-bight, is used to
form a fixed loop in a rope. It is a middle of the rope knot.
o. PRUSIK KNOT. The Prusik knot is used to put a
moveable rope on a fixed rope such as a Prusik ascent or a tightening
system. This knot can be tied as a middle or end of the rope Prusik. It
is a specially knot.
p. BACHMAN KNOT. The Bachman knot provides a
means of using a makeshift mechanized ascender. It is a specialty knot.
q. BOWLINE-ON-A-COIL. The bowline-on-a-coil is an
expedient tie-in used by climbers when a climbing harness is not
available. It is a specialty knot.
r. THREE-LOOP BOWLINE. The three-loop bowline is
used to form three fixed loops in the middle of a rope. It is used in a self-
equalizing anchor system. It is a specialty knot.
s. FIGURE-EIGHT SLIP KNOT. The figure eight slip knot
forms an adjustable bight in a rope. It is a specialty knot.
t. TRANSPORT KNOT (OVERHAND SLIP KNOT/MULE
KNOT). The transport knot is used to secure the transport tightening
system. It is simply an overhand slip knot.
u. KLEIMHIEST KNOT. The Kleimhiest knot provides a
moveable, easily adjustable, high-tension knot capable of holding
extremely heavy loads while being pulled tight. It is a special-purpose
knot.
v. FROST KNOT. The frost knot is used when working
with webbing. It is used to create the top loop of an etrier. It is a special-
purpose knot.
w. GIRTH HITCH. The girth hitch is used to attach a
runner to an anchor or piece of equipment. It is a special-purpose knot.
x. MUNTER HITCH. The munter hitch, when used in
conjunction with a pear-shaped locking carabiner, is used to form a
mechanical belay.
y. RAPPEL SEAT. The rappel seat is an improvised seat
rappel harness made of rope. It is usually requires a sling rope 14 feet or
longer.
z. GUARDE KNOT. The guarde knot (ratchet knot,
alpine clutch) is a special purpose knot primarily used for hauling
systems or rescue. The knot works on only one direction and cannot be
reversed while under load.

C. JUNGLE BASE OPERATIONS

Jungle Operations – are characterized by restricted maneuver,

slow tempo of operations, close combat under conditions of extremely
limited visibility and difficulty in providing logistical support. Special
operations, such as patrolling, operations from forward positions,
ambush, and other forms of close combat are common in jungle areas.

1. Factors Affecting the Use of Jungle Operations

 a. Mission - Because of the difficulties of command,
control and communications, jungle operations requires centralized
planning and decentralized execution. Commanders must use mission
– type orders that give maximum latitude to subordinates. It is essential
that all personnel understand the mission.

b. Enemy - The commander will require timely and

accurate information on enemy location, strength, disposition,
composition and activities so that he may make a continuing estimate of
enemy capabilities and vulnerabilities. Commanders and intelligence
officers must be cautious not to conclude that the enemy cannot attack
through supposedly impenetrable areas or that he cannot reinforce in
time to affect the mission.
c. Terrain and Weather

Terrain

1) Key terrain - Key terrain in jungle areas

includes trails, roads, bridges, streambeds, and communication centers.
High ground is still selected as key terrain but for varying reasons. A
hill may be the only feature in the area, which affords a suitable area for
defense. A river through and otherwise impenetrable forest may be a
key terrain feature.
2) Observation and Fields of Fire – In the jungle,
observation and fields of the fire are limited by the undergrowth. In the
rain forests, however, although good observation into the forest from
the outside or above may be non-existent, it is possible to have fair
observation and good fields of fire for a reasonable distance at ground
level.
3) Cover and concealment – Dense foliage affords
excellent concealment from the ground and air observation. Cover is
provided by surface irregularities such as ravines and gullies. In certain
jungle areas the presence of extensive ground level roots will make
digging very difficult, requiring the construction of positions above
ground level.
4) Obstacles – Many natural obstacles exist
within the various types of jungle areas. In the older forests, there is
generally no obstacle to foot movement other than incidental swampy
areas, occasional fallen trees, vines and extensive ground level roots.
However, the trees themselves depending on their spacing and the
moist ground, act as obstacles to vehicular movement. Man made
obstacles are often more effective in jungle areas than in normal terrain,
due to limited communication routes.
5) Avenues of Approach – Suitable routes,
considering the aspects of good observations, field of fire, use of key
terrain, cover and avoiding obstacles, maybe virtually impossible to find
them. Cutting of new trails and repair of those already in existence are
constant tasks. In selection of avenues of approach available to the
enemy, the commander and the intelligence officer should not consider
any portion of the jungle area to be impassable, no matter how difficult
or thick.

Weather
 1) Weather forecasts will be generally reliable in
jungle areas due to the more apparent divisions between the two
predominant seasons – dry and rainy- except in certain areas where
there is no dry season. During rainy season, rainfall can be predicted
with reasonable accuracy.
2) Visibility maybe greatly restricted during rainy
seasons due not only to the rainfall itself, but also to heavy ground fogs
which may linger for several hours after sunrise.
3) Absence of wind in areas of dense jungle or
undergrowth will have a marked effect on the employment of smoke.
High winds may not be felt in heavily vegetated areas since they tend to
pass above the jungle canopy.
4) Temperature changes in mountainous jungle
areas will sometimes range 40 to 50 degrees over a period of 12 hours.
In other jungle areas the deviation from day to night will be constant and
have very little change.
5) Trafficability varies with the location of the
jungle area. Near large bodies of water, low ground maybe constantly
soft, even in the dry season and may therefore, be passable without
improvement only to foot troops. Conversely, at higher elevations,
trafficability will remain excellent throughout most of the year, becoming
poor only during the worst part of the rainy season.

d. Availability of Troops

1) No realistic plans can be made or actions taken

that do not consider the capabilities of the forces available.

2) The capabilities of a force are dependent on:

a) Number of units
b) Type of units
c) State of Training.
d) Morale
e) Strength in men and equipment.
f) Previous, present and contemplated
employment
g) Location and Disposition
h) State of maintenance and supply
i) Adequacy of combat support and
combat service support.
j) Experience of commanders

2. Operational Limitations

In jungle warfare, forces may have to move rapidly from

primary jungle through secondary growth or cultivated areas. This
require great flexibility in thought, planning, organization, equipment,
and tactics; it may require decentralization of command and control for
at times a unit may be located where control is easy.

The effects of the restriction imposed by jungle operations

are:

a. Forces should move on different axes

 b. The amount of heavy equipment and supporting
weapons that can be used is severely limited.
c. Control is difficult and must be decentralized
d. Frontages must be shortened and intervals must be
lessened in movement.
e. Numerous limited objectives must be assigned in an
attack

f. Maintaining direction of movement is difficult

g. Silence and security measures increase in
importance

3. Preparation for Combat

For jungle operation, a detailed standing operating

procedures (SOP) and rehearsed battle drills should be prepared by all
units down to and including fire teams. This SOP may include
organization for combat, supply procedures, bivouac and shelter
preparation, march rate, and formations. The battle drills should provide
for action to be taken in the event of sudden enemy contact, occupation
of patrol bases, defensive positions, and communications.

4. Survival Techniques

Survival – is the art of living into a new state of things but

adapted to an environment as a result of natural selection.

a. The following cause survival situations:

1) Air crashes
2) Crash landing
3) Ship wreck
4) Lost patrol
5) Unit cut-off main body

b. Psychological conditions to overcome in order to

survive

1) Fear of the unknown – your fear of the

unknown will be eliminated by proper training and briefing. Perhaps you
will learn something of the geography, topography and the climate of the
area which you will operate. All it take is to recall them.
2) Fear of discomfort – fear of discomfort will be
eliminated when you know how to get water, food and proper ways to
travel thru the terrain. Knowledge of medicines and construction of
shelter will also help you to overcome this condition. Remember that
rest is valuable than speed and you will be more comfortable if you
make your way with careful planning.
3) Fear of people – Fear of certain races of people
within the territory can be relieved by previous knowledge and some
common sense. Unless they have been allied with the enemy, you will
have little trouble from the native and possibly get a lot of assistance.
4) Fear of your weakness – considerable outdoor
experience, or previous experience in environment similar to that which
you find yourself; you should have confidence in you ability to live-off
then land if not, take advantage of any opportunity to go any survival
school.

d. Deciding factors for survival

1) Determination to Live – You can remain alive

anywhere in the world when you keep your wits, you may suffer all the
hardship and obstacles yet you will still be alive because of your strong
determination and your will to survive.

2) Ability to make nature work for you –

Remember that nature and elements are actually interested on your
welfare. If you know how to use it in your own advantage, it will always
be your friend.

e. Key words in survival

1) Size up the situation by considering:

a) Yourself – Hope for the best but prepare

for the worst. Recall survival training, expect it to work. Be confident
that you can survive. Get to safe comfortable place as quickly as
possible. Once there, look things over, think and forge a plan. Your fear
will lessen and your confidence increases. Be calm. Take It easy until
you know where you and where you are heading for.
b) The area – Part of your fear may come
from being in a strange country. Therefore, try to determine where you
are by landmarks, compass direction or by recalling intelligence passed
to you by leaders.
c) The Enemy – put your self in the
enemy’s shoes. What would you do? Watch the enemy habits &
routines. Base your plans in your observations. Remember you know
where the enemy is but he does not know where you are.

2) Undue haste makes waste

a) Don’t be to eager to move. It will make

you careless and impatient.
b) Don’t loose your temper. It causes you to
stop thinking when something initiating happens, stop, take a breath
and relax, start over.
c) Face the fact, danger does exist.

3) Remember where you are.

You may give yourself away because you are

top acting in a certain way. Do things naturally.

4) Vanquish fear and panic

a) To fear is normal and necessary but it

has to be controlled.
b) When you are injured and in pain, it is
difficult to control fear. Pain sometimes turn fear into panic and causes
person to act without thinking.
 c) Panic can also cause loneliness. It can
lead to hopelessness, suicide and carelessness, even capture or
surrender. Recognizing this signs help to overcome panic.
d) Planning your escape will keep your
mind busy. Find things to do and watch. Remember that miracle work
best for those who prepare carefully and they can do so to save
themselves.

5) Improvise

a) You can always do something to improve

the situation. Figure out of what you have, then, improvise.
b) Learn to put up with new and unpleasant
conditions. Keeping your mind on survival will help. Don’t be afraid to
try strange food.

6) Value living

a) A hope for escape reduces your fear and

makes chance of survival.
b) Conserve your health and strength.
Injury will greatly reduce your chance of survival and escape.
c) Hunger, cold and fatigue lower your
efficiency and stamina make you careless and increases the possibility
of getting caught. Knowing this will make you especially careful
because you will realize that your low spirit is the result of your physical
condition and not of danger.
d) Remember your goal – Getting out alive,
concentrating on the time after you get out alive, will help you value
living now.

7) Act like a native

Accept the true customs of the native. When

you are in the situation, accept and adapt native behavior.

8) Learn basic skills

f. Survival rules on edibility

1) Generally:

a) Anything that swims, flies, creeps and

crawls are edible.
b) All four-legged animals edible
c) Anything that birds and monkeys eat is
edible
d) All eggs are edible
e) All larvae are edible
f) Almost all sea leaves are edible
g) All reptiles are edible
h) All crustaceans and mollusk are edible
i) Most fish you can catch in an open sea
and sight of land are good to eat
j) Eel are good to eat than sea snakes
k) All snakes except sea snake are edible
 l) Cook animals as soon after killing as
possible
m) Frogs, turtles, lizards, alligators and
crocodiles are edibles. Toads are not edible
n) Always remove in-trails (intestines) and
sex glands before cooking.

2) Water – will be a primary requirement. Start

looking for it immediately. An individual can get along without food for a
week, but he can’t live along without water, especially in hot or in arctic
areas where he will lose large quantities of water thru sweating or
dehydration.

Purification – purify all water before drinking,

either (1) by boiling for at least one minute; (2) by using water
purification tablets; (3) by adding eight drops of 2 ½ percent solution of
iodine to a quart (canteen full) of water and letting it stand for ten
minutes before drinking.
Rainwater collected directly in the clean
containers or in plants is generally safe to drink without purifying. Don’t
drink urine or sea water – the salt content is to high.

3) Plants - Never eat large quantities of strange

food without first tasting it. Prepare a cooked sample then take a
mouthful, chew and hold it in your mouth for five minutes. If it still taste
good, go ahead and eat it. If the taste is disagreeable, don’t eat it. A
Burning of bitter taste is a warning of danger.

a) Plants eaten by birds and animals are

safe.
b) Don’t eat unknown plants with milky
juice or let silk contact your body skin.
c) Don’t eat unknown plants that have a
disagreeable odor.
d) Non-poisonous mushroom are edible.
Poisonous mushroom are very dangerous. Cooking will not destroy the
poison. Poisonous mushroom have a frill or ring around the upper part
of the stem and cup that the base into which the stem fits.
e) Don’t eat unknown plants that taste
disagreeable, bitterness is a guide for danger.

4) Most roots are edible, but must be boiled

thoroughly.

D. MARCHES AND BIVOUACS AND LAND NAVIGATION

1. Marches and Bivouacs

Moving the troops however, is not enough. The men must

arrive at the appointed place at the appointed time, with the units well
organized. Likewise, the individual soldiers with their weapons and
equipment should remain in good condition. In brief, soldiers should
reach their march destination ready to fight and perform their assigned
mission immediately.
 Movement of troops requires thorough planning, efficient
execution, aggressive leadership and intelligent supervision. As a leader
who may be involved in the planning actual conduct of troop
movements, it is necessary that you must know the basic principle of
foot marches and the proper occupation of bivouac area.

Troop mobility is an important element of combat power. A

military commander must be able to efficiently move his troops from
one location to another for tactical advantage. In the advent of
mechanization, troop movements in our Armed Forces may be done by
land, water and air transport or by any combination of these means.
However, these mechanical means of movement may not always be
available, particularly in the field where troop must often move of foot.
Every soldier must have the capability to march reasonably long
distances in order to achieve decisive results in combat.

2. DEFINITIONS

a. MARCH UNIT – is a unit which moves and halts at the

command of a single commander, unit is normally a platoon, but it may
be a company.
b. SERIAL – Is a group of march units under a single
commander, it is given a letter designation, usually from higher
headquarters, to aid in planning and control. A battalion is normally
designated as a march column
c. VEHICLE DISTANCE – is the space between two
consecutive vehicles of an organized element of column.
d. COLUMN GAP – is a space between two organized
elements following each other on the same route. It can be calculated in
units of length or in unit of time as measured from the rear of one
element to the front of the following element.
e. TRAFFIC DENSITY – is the average number of vehicle
that occupy 1mile of 1 km of road space, expressed in vehicles per mile
(vpm) or vehicles per kilometer
f. LENGTH OF COLUMN – is the length of roadway
occupied by a column, including gaps in the column measured from
front to rear, inclusive.
g. ROAD GAP – is the distance between two march
elements.
h. SPEED – indicates actual rate of speed of a vehicle or
a foot column at a given moment as shown on the speedometer (kmph,
mph).
i. PACE – is regulated speed of a column or element,
set by the lead vehicle or an individual in the lead element, to maintain
the
prescribed average speed.
j. RATE OF MARCH – is average number of miles or
kilometer traveled in any given period of time, including short periodic
halts and other short delays.
k. ARRIVAL TIME – is when the head of the column
arrives at a designated point or line (explain and show illustration)
l. CLEARANCE TIME – is when the tail of a column
passes a designated point or line.
m. COMPLETION TIME – is when the tail of the column
passes a designated point or line
 n. PASS TIME (PST) of a column – is actual time
between the moment the first element passes a given point and the
moment the last element passes the same point (show illustration).
o. ROAD CLEARANCE TIME – is a total time a column
requires to travel time over and a section of road. Road time is equals
time
distance plus column pass time.
p. TIME DISTANCE (TDIS) – is time required to move
from one point to another at a given rate of march. It normally
represents the
movement of the head of the column from the start point to the release
point.
q. TIME GAP – is time measured between front and rear
of successive elements as they move past any given point.
r. CRITICAL POINT – are those points on a route used
for reference in providing instruction or places where timing might be a
critical factor. (Give examples such as conduct of passage lane, road
crossing,
passing an obstacles etc..)
s. START POINT (SP) – a common point for starting
their movement. When units use more than one rout, each route has a
start point
t. RELEASE POINT (RP) – a release point provides all
units of the march column a common point for reverting to control of
their parent unit

u. BIVOUAC – a temporary camp that is set and used for

a short stay usually overnight, often with minimum equipment.

v. FOOT MARCHES – are the movement of troops and

equipment mainly by foot with limited support of vehicles. Foot
marches do not depend on the existence of roads.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND TROOP MOVEMENTS

All movements of group forces may be classified into two

(2) types; the administrative and tactical movement.

a. The Administrative Movement – it is the troop

movement wherein no enemy activity or interference is anticipated. The
primary consideration in the conduct of this type of movement and in
the arrangement of troops are the comfort and convenience of the
personnel and their rapid transit.

b. The Tactical Movement – is the movement when the

unit will be employed against the enemy, when making contact or when
interference from the enemy is a possibility. The mission of the unit, the
approximately of hostile ground forces, the terrain over which the unit
will travel, the type of enemy resistance expected must all be considered
in determining the organization and composition of the unit for tactical
movement. In this type of movement, the unit must be so organized that
it can fight once.

3. FOOT MARCHES
 Foot marches as a method of moving ground troop is
resorted to when sufficient transportation is available and when the
distance to be covered is relatively short. Troops may also move by foot
when tactical situation or the terrain prohibits the use of motor transport
or when it is desired to march by foot for training or physical
conditioning.

a. Preparatory Training for Foot Marches – proper

training in the conduct of foot marches involve the indoctrination of
Officers and NCOs of their roles and responsibility before and during
the march.

1) Physical conditioning – the conditioning

process for foot marches must be systematic and progressive. Initially
troops must be made to march on short distances without equipment,
followed by frequent practice marches increasing in length and in the
amount of equipment carried, until troops are able to march 25 miles in
eight hours with full field equipment and personal weapons.
Calisthenics, organized athletics and periods of lectures on the subject
may also be included in the conditioning process to provide physical
and mental relaxation.
2) March Hygiene – in the conduct of practice
marches, attention must be given to the care of the feet, proper fitting
and wearing of shoes and socks, proper fitting and cleanliness of
clothing and adjustment of equipment. Men must be taught to drink take
in sparingly during the duration of the hike. Likewise, they must also be
taught to get water only from approved sources. As an Officer or NCO
you must closely supervise your men during all marches to safeguard
their health.

b. Conduct of marches. Following are the control

measures used to insure proper conduct of foot marches.

1) The March Warning Order. When possible, a

warning is issued to give participating unit advance information the
march. A warning is issued to the companies and attached units as
soon as the decision to move the troops is made. This 30 yards
between platoons, 50 yards between alert gives the troops the maximum
time to prepare. The warning is usually brief, but contained the essential
information who, what, where, how and why.

2) The Advance Group. An advance group is

usually dispatched ahead of the body of troops of perform specific
tasks. This group is usually composed of the route reconnaissance
party and the quartering party;

a) The route reconnaissance party. This

group of personnel is tasked to make detailed reconnaissance
elements, a traffic control representative and an engineer or a pioneer
representative. The reconnaissance party obtained detailed information
of the route, determines the number of guards and guides required and
determine the amount of engineer work necessary.
b) The Quartering Party. This group is sent
forward to select the exact bivouac area and to make administrative
arrangements. The Quartering party is usually composed of the
headquarters commandant or unit adjutant, an officer from each
attached unit, a representative from each of the organic unit and a
medical officer. Its primary task is to select the bivouac site, divided the
area among the subordinate units, make sanitary inspection and
preparations and guide each unit it its area upon arrival.
c) The Initial Point (IP). It is the starting
point of the march. The initial point is designated to be long the route of
march so that the marching will have to countermarch from its unit area
to reach it.

4) The Release Point (RP). It is the point at the

end of the march where the elements of the marching unit are broken up
and led to their respective areas within the bivouac by the members of
the Quartering Party.

5) Inspection before the March. As part of the

preparation for the march, an inspection of the troops must be
conducted to check their physical condition and to adjust improperly
harnessed equipment.

6) March Formation and Distances.

a) The usual use formation is column of

twos with one file on its side of the road.
b) The daytime distance is about
companies and 100 yards between battalions.
c) Company commanders usually march at
the head of their unit with the platoon commanders and non-
commissioned officer rated where they can best enforce march
discipline to their men.
d) At night, distances between men and
units are decreased for better control.

g. Rates of March (Approximate).

Average Rate of March Foot Troops

On Roads Cross Country

Day 4 kph 2.4 kph
Night 3.2 kph 1.6 kph

h. Halts.

1) A 15 minutes halt is always given at the end of

the first 45 minutes of march. This is necessary because the human
body experience the most discomfort on the first part of an extraneous
activity. During this first rest, the men can check the proper tightness of
their shoes and adjust the fitting of their weapons and equipment.
2) After the first rest, 10 - minute rest are given at
the end of the every 50 minutes of march.
3) Usually a 60 minutes halt is given during
noontime to allow the men to eat their meals or to attend to their
personal necessities. This advisable because marching at noontime is
usually very exhausting and the men need some time to partially digest
their meals before resuming movement.
4) During halts, troops will move off the road, use
available cover and concealment, take maximum rest, loosen and adjust
equipment or relieve themselves if possible. Security will always be
established during halts to protect the resting troops.

i. Guides and Traffic Control. Guides will be stationed

at key points to indicate the route of march. Each company should send
forward to control traffic at cross roads and road junctions. Troops will
not be permit vehicular traffic to cross the marching column.

j. Security measures. It embraces all measures taken a

unit to protect itself against surprise and observation by the enemy and
to obtain freedom of action when there is a need for maneuver. Thus,
security aims to prevent attempts by the enemy to harass, surprise,
ambush or reconnoiter the positions of elements of the marching unit.
Security is a continuous requirement of a successful foot march and in
the conduct of bivouacs. Individual security consist mostly in common
sense. Its principles include the proper use of cover, concealment and
individual camouflage.

E. BIVOUACS

Bivouac areas are established at the end of marches to allow the

elements of the marching unit to rest. Several bivouac or harbor areas
may be established along the route of a long march. Following are
guidelines in selection and occupation of bivouacs:

1. Tactical consideration.

a. Nearness to the route of march

b. Good road nets.
c. Large enough to permit desperation of entire unit.
d. Adequate cover and concealment
e. Elevated and well-drained site.
f. Sandy, loam or gravel soil, favorable to waste
disposal.
g. Accessibility to good source of water and fuel.
h. Defensible in case of enemy attack.

2. Undesirable sites for bivouacs.

a. Dry river or stream bed.

b. Ravines
c. Adjacent to swampy ground
d. Steep slopes
e. Clay or dusty soil.
f. Does not allow for adequate desperation of units.

3. Occupation of Bivouac Area.

a. Members of the quartering party will meet the

elements of the marching unit at the release point (RP) and lead them to
their respective assigned areas. This prevents confusion and
congestion at the entrance to the bivouac area.

b. Troops, when they reach their assigned areas, will

select site for pitching tent. They will link up their defensive position to
that of the adjacent units. Prior to pitching tents, individual foxholes
must be dug. Cover and concealment, wide this operation and drainage
must be governing factors in selecting tent sites. While the troops are
preparing their positions, all around security must be maintained.

4. Sanitation in the Bivouac Area. Sanitation in the bivouac

area must strictly enforced to safeguard the health of the members of
the unit.

E. CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOT MARCH

- Combat ready
- Easy to control
- Adaptability to terrain
- Slow rate of movement
- Increase personnel fatigue

F. LAND NAVIGATION

Definition of Map

A Map is a graphical representation of the earth’s surface drawn

to scale as seen from above. Manmade and natural features are
depicted by symbols; lines, colors, and forms.

When used correctly, a map can give accurate information on

such factors as distance, locations, heights, best routes, key terrain
features, concealment and cover. With combat elements widely
dispersed in an area, it becomes more necessary to rely upon maps.
Combat operation in modern warfare must be concerned not only with
our own familiar areas but also the far-flung places. Vast amounts of
materiel must be procured, transported, stored and placed into the
proper place. By necessity, much of this planning is done on maps. The
finest maps made are worthless unless the user knows how to read
them.

1. How to orient map?

Map is oriented in horizontal position with each north and

south directions corresponding to the north and south on the ground.

2. How to read Map?

In map reading, the cardinal rule is “ READ RIGHT UP”. The

numbers of the vertical lines are the first one to be read and then the
number of the horizontal lines.

a. Grid Square – the north – south and east – west grid

lines intersect at 90 degrees forming grid square normally the size of
one of these squares on large scale is 1,000 meters (1 kilometer).
07

06

g GS 1305
05
 12 13 14 15

b. Grid Coordinate scales - the primary tool for plotting

grid coordinates is the grid coordinate scale map.

c. Determining grids - based on the military principles

for reading maps (right and up) location on the map can be determined
by grid coordinates. The number of digits represents the degree of
precision to which a point has been located and measured on a map

9
8
7
6
5
4 GC 137056
3
2
1 UP
05
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

13
RIGHT

d. Precision. The precision of a point reference is

shown by the number of digits in the coordinates; the more digits, the
more precise the location.
Four Digits GS1828 = 1,000 meters
Six Digits GC187285 = 100 meters
Eight Digits GC18782853 = 10 meters

3. Colors used in Military Map

To identify feature on the map, it is being represented by

different colors. These colors may vary from map to map. On a standard
large-scale topographic map, the colors used and the features each are
represented by;

a) Black. Indicates cultural (man made) features, such as

buildings and roads.
b) Reddish-Brown. The colors red and brown are
combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, and elevation,
such as contour lines on red-light readable maps.
c) Blue. Identify hydrograph or water features such as
lake, swamps, rivers and drainage.
d) Green. Identifies vegetation with military significance
such as woods, orchards and vineyards.
e) Brown. Identifies all relief features and elevations such
as contours on older edition maps.
f) Red. Classifies cultural feature such as populated
areas, main roads, and boundaries, on older map.
g) Others. Occasionally other colors may be used to
show special information. These are indicated in the marginal information
as a rule.

4. Scale and Distance

 A map is scaled graphic representation of a portion of the
earth’s surface. The scale of the map permits the user to convert distance
on the map to the distance on the ground or vice versa. The ability to
determine distance on a map, as well as on the earth’s surface, is an
important factor in planning and executing military missions.

Graphic (Bar) Scales

A graphic scale is a ruler printed on the map and is used to

convert distances on the map to actual ground distances. The graphic
scale is divided into two parts. To the right of the zero, the scale is
marked in full units to measure and is called the primary scale. To the
left of the zero, the scale is divided into tenths and is called the
extension scale. Most map have three or more graphic scales, each
using a different unit of measurement. When using the graphic scale, be
sure to use the correct scale for the unit of measure desired.

5. Direction

Directions are expressed as units of angular measurement.

a. Degree. The most common unit of measurement is the

degree (*) with its subdivision of minutes (‘) and seconds (“).

1 degree – 60 minutes
1 minutes – 60 seconds

b. Mil. Another unit of measurement, the mil (abbreviated

m), is mainly used in artillery, tank, and mortar gunnery. The mil express
the size of an angle formed when a circle is divided into 6,400 angles with
the vertex of the angles at the center of the circle. A relationship can be
established between degrees and mils. A circle equals 6,400 mils is
divided by 360 degrees or 17.78 mils. To convert degrees to mils, multiply
degrees by 17.78.
c. Grad. The grad is a metric unit of measurement found
on some foreign maps. There are 400 grads in a circle (a 90 degree right
angle equals 100 grad). The grad is divided into 100 centesimal minutes
(centigrade) and the minute into 100 centesimal seconds (milligrads).

6. Base lines

There are three base lines – true north, magnetic north and
grid north. Magnetic and grid north are commonly used.

a. True North. It is a line from any point on the North

Pole. It is usually represented by a star.

b. Magnetic North. The direction to the north indicated by

the north seeking needle of a Magnetic North is usually symbolized by an
arrow head.

c. Grid North. The north that is established on the grid

lines of the map. The grid north may be a GN or the letter y

7. Azimuth
 An azimuth is defined as the horizontal angle measured from
a north base line. This north base line could be true north or grid north.
The azimuth is the most common direction. When using an azimuth, the
point from which it originates is the center of an imaginary circle and it is
divided into 360 degrees.

a. Back azimuth is the reverse direction of an azimuth.

To obtain a back azimuth from an azimuth, take note of the following:

ADD 180 DEGREES IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR LESS.

SUBTRACT 180 DEGREES IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR MORE.

b. Magnetic azimuth. The magnetic azimuth is

determined by using magnetic instruments, such as lensatic and M-2
compasses.

c. Grid Azimuth

When an azimuth is plotted on a map between two

points, A (starting point) and point B (ending point), the points are joined
together by a straight line. A protractor is used to measure the angle
between grid north and the drawn line, and this measured azimuth is the
grid azimuth.

Protractor

There are several types of protractors – full circle, half

circle, square and rectangular. All of them are divided into units of
angular measures, and each has scale around the outer edge and an
index mark. The index mark is the center of the protractor circle from
which all direction are measured

8. Ways of Locating Points

a. Intersection

Intersection is the location of an unknown point by

successively occupying at least two (preferably three) known positions
on the ground and then map sighting on the unknown locations. It is used
to locate distant or inaccessible points or objects, such as enemy targets,
danger areas, and so forth. There are two methods of intersection:

1) Map and compass method.

a) Orient the map using the compass

b) Locate and mark using the compass
c) Determine the magnetic azimuth to the
unknown position using the compass.
d) Convert the magnetic azimuth to grid
azimuth.
e) Draw a line on the map from your position
on this grid azimuth.
f) Move to a second known point and repeat
steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
g) The location of the unknown position is
where the lines cross on the map. Determine eight digit-digit grid
coordinates to the desired accuracy.
 2) Straightedge Method. (when compass is not
available).
(1) Orient the map on a flat surface by the
terrain association method
(2) Locate and mark your position on the
map.
(3) Lay a straightedge on the map with one
end at user’s position (A) as a pivot point; rotate the straightedge until
the unknown point is sighted along the edge.
(4) Draw a line along a straightedge.
(5) Repeat the above steps at position (B)
and check for accuracy.
(6) The intersection of the lines on the map is
the location of the unknown point ©. Determine the grid coordinates to
the desired accuracy.

b Resection

Resection is the method of locating one’s position on

a map by determining the grid azimuth to at least two well-defined
locations that can be pinpointed on the map. For greater accuracy, the
desired method of resection would be to use three well-defined locations.

1) Map and Compass Method

a) Orient the map using the compass.

b) Identify two or three distant location on
the ground and mark them on the map.
c) Measure the magnetic azimuth to the
known position from your location using a compass.
d) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid
azimuth.
e) Convert the grid azimuth to a back
azimuth. f) Using a protractor scale the back
azimuth
on the map from the known position and a third position if desired.
g) The intersection of the lines is your
location. h) Determine the grid coordinates to
the desired accuracy.

2) Straightedge method

a) Orient the map on a flat surface by the

terrain appreciation method.
b) Locate at least two known distant location
or prominent features on the ground and mark them on the map
c) Lay a straightedge on the map using a
known position as a pivot point. Rotate the straightedge until the known
position on the map is aligned with the known position on the ground.
d) Draw a line along a straightedge away
from the known position on the ground toward your position.
e) Repeat 3 and 4 using a second known
position.
f) The intersection of the lines on the map is
your location. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.
 c. Modified Resection

Modified resection is the method of locating one’s

position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the
ground, such as road, canal, stream, etc. The steps are as follows:

1) Orient the map using a compass or by terrain

appreciation
2) Find a distant point that can be identified on the
ground and on the map.
3) Determine the magnetic azimuth from your
location to the distant known point.
4) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
5) Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth.
Using protractor, scale the back azimuth on the map from the position
back toward your unknown position.
6) The location of the user is where the line
crosses the linear features. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired
accuracy.

d Polar Plot

A method of locating or plotting an unknown position

from a known point by giving a direction and a distance along that
direction line is called a polar plot or polar coordinates. Three elements
must be present when using polar coordinates.

a) Present known location on the map.

b) Azimuth (grid or magnetic)
c) Distance (normally in yards or meters).

9. Land Navigation Equipment and Methods

a. Compasses are the primary navigation tools to find

directions. Familiarity with the compass and its use is very essential for
land navigation.

Types of Compasses

1) Lensatic. The lensatic compass is the most

common and simplest instrument for finding direction.
2) Artillery. The artillery M-2 compass is a special-
purpose instrument designed for accuracy.
3) Wrist/Pocket. This is a small magnetic compass
that can be attached to a wristwatch band. It contains a north-seeking
arrow and a dial in degrees.
4) Protractor. This can be used to determine
azimuth when a compass is not available. However, it should be noted
that when using the protractor on a map, only grid azimuth are obtained.

b. Field Expedient Methods

When a compass is not available, different techniques

should be used to determine the four cardinal directions.
 1) Shadow-Tip method. – a simple and accurate
method of finding direction by the use of a stick and a shadow created by
the sun.
2) Star Method – Navigators’ use less than 60 of
approximately 5,000 stars visible to the eye.

North Star – less than 1 degree off true north

and does not move from its place because the axis of the earth is pointed
toward it. The North Star is in the group of star called the little dipper. It is
the last star in the handle of the dipper. Two stars in the big dipper are
help in finding the North Star.

CHAPTER 4

MARKMANSHIP TRAINING

A. MARKMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS

Preparatory marksmanship lectures were already presented on

your MS - 1 training and were also included in the MS 1 Workbook.
However, a review of some important fundamentals will help you
undergo the marksmanship training, and later, the actual familiarization
firing.

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) – all

marksmanship training that takes place before live fire.
b. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and
hitting the target at a given or known distance.
c. Cross-Dominance – a soldier with a dominant hand
and dominant eye that are not the same.
d. Zero Target – a scaled silhouette target with a
superimposed grid for use at 25 meters.
e. Alibi Fire – a condition during qualification firing
when soldier is allowed to complete a record fire scenario which was
halted temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control, ex: target
mechanism, weapon or ammo malfunction.
f. Follow-through – maintaining the position after the
weapon has been fired.
g. Immediate Action – a procedure applied to rapidly
reduce any rifle stoppage without determining it’s cause.
h. Remedial Action – is the continuing effort to
determine the cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the
stoppage or malfunction once it has been identified.
 i. Aiming point – a place on a target in which the rifle
sights are aligned, normally the target center of mass.
j. KDR – known Distance Range.

2. THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP

a. Establish a Steady Position - refers to the

establishments of a position that allows the weapon to be held still while
it is being fired.

Steady Position Elements:

1) Non-firing Hand Grip – the rifle hand grid rest

on the heel of the hand in the form by the thumb and fingers. Grip is
light rearward pressure exerted.
2) Rifle-butt position – the butt of the stock is
placed in the pocket of the firing shoulder this reduced the effect of
recoil and helps ensure a steady position.
3) Firing Hand Grip – the firing hand grasps the
pistol grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. This
is placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifles is not disturbed when
trigger is squeezed.
4) Firing Elbow Placement – the location of the
firing elbow is important in providing balance.
5) Non-firing Elbow – position firmly under the
rifle for comfortable and stable position.
6) Stock Weld – should provide for a natural line
of sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight
post and to the target, fire’s neck should be relaxed, cheek fall into the
stock.
a
b. Aiming – refers to the precise alignment of the rifle
sights with the target.

Things to remember in aiming:

1) Correct sight alignment – placing the center tip

of the front sight post in the exact center of the sight aperture.
2) Correct sight picture – has the target, front
sight post and rear sight aligned. The sight picture include two basic
elements: sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.

c. Breath Control – the third marksmanship

fundamental refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle
steady.

Two (2) types of breath control techniques

1) The first is the technique used during zeroing

(and when time is available to fire a shot). Breathing should stop after
most of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle. The
shot must be fired before the firer feel any discomfort.
2) The second is employed during rapid firs
(short exposure targets). Using this techniques the soldier hold his
breath when he is about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must
detect, acquire and engage the target before the exposure ends.
 d. Trigger Control – The fourth marksmanship
fundamental is trigger control. It is the independent action of the
forefinger on the trigger pulling it straight to the rear with uniformly
increasing pressure until the weapon is fired.

Guideline for Proper Trigger Squeeze:

The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed

on the trigger between the first join and the tip of the finger (not the
extreme) and is adjusted depending on hand size and grip. Squeeze
should start with a slight figure straight to the rear avoiding the left or
right twisting movement while observing the slack. To apply the
remaining pressure continuously and the rifle is fired without disturbing
its lay.

3. FIRING POSITIONS COMMONLY USED

a. Prone Position – provides the most stable platform

for engaging targets and presents a low silhouette and easily adapted
with the use of cover and support.
b. Standing Position - is used in the assault, to engage
surprise target and when no other position can be used.
c. Kneeling Position – is suitable for ground that
slopes gently upward and when there are obstacles that hinders good
target acquisition.

4. DRY FIRE

A technique used to simulate the firing of live round with an

empty weapon. Any application of the four (4) fundamentals of
marksmanship without live ammunition may be refereed to as dry fire.

Two examples of Dry Fire

a. Target Box Exercise – rifle holding device checks

consistency of aiming three round shot groups in a dry fire
environment. The target man triangulates the three shots and labels it
shot group number one. 1 cm is the standard requirement and may be
compared to obtain a 4-cm shot group on 25 meter live firing range.
b. Dime (washer) Exercise – dry fire technique used to
teach or evaluate the skill of trigger squeeze and is effective when
conducted from an unsupported position.

5. PEER COACHING

a. Benefits – can enhance learning of both of them.

b. Duties

1) Peer coach assists the firer to obtain a good

firing position and adjusting sand bags or any available support.
2) Watches the firer and sees to it that the firer
maintains a proper relax steady position, holds his breath before the
final trigger squeeze, and applies initial pressure to the trigger with no
noticeable trigger jerks, filches eye blink or other reaction in anticipating
the rifle firing. If the firer is tensed and nervous, the coach advises the
firer to breath deeply several times and relax.

6. GROUPING – is a live fire exercise shooting tight shot

group in a consistent location. (4 cm or smaller diameter) When the firer
can consistently place three rounds within 4 cm radius circle at 25
meters regardless of a group location, he is ready to zero his rifle
M16A1.

Step in Marking a shot Groups;

a. Locate the bullet holes.

b. Connect three bullet holes on the target with a
straight line.
c. Number the shot group.
d. Mark the approximate center of the shot group with
an “x”.

Purpose of Marking an “X” – “X” represent the center

of the three 93) shots. “X” is placed closer to the two near shots. This is
not a precise marking that requires measurement but it is a procedure to
help shot group analysis. The three rounds shot group confirm the
variation inherent in the rifle, ammunition and firer.

Locating Center of Shot Groups – the central point of

all nine (9) bullets fired can be found treating the “X” as a single bullet.

7. RIFLE SIGHTS AND SIGHT ADJUSTMENT

The sights are adjustable for both elevation and wind age.

a. Windage Adjustment - are made on the rear sight and

elevation adjustment on the front sight.

1) Rear Sight – consist of a two (2) aperture and a

wind age drum with a spring loaded detent. The aperture mark L is used
for ranges beyond 300 meter
2) Front sight – consist of a round rotating sight
post with a five – position spring loaded detent.

b. Sight Changes – to make sight changes, the firer first

locate the center of his three rounds shot group and then determine the
distance between it and the desired location. An error in elevation is
measure horizontally.

Elevation Adjustment – to raise the strike of the

bullet, rotate the front sight post the desired number of clicks (in the
direction of the arrow marked R) reverse the direction of the arrow
marked R reverse the direction of the rotation to move the strike of the
bullet to the left.

8. ZEROING

Adjusting rifle to bullet hits to the aiming point at a given

range.
 Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-Meters Range

a. The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at

actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at 250
meters, most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the rear
sight forward so that LRS is exposed. Using the L-sight firer
consistently aims target center of mass then fires three separate three-
round shot groups and numbers them. Based on the location of these
groups, the firer would make the sight adjustments. After the sight
changes are made, three more three-round shot groups are fired. Using
the same produced to confirm the zero. The shot groups must be
centered with in the zero circle.
b. Mechanical zero/initial sight setting – to mechanically
zero the weapon, the firer adjust the front sight post up or down until the
base of the front sight post is flush with the wall. Then adjust the front
sight post 11 clicks in the direction of up or clockwise. This move the
post down into the well eleven (11) clicks. The soldier turns the rear
sight wind age drum until it moves all the way to the left side and locks.
c. Recording of Zero, M16A1

1) Front Sight – elevation zero. Since the center

of the shot groups was determined to be two squares high. The
correction would be two(2) clicks down. With the initial setting of 11 this
would be 11 minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9 up.
2) Rear Sight – wind age zero. Since the center of
the shot groups was determined to be seven (7) clicks squares to the
right, the correction would be seven (7) clicks left. This would be 17
minus 7 or 10 and should be recorded as R10. The data record for the
firer in this example.

RECORDING OF DATA

MSG TEDDY R ZAMORA (OS) PA

01 Jun 07
FS 9 ----10
SN # ----671926
Note: These data are not transferable.

d. Battle Sight Zero – to battle sight zero the rifle, the

soldier must understand sight adjustment procedure. The objective of
the battle sight zero is to find a zero range that allows for target
engagement out to the maximum possible range while requiring
minimum adjustments to the aiming point.

1) LRS – setting the sight to LRS to hit at 25

meters where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually
coincides and again at 375 meters.
2) SRS – flipping back to SRS to hit at 42 meters
where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and
again at 250 meters. Most combat target are expected to be engaged in
the ranges from 0 to 300 meters, therefore, the 250 meter battle sight
zero is the setting that reaming on the fire. All target can be hit out to a
range of 300 meters without major adjustment to the aiming point.

Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all

targets of all out to 300 meters.
 Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all
targets from 325 meters to maximum effective range.

9. ELEMENTS OF CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE

a. Sight Alignment – The sight is aligned when the top

of the front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight aperture.
b. Aiming Point – is the target where the sights are
aligned with.
10. MARKSMANSHIP QUALIFICATION

RATING OLD NEW ACROE OLD

(New)
Expert 28-40 36-40 180-200 140-200
Sharpshooter 24-27 30-35 155-1179 120-135
Marksman 17-23 23-29 120-154 85-115
Unqualified 16-below 22-below 119-below 80-below

B. RANGE SAFETY PROCEDURES

1. RANGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

a. The bolt of all rifles must be opened always

b. All loading and unloading is executed on the firing
line with the muzzle of the rifle pointing towards the target. Strictly no
loading behind the firing line.
c. No weapon is loaded until the command load is
given.
d. All firing must be controlled by signals, commands
will be given by the designated range officer/NCO. Do not fire until the
command fire is given.
e. At the command “CEASE FIRING” all trigger finger
must be automatically removed from the trigger and shift to safe.
f. No weapon is to be removed from the firing line until
it has been expected to see to it that it is clear with ammo and safety
lever at safe, bolt must be opened always.
g. No person is allowed beyond the firing line for any
reason or purpose. No weapon is carried in front of the firing line.
h. After firing, place the selector lever at safe, remove
magazine and always keep the bolt open.
i. In case of malfunction or alibi, do immediate actions
or remedial actions which make the barrel pointing to the target. If failed,
raise hand, but alibi to be assisted by the DI or COACH.
j. Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately call
CEASEFIRE.
k. Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the
break areas. Never point the rifle to anyone you not want to hurt .
 CHAPTER 5

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

Personal Hygiene and Sanitation is every soldier’s responsibility.

The command is the mirror-image of its Commander. The state of the
health of men and the condition they work-in reflect the leadership,
discipline and supervision in the unit. If one or several members of an
operating unit become sick due to bad sanitation, the effective strength
of the unit is reduced thus diminishing its fighting capability and
efficiency.

Rules of hygiene and sanitation are simple and easy to follow but
some carelessly disregard them. It is therefore necessary to constantly
remind the members of the unit on the importance of observing proper
hygiene and sanitation.

1. Individual Hygiene

The following are the basic health guidelines:

a. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath once

everyday. As a minimum, bathe your feet, hands and private parts. If
possible, change your underwear and socks after bathing. When water
is scarce, you may bathe at least twice a week. If water availability is
worst, scrub your body regularly with clean wet cloth.
b. Change your underclothing daily if possible, If not, at
least twice a week. Inspect them for lice, fleas or other bug that may
keep you itchy.
c. Change clothing, shoes or socks immediately after
they are get wet to avoid getting colds, athletes foot and other illnesses.
d. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after
waking up and before going to bed. Brush your teeth on the inside and
outside, away from the gums and towards the cutting surface of the
teeth.
e. Always wash your hands with soap and water after
doing fatigue duty, after engaging in strenuous exercise, before eating
and after coming out of the comfort room.
f. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if
possible. You may contact disease from infected mess gear or personal
articles of others. For the same reason, avoid borrowing and lending
your own pipes, towels, shoes, etc.
g. When mosquito’s and other flying insects are present
in you area, be sure to use your mosquito net. Tuck it well around your
bedding and ensure that there are no holes before sleeping. Take your
anti-malaria tablets regularly, many soldiers became fatal casualties due
to their indifference to this tiny but effective anti-malaria tablets.
h. Never drink water from any untreated source until
has been declared safe for drinking by your medical officer. When
purification tablets (such as halazone) are available, use them to threat
your drinking water. If there are none, you may consider boiling your
water at least fifteen minutes to kill the harmful bacteria’s germs that
may be present.
i. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as
the head area for your unit.
j. Exercise your muscles and joints regularly. Inactivity
may do equal damage to your health as extreme exertion or fatigue.
k. Avoid venereal diseases. Do not associate with
infected woman who may be carries of these diseases. If you think you
have caught any of these sexually transmitted diseases report to your
medical officer at once. Any venereal disease can be cured much easier
and quickly on its early stage. Untreated VD may result to death or
permanent damage to your body.
l. As a leader, you must set an example of personal
cleanliness and sanitation. Bathe, shave and wear clean clothes daily.
Observe all the precautions mentioned above and require everybody to
do the same.

2. Camp Sanitation

Camp Sanitation refers to the rules of cleanliness and

sanitation which soldiers should follow to keep and maintain camps.

a. When putting up camps and bivouacs, build them

around a sanitary plan. Make provision for sanitation requirements,
such as the location of the galley, the head and the billeting areas of the
men.
b. Control your water supply. Purify drinking water in a
manner approved by the medical officer. When water source is a stream
or a river, mark separate water points for washing, cooking and human
consumption. Washing and bathing points must always be downstream
from points used for human consumption. Of course, in the case of
tactical camps, these watering points must be well secured against
enemy harassment.
c. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from
the galley, mess hall, and water supply but not too far from the living
areas. As much as possible, heads and urinals should be situated
downwind of above mentioned areas. In the construction of heads,
follow the prescribed design. When situation allows a straddle type head
trench may be constructed easily. The trench should be dug one foot
wide, two and half feet deep and four feet long or longer depending on
the number of men who will use it. The earth removed in digging is piled
at the end of the trench with a can or shovel so that each men can cover
his waste with soil after using the trench. Wooden plants may be used to
improve the stepping area of this type of head. When leaving the camp
be sure to cover the trench completely. A simple field urinal may as
easily be constructed.
d. Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food
must be stored in clean receptacles. Garbage, leftovers and other refuse
must be disposed of at designated dumping areas or garbage pits,
where they may be covered with soil or burned. When improperly
disposed and left uncovered, insects, especially flies, feed on these
garbage, pick up the germs and later transfer them to your food.
Dysentery and other illness may then result.
e. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect,
rodents and other pests may include flies, mosquitoes, lice, ticks, mites,
cockroaches and rats. The simplest way to control the increase of these
pests is to cut-off their nourishment by screening heads, galleys and
messes and by disposing waste properly. You must also drain or soil
stagnant pools of water to kill the larvae of insects when in the field.
Bury empty ration cans and turns split coconut husks upside down to
prevent disease carrying insects and rodents to breed or feed on them.

B. FIRST AID (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)

FIRST AID – immediate treatment administered to a victim of

injury or illness before the services of a doctor or corpsman can be
obtained.

1. Four Life Savings Steps:

a. Stop the bleeding – by elevating, direct pressure and

by applying tourniquet.
b. Protect the Wound – by applying first aid dressing.
c. Prevent or Treat Shock – keep the victim lying down
with his/her hear lower than the body. Loosen any tilt clothing. Keep the
casualty’s convertible warm by wrapping with blanket. If she/he is
unconscious, place him at his/her sides, prevent checking on vomits
and other fluid. Give him fluid by mouth with warm stimulants such as
coffee, tea or cocoa, remember Alcohol is not stimulants fluid.
d. Restore Breathing – if a casualty stop breathing you
must give artificial respiration immediately. The sooner you begin
artificial respiration, the more likely you are to succeed in restoring
breathing.

2. WOUNDS:

Wounds – any break in the continuity of the skin/tissue of

the body.

a. Classification of Wounds

1) Open Wound – there is a break in the skin or

mucus membrane.
2) Close Wound – involves underlying tissues
without a break in the skin or mucus membrane.

b. Types of Wounds

1) Abrasions – results from scraping (abrasing)

the skin. Bleeding is minimal and limited to ruptured small veins and
capillaries.
2) Incised Wound – cuts, commonly caused by
sharp objects the degree of bleeding depend on the deep and extent of a
cut. Deep cuts may involves blood vessels and may cause extensive
bleeding, they may also damage muscles tendons and nerves.
 3) Lacerated Wound – jagged, irregular or blunt
breaks or tears in the skin. The destruction of tissues is greater in.
4) Fracture Wounds – caused by pointed objects
such as pin, ice pick, nails and splinters.

- external bleeding is usually minor, but the

fracturing object may penetrate deeply into the body and thus damage
organs and cause severe internal bleeding.
- generally are not flushed out by external
bleeding, therefore they are more likely than other wounds to become
infected, tetanus organism grow rapidly in the absence of air.

5) Invulsions – involve forcible separation or

tearing or tissue from the victim’s body, commonly caused by animal
bites and accidents involving motor vehicles and heavy machinery.

c. Complication of Wounds

1) Bleeding - continuation of blood flowing from

the wounds.
2) Infections – the healing process is delayed by
infection.

TREATMENT:

1) Control Bleeding:

a) Direct pressure – is a place where the

main artery to the injured person or part lies neat the skin surface and
over a bone. Pressure at such a point applied with the fingers or with the
hand, no first aid materials are required. The object of the pressure is to
compress the artery against the bone, thus shutting off the flow of blood
from heart to the wounds.

The pressure point is that which is:

(1) Nearest to the wound

(2) Between the wound and the main part of
the body.

It can be seldom maintained for more than

fifteen minutes. Pressure points are recommended for use while direct
pressure is being applied to a serious wound. If bleeding continues, you
may have to apply a Tourniquet.
 2) Use of Tourniquet

Only when the direct pressure, elevation and

pressure points fail to stop the bleeding from a limb, or when blood is
gushing from a major wound such as a limb amputation, should a
tourniquet be applied. The use of a tourniquet can cause the loss of the
limb below the hand, hence it must be used as a last resort.

3) Tourniquet Application

a) Place the tourniquet around the limb and

between the wound and the heart. Never place directly over the wound
or fractured.
b) For amputation or partial amputation of
the foot, leg, hand and arm for bleeding from the upper arm or thigh,
place the tourniquet just above the wound or amputation.
c) For hemorrhage from the forearm with
no associated amputation, place the tourniquet just above the wound or
amputation.
d) When possible, place the tourniquet over
the smooth sleeve or trouser leg to prevent skin from being pinched or
twisted.
e) Once a tourniquet has been applied,
inspect it and the dressing frequently to see if the tourniquet has
slipped and if any sign or further bleeding is present. If necessary,
tighten the tourniquet but under no circumstances loosen it. It should
only loosened by medical personnel.
f) It needs to be loosened for 2 –3 seconds
in every 20-30 minutes, and piece of wood, stick, etc.

d. Fracture

Fracture - are broken bone or skull.

The two classes of fracture

1) Simple or Close Fracture – no break in the

continuity or no injury to the skin. It is free from air and infection.
2) Compound or Open Fracture – one in which,
there is wound communicating with the broken ends of the bone is
broken into more than two (2) pieces.

Complicated when there are also injuries in the

adjoining vessels, nerves or muscles.

Treatment for fracture

1) Determine the full extent of injuries and dress

the wound.
2) Immobilize (Splint) the fracture to prevent
further damage.

Treatment for the neck and back fracture:

1) Lay the patient on his back.

 2) Place a small pad under his back and under the
hollow of his neck.
3) Prepare improvised liter.

e. Artificial respiration

The standard method of artificial respiration are the

mouth-to-mouth, the chest pressure and back pressure arm lift
methods.

1) Mouth to Mouth Method

The mouth-to-mouth (also mouth to nose)

method is considered to be more effective and reliable. In resorting to
this method, a first aider should follow certain steps or procedures:

Step 1 – place the victim on her/his back immediately. Loosen

her/his clothing to allow free circulation of air in the body of the victim.
Step 2 – Clean the victim’s mouth and throat. Free the victim’s
mouth and throat of dentures, food and obstructions.
Step 3 – Move the victim’s head backward at chin-up position with
the neck stretched to ensure free passage of air.

Step 4 – Lift the lower jaw forward. Hold the jaw by grasping (with
thumb) the corner of the victim’s mouth.
Step 5 – Press the victim’s nose or seal her/his mouth to prevent
air leakage.
Step 6 – Blow air forcefully with your mouth into the victim’s
mouth or nose until the victim’s chest rises. (This step is not advisable
for babies).
Step 7 – When the victim’s chest has risen, listen to any sign of
respiration. Repeat this step 15 to 20 times per minutes or until
breathing is observed.
Step 8 – Periodically between breathing, remove the air blown into
the victim’s stomach by pressing her/his stomach gently.

Mouth to Nose Methods – The same procedure was made or

should be done. But instead of mouth, close his nose with your thumb
and fore finger.

If the casualty’s Jaw are so tightly closed:

a) Thumb-jaw-Lift – is the best method to

open the mouth.
b) Two-Hand-Jaw-Lift

2) Chest Pressure Method

The second method of artificial respiration is

the chest pressure method. In all manual methods of administering first
aid, the first thing to do is to observe the proper positioning of the head
to avoid obstruction of air passage. Observe the steps for the chest
pressure method.

Step 1 – Position the victim’s face upward and place something

under her/his shoulder to raise and allow the head to drop backward.
 Step 2 – Kneel near the victim’s head, then grasp her/his arms at
her/his wrists. Cross both arms, then press them over the lower chest.
This allows the air to flow out.
Step 3 – Immediately release pressure and pull the arms outward
and upward over the victim’s head and backward as far as possible. This
causes the air to rush in.

Repeat this cycle at 20 times per minute, checking the mouth

frequently for obstructions. Take note that the head should be a little
lower than the trunk. Keep the mouth as clean as possible.

3) Back Pressure Arm Lift Method

For the back pressure arm lift, the steps to follow are:

Step 1 – With the victim’s face positioned downward, bend her/his

elbows and place her/his hands on the top of the other. Turn her/his
head slightly and extend it as far as possible. See to it that the chin juts
out.
Step 2 – Kneel near the head of the victim. Place your hands on
the flat of her/his back with palm just below the victim’s armpits.
Step 3 – Rock the patient forward until the arms are approximately
vertical. Allow the weight on the upper part of the body to exert steady
and even pressure downward.
Step 4 – Draw the victim’s arms upward and towards you. Apply
enough lift to feel resistance and tension at her/his shoulder. Then lower
her/his arms to the ground. Repeat this cycle about 20 times per minute.

3. SNAKE BITE

a. Poisonous Snake Bite – has elliptical eyes and leave

two (2) fang marked.
b. No Poisonous Snake Bite – has around eyes and
single fang marked.

Signs and symptoms of snake bite:

1) General discoloration on the skin due to

destruction, RBC
2) Marked pain and swelling
3) General weakness and paralysis
4) Shortness of vision
5) Dimness of vision
6) Dropping of eyelids
7) Slurring of speech
8) Nausea and Vomiting
9) Shock
10) Increase salvation and sweating

First aid for snake bite:

1) Keep the victim from not moving around.

2) Keep the victim calm as possible, preferably
lying down.
3) Immobilize the bitten area and keep it at or
below head level.
 4) Apply tourniquet 2-4 inches above the bitten
area, but not around the joint and around the head, neck or trunk.

5) Cut should be 1/8 inch deep and1/4 wide

directly over each fang marked or bite.
6) Transport the victim immediately to the nearest
hospital as soon as possible.

4. BANDAGING AND SPLINTING FRACTURE:

a. Prepare an improvised splitting.

b. Strips or rolls gauze or other materials that are use or
wrapping or binding any part of the body to hold compress in place.
c. Prepare an improvised litter.

5. DROWNING

Drowning is the aspiration of fluids or obstruction of the

airway caused by spasm of the larynx in the water.

CAUSE:

a. Cramps – muscles undergo marked spasm and

would totally incapacitate a swimmer because of severe pain.
b. Hyperventilation – excessive deep breathing of the
lungs before swimming under water, the carbon dioxide concentration
of the blood is lowered by the forced exhaling of air during deep
breathing. The circulation of the blood to the brain and normal
functioning of the brain may be greatly altered. There is lung congestion
in salt water drowning and lung collapse in fresh water submission.

6. POISONING

Poisoning is the introduction of any substance, solid, liquid

or gas, into the body that tends to impair health or may cause death.

TREATMENT:

a. Induce Vomiting – insert the blunt end of a spoon or

your finger in the back of a victim mouth.
b. Neutralize and dilate the poison – by giving a pure
milk or water with charcoal.
c. Transport the victim to the nearest hospital.

7. BURNS

Burns is an injury that result from heat, chemical agents or

radiation.

Classification

a. First Degree Burns – involve the superficial layer of

the skin, healing occurs rapidly. It is redness, swelling and pain.
b. Second Degree Burns – deeper than first degree
burns, blister formation, considerable swelling, more painful because
the nerve ending are destroyed in 3rd degree burns.
 c. Third Degree Burns – involve complete loss of all
layers of the skin.

Treatment

a. 1st Degree Burns - this can be immerse immediately

in cold water or place ice wrapped.
b. 2nd Degree Burns – causing skin blister, cover the
skin with sterile dressing but don’t open the blister.
c. 3rd Degree Burns – don’t pull stock clothing from
burns, cut clothing away from burned area. Scrub hands with alcohol or
similar collation before applying dressing to prevent contamination.

8. EVACUATION OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED

a. From battle area to casualty collection point

1) By means of improvised liter

a) Materials, Jacket, pole or strong pole.

b) Rolled blanket.
c) Empty sack of rice.

2) By means of two (2) man carry

a) Arm carry
b) Supporting carry
c) Chair
d) Etc.

3) Responsibility

Organic medical personnel and members of

the unit.

b. From casualty collection point to field hospital

1) by land using ambulances or other vehicles

2) by air using helicopters
3) by water transport
4) Responsibility

Field hospital and designated service support

unit

c. From field hospital to rear areas (Station or General

Hospitals)
1) Military and commercial modes of
transportation
2) Responsibility

Army Support Command

 CHAPTER 6

DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

A. CEREMONIES

1. PARADE

a. Definition. A parade is a military ceremony wherein a

body of troops is formed before its Commanding Officer or other high-
ranking officer for the display of its condition, members, equipment and
proficiency. It includes exercise in the manual of arms, the report on the
members of the various units present or accounted for, the publication
of orders, etc. and ends with a pass in review.

b. Distinctive Features. The preparation and

organization of troops for a parade are similar to those for a review.
However, in a parade, since the commander is also the reviewing officer,
the distance between the troops and the commander is greater than that
for a review. Other features are: the band conducts sound off; the
inspection is omitted; reports are rendered; orders are published; and
the officers and guidons are marched forward and centered on the
commander. If retreat is scheduled, it is conducted in lieu of Honors To
The Nation. This means that the Retreat is already the HONORS TO THE
NATION.
 c. Types of Parades and Their Sequence

1) Ceremonial Battalion Parade

a) Formation of Troops
(1) Units are moved to their position
on the ready line in the most convenient manner. The commander
prescribes the assembly area, the routes, sequence, and time of arrival
on the line. He and his staff take their post prior to Adjutant’s call.
(2) The procedure for moving from
the ready line to the final line is the same as that for a review.

b) Sound Off

(1) After the battalion has been

formed, aligned, and given parade rest on the final line, the Adjutant
directs: IHUDYAT and assumes the position of parade rest. He remains
facing the formation.
(2) At the directive IHUDYAT, the band
plays three sounds off chords. At the conclusion of the third chord, the
band moves forward playing a march in quick time. The band executes a
left turn to march across the front of the troops. At the left of the line of
the troops, the band countermarches and returns over the same ground
to the right of the line. After passing beyond the right of the line of
troops, the band executes a right turn, countermarches again, and halts
in its original position. When the band has halted, it ceases playing at
the next convenient place in the music and will again play three sound-
off chords. (Trooping the line by the band may be eliminated when
ceremonies are conducted indoors during inclement weather and when
space is limited).

Note: Retreat, when scheduled, is integrated at this point. Upon

completion of the IHUDYAT chords, the Adjutant directs: IHUDYAT ANG
PAGSILONG and goes back to parade rest. The band plays Retreat (by
the trumpet section). Upon completion of Retreat, the Adjutant comes to
Attention and directs, MGA BALANGAY HUMANDA, then TANGHAL
SANDATA. The Adjutant faces about and salutes. The band plays TO
THE COLOR or THE NATIONAL ANTHEM. At the conclusion of To the
Color or the National Anthem, the Adjutant comes to order and faces
about and directs: BABA SANDATA. After the last unit comes to order
arms, the Adjutant faces front. The commander and his staff assume
PARADE REST, ATTENTION, PRESENT ARMS, and ORDER ARMS with
the Adjutant. The Adjutant’s salute is the signal for the band to play TO
THE COLOR or THE NATIONAL ANTHEM.

d. Honors to the Nation

1) If Retreat is not conducted, the Adjutant (after

the band has completed sound off) assumes the position of attention
and directs: MGA BALANGAY HUMANDA at TANGHAL SANDATA.
2) Unit commanders assume the position of
attention, face about, and command in succession: BALANGAY, DA then
TANGHAL, TA. They face front and salute.
3) When all units are in TANGHAL TA, the
Adjutant faces front and salutes. Band plays the NATIONAL ANTHEM.
 4) The Battalion Commander and his staff
execute on his command: PUGAY KAMAY, NA on the first note of the
music.
5) Military spectators rise and execute hand
salute and its equivalent for the civilians.

e. Presentation

1) Upon completion of the National Anthem, the

Battalion Commander and his staff execute on his command: BABA
KAMAY, NA. The Adjutant terminates his salute, faces about, and
directs: BABA SANDATA.
2) Unit commanders terminate their salute, face
about, and command: BABA, TA, and then face front.

3) When all units are at Order Arms, the Adjutant

faces about, salutes and reports: ”Ginoo, handa na po ang patikas”.
4) The Battalion Commander returns the salute
and commands: SUMALUNAN KA. The Adjutant trots forward, passes by
the Battalion Commander’s right, and takes his post as the right flank
member of the staff.

f. Manual of Arms

1) After the Adjutant has joined the staff, the

Battalion Commander commands such movements in the manual of
arms, as he may desire.
2) The commander directs: ”HUMANDA SA
PAGSASANAY SA PAGHAWAK NG SANDATA”. He then in sequence,
commands: SA KANANG BALIKAT, TA; KALIWANG BALIKAT, TA; AGAP,
TA; BABA, TA; SIYASAT, TA; and BABA, TA.

g. Report

1) When the manual of arms has been

completed, the Battalion Commander then directs: TANGGAPIN ANG
ULAT.
2) The Adjutant trots forward, halts to his
position at the center of the command and directs: MAG-ULAT. Unit
commanders in succession, from right to left, salute and report: “Ginoo
__________ balangay, narito na po lahat o napag-alaman”. The Adjutant
returns each commander’s salute.
3) After receiving the reports, the Adjutant faces
front, salutes, and reports: “Ginoo, narito po lahat o napag-alaman”.

h. Publishing of Orders

1) The Battalion Commander returns the salute

and directs: IPAHAYAG ANG KAUTUSAN.
2) The Adjutant faces about and gives the orders:
MAKINIG SA KAUTUSAN, ANG MGA NAKATALAGA NGAYON, PUNONG
PANLARANGAN (NAME OF OFFICER), PUNONG TAGAPANGALAGA
(NAME OF OFFICER), SA UTOS NI (NAME OF OFFICER), MGA PINUNO,
HUMARAP AT PUMAGITNA, KAD.

h. Officers Center March

 1) At the last note of PUMAGITNA, all officers
from the Company Commanders to Platoon Leaders including Guidon
Bearers execute Center Face. After the command of execution of KAD is
given, the Officers and Guidon Bearers march off to the center and halt
at predetermined number of steps upon reaching their designated
markers. The senior Company Commander then commands: MGA
PINUNO, RAP, KAD. At the last note of RAP, the Officers and Guidon
Bearers face toward the Battalion Commander’s position and shoves off
at the command KAD.
2) When they are approximately 12 paces in front
of the Battalion Commander, the senior Company Commander
commands: MGA PINUNO, TO. At TO, they count silently. At the count of
four, they execute the salute and bring there hands down at seven
(Guidon Bearers start to execute the equivalent salute at the count of
three and return same starting at the count of six). The Battalion
Commander acknowledges the salute, then commands: MGA PINUNO,
SUMALUNAN, KAD.
3) The group of officers executes about face and
shoves off towards the center of the troops. As they approach the line of
their respective positions, the senior Company Commander commands:
MGA PINUNO, TO, RAP, KAD. At the command TO, they halt, and almost
simultaneous with RAP, they face their respective positions and shove
off with the command KAD. At a predetermined number of steps, they
halt to occupy their respective positions and face front at the same time.

i. Pass in Review

1) When all officers have returned to their posts

and the band has stopped playing, the Battalion Commander directs:
PASAMASID.
2) The battalion passes in review in the same
manner as prescribed for a review except that the units render honors
when they are six steps to the left of the Troop Commander and staff,
and terminate honors when the units are six steps to the right of the
commander of troops and staff. The Troop Commander and staff then
assume the role of the reviewing party at their location on the field.
3) When the last elements of troops have passed
the reviewing stand and executed ready front, the band stops playing.
4) Spectators may rise and applause after the
parade is completed.

2. Ceremonial Brigade Parade

a. The brigade is ordinarily formed in line with

battalions in mass formations. The parade is the same as the ceremonial
battalion parade with the following exceptions:

1) The Brigade Commander is substituted for

Battalion Commander, and brigade for battalion, in the description.
2) Across the front of the brigade, the band
passes in front of the line of Battalion Commanders during the sound off.

b. The battalions execute present arms, order arms,

parade rest, and come to attention on the command of execution of their
 respective commanders. Report is rendered by the Battalion
Commander instead of the Company Commanders.
c. At the command of execution KAD, of MGA PINUNO,
PUMAGITNA, KAD the Battalion Commanders, their staff, and Colors
close on the line of Battalion Commanders and staffs. The Company
Commanders face to the half right or half left in marching and close on a
line four steps to the rear of the battalion color. The Guidon Bearers face
half right of half left in marching and close on a line four steps to the
back of the Company Commanders. The other officers face the Guidon
Bearers.
d. When the officers, Guidon Bearers, and Colors have
closed and faced to the front, the senior battalion commander
commands PASULONG, KAD. The center officer of the leading rank is
the guide. On the command of the senior Battalion Commander, the
officers, Guidon Bearers, and Colors halt with the leading ranks six
steps from the Brigade Commander. The commands TANGHAL, TA and
HANDA, RAP are given by the senior Battalion Commander.
e. The Brigade Commander commands MGA PINUNO,
SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD. On the command SUMALUNAN, the Colors
execute reverse march. All others execute about face. On the command
of execution KAD, the officers, Colors, and Guidon Bearers march
forward. The senior battalion commander commands MGA PINUNO, TO
so that the rank of Battalion Commanders is on line with its original
position. The senior Battalion Commander then commands
SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD. On the command SUMALUNAN, the
Battalion Commanders and staff face outward, the battalion Color guard
executes wheeling movements, and on the command of execution KAD
the color guard marches back to its original position. The Company
Commanders, Guidon Bearers, and other officers face to the half right or
half left in marching and move back to their original positions.

3. Street Parade

a. For street parade, troops are formed and marched in

the most convenient manner. Street parade may include military
vehicles. Towed or transported weapons add to the drama of a street
parade. Cargo vehicles are included only when it is desired to increase
the size of the display.
b. Practical formations for street parades are:

1) Columns of threes and fours.

2) Two or more columns of threes and fours
abreast.
3) Mass formation.

c. The vehicles move in single column of twos, threes,

or fours abreast, as the width of the street permits.
d. In order to keep military units in the same cadence,
units should not march between two bands.

4. Evening Parade

a. Organization. The Ceremonial elements shall be

composed of the following:
 1) One brigade of two battalions (two companies
of two platoons each).
2) Band of not less than 30 members with a band
conductor.
3) Two color bearers for the National and unit
colors, and two color guards.

B. MILITARY HONORS
 1. General

a. In the Continental Army, honor guards were used as

protective measures and as a means of showing the improvement in
discipline in the newly formed army. They were probably selected
specifically for their sizes and strengths and maybe their proven
prowess in combat. Today, the honor guard formation is considered to
be a special courtesy to visiting dignitaries.
b. Members of the guard are selected for their soldierly
appearance and superior discipline. An Honor Guard consists of a band,
Colors, salute battery (when available and appropriate) and a formation
of troops. Honor guards render personal honors to persons with high
military or civilian rank or position upon arrival or departure from a
military command. Honor guards are not a substitute for those
ceremonies appropriate in a review or parade.
c. An Honor Guard should not be so large so as to
compromise the exceptional standards required of honor guards. The
minimum size of the company honor guard should be two (2) platoons
and the battalion honor guard should be two (2) companies. Uniforms
will be those prescribed by the Commander of the receiving unit.
d. There shall be a designated military host who will
take part in the ceremony. He briefs the honoree of the sequence of
events and advises him of actions that will take place during the
conduct of honors.
e. Prior to the arrival of the person(s) to be honored, the
honor guard commander positions the band, the troops, and salute
battery from right to left, in that order. The troops are formed in line of
companies or platoons with the Colors positioned at the center. When
conditions dictate, the salute battery may be located separately but its
control and purpose must not be impaired.

2. Definition of Terms

a. Cordon Honors – a type of honors rendered to a

guest in lieu of or in addition to full military honors. This may be in the
form of foyer, ramp/plane side, concourse and side boy’s honors.
b. Dais – an elevated platform where the honoree and
the military host stand to give distinction and prominence.
c. Honoree – A high-ranking local/foreign military officer
or civilian to whom honors are accorded.
d. Honor Guard – consists of a band, Colors, salute
battery (when available and appropriate) and a formation of troops
tasked to render personal honors to persons entitled upon
arrival/departure from a military command or saluting base/station.
 e. Honors – ceremonies rendered to local/foreign
military officers and civilian dignitaries as a gesture of courtesy and a
tribute to his rank and/or position.
f. Inspection – the close examination or observance of
honor guard by honoree.
g. Military Host – an officer designated to escort and
receive the honoree and advises him of actions that will take place
during the conduct of honors.
h. Ruffle and Flourish – a ruffling drumbeat and funfair
played in honor of a high official at a ceremonial reception.
i. Saluting Station – camps, posts, stations, national
shrines and other places where firing of gun salute is authorized.
j. Two-man Guard - a type of honors consisting of two
soldiers and an officer given to civilian or military dignitaries for
practical purposes.

3. Policies

a. Personal Honors

1) Military Officers

a) Only AFP general or flag rank officers in

the active service are entitled to military honors unless otherwise
directed by the CSAFP.
b) A retired general/flag officer making an
official visit shall likewise be accorded with appropriate honors.

c) Newly-promoted generals will only be

rendered with full military honors at GHQ, their respective Major Service
camps and their own headquarters.
d) Full military honors will no longer be
given to commanders going to another place/unit located within their
headquarters in the same camp/station. Instead, cordon honors will be
appropriate for the occasion.
e) Civilian dignitaries making official visits
shall be accorded appropriate honors during arrival and departure from
military installation/station.
f) When two or more persons entitled to
honors arrive at or depart from military installation/station at the same
time, each in turn shall be honored if they arrived successively.
However, in cases when the most senior guest has been accorded
honors, no honors shall be accorded to newly arrived junior guests.
g) Should a person entitled to honors arrive
at a military installation / station at the time when honors have already
begun, the ceremony shall continue but the senior officer shall receive
departure honors.
h) If the honoree has a personal flag with
him, the flag bearer shall be positioned three steps behind the honoree
and shall follow the honoree during the inspection of troops and return
to his original position thereafter.
i) If the honoree is a President or a Head of
State, the honoree must be positioned at least six inches right forward
of the host dais.
j) No honors shall be rendered by troops in
trenches.
 k) Honors shall not be rendered by troops
directly engaged in war campaigns, exercises and disaster relief
operations.
l) During personal honors at the same
place and in compliment to the same person, whether civilian or military,
guns shall never be fired more than once in a calendar year, except for a
President or Head of State or when International Protocol requires.
m) In all cases, the national flag must be at
full staff when honors are being accorded.
n) No military honors will be accorded
during a national holiday except for a President or Head of State or
when International Protocol requires.
o) No honors will be accorded after the flag
retreat and before flag raising except honors for the President or his
designated representative.
p) Philippine National Police and Philippine
Coast Guard are not entitled to military honors.

4. Unit Honors

a. Local Deployment

1) A ceremony shall be conducted to

welcome/send off unit’s arriving/departing for deployment outside unit
AOR for a period of not less than six months.

2) The Commander or his representative (at

least two-levels up) shall be responsible in welcoming/sending off units
under his jurisdiction.

b. Foreign Deployment

1) Major Service concerned shall be responsible

for the ceremony in honor of units arriving/departing from/for overseas
deployment.
2) The Major Service Commander shall
welcome/send off arriving/departing units of his command.
3) Spouses/parents of deployed personnel shall
be invited to send off or present leis to the officers and men of the
departing / arriving unit.
4) The Chief of Staff, AFP or a civilian dignitary
may be invited to welcome/send off unit’s arriving/departing from/for
overseas duty.

5. Gun Salute

a. Gun salute shall be under the direction of a

commissioned officer.
b. The National Flag shall always be at full staff at the
time the salute is rendered.
c. Gun salute shall only be fired during the conduct of
arrival / departure honors at the following saluting stations / bases:

1) Military Camps / Bases

 (a) Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo - GHQ,
AFP
(b) Fort Andres Bonifacio - HPA
(c) AFP Unified Command Headquarters
(d) National Shrines
 Rizal Park
 Libingan ng mga Bayani
 Aguinaldo Shrine
 Corrigidor National Shrine
 Dambana ng Kagitingan
 Capas National Shrine
 Los Veteranos National Shrine
(e) Other Places
 Malacañang Palace
 Philippine International Airports\ as
directed by CSAFP.
d. The national salute is done by firing 21 guns
successively. This salute is rendered in honor of: the National Flag; the
President of the Philippines; Heads of State; and Former Presidents.
During National Heroes Day, the National Flag shall be displayed at half-
staff from reveille to midday at all posts, camps, bases and stations.
Prior to the rendering of honors the band of field music will be played.

6. How Honors Are Rendered

a. The President

1) The President shall be received at the salute

base or at the building where he shall be entertained.
2) A 21–gun salute shall be fired during the
arrival/departure honors.
3) In a situation wherein honors will be rendered
to the President outside of military camps and without military units
present in the area, a two-man Honor Guard shall be present at the
bottom steps of the aircraft to render honors. The most senior military
commander in the area shall lead them. When the President steps down
from the plane, the honor guards are positioned facing each other and
welcome the President by a salute. The left man commands PUGAY
KAMAY, NA (if without arms) or TANGHAL, TA (if with arms) as the
President approaches and commands BABA KAMAY, NA (if without
arms) or BABA, TA (if with arms) after the President passed by them.
4) In case the President was already given full
military honors at the point of disembarkation, the President shall no
longer be given full military honors at the area where the President will
be going.
5) In case the President will be rendered full
military honors in the place of engagement, the President will be given
cordon honors at the point of disembarkation.

Arrival Honor

6) In case the President arrived in front of the

troops already massed and assembled for parade and review in honor of
the President, the full military honors shall be waived to avoid
redundancy in rendering honors. Instead, cordon honors will be
appropriate. If the parade and review is to be rendered in another place
of engagement, military honors will be given.
7) Unless otherwise military honors or cordon
honors will be given to the President, a two-man honor guard will always
be present at the bottom of the aircraft and render salute as the
President steps down or boards the plane.
8) During the presidential official visit in both
Houses of Congress like in the State of the Nation Address, the
President will be accorded cordon honors before entering the house.
9) During Independence Day celebration, the
President will be accorded full military honors in front of the
grandstand.
10) In case the President or Head of State arrives
from the aircraft and exits by the tube of the terminal, a cordon honors
will be positioned to render honor to the President or Head of State.

b. To certain dignitaries – A president of a foreign

republic or a foreign sovereign shall be rendered the honors prescribed
in paragraph (a) above except that the national anthem of his country
shall be played first to be followed by the Philippine National Anthem.
c. To Ex-Presidents and Vice Presidents – The Ex-
President and Vice President of the Philippines shall be rendered the
honors prescribed for the President, except that the flourishes shall be
followed by a march in lieu of the National Anthem and the Vice
President shall receive a salute of 19 guns. If no band is present, the
bugles shall sound To the Colors after the ruffles and flourishes.
d. To Ambassadors – Foreign Ambassadors will be
given one military honors during their stay in the country. This will be
done during their presentation of credentials at the Malacañang Palace.
e. Civilian and military dignitaries hereunder shall be
rendered salutes and honors with music (which is considered an
inseparable part of the salute and will immediately follow the ruffles and
flourishes without pause):
Civilian Dignitaries.
RFLS
RANK GUN SALUTE & MUSIC SIZE
FLRS
ARR DEP
President 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
President-elect 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
Ex-President 21 21 4 March Bn
A sovereign or 21 21 4 Nat’l anthem Bn
head of state of a
foreign country
Head of Gov’t 19 19 4 March Bn
Vice President 19 19 4 March Bn
Chief Justice 19 19 4 March Bn
Senate Pres 19 19 4 March Bn
Speaker of the 19 19 4 March Bn
House of Reps
SND 19 19 4 March Bn
USND 17 17 4 March Coy

Note: Provincial governor/municipal mayor hosting military

camps will no longer be given arrival/departure honors during his visit
to the camp/base by the unit concerned.
 Military Officers.
RFLS &
GUN SALUTE FLRS MUSIC SIZE
ARR DEP
Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
Vice Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
General 17 17 4 Gen March Bn
Lt General 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major Svc Comdr 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major General 13 - 2 Gen March Coy
Brigadier General 11 - 1 Gen March Coy
7. Procedures

a. Arrival and Departure Honors (Individual)

1) Full Military Honors. Initially, the honor guard

battalion shall be at parade rest. The Honor Guard Commander (HGC)
brings the unit to attention as soon as the honoree arrives. The military
host, who escorts him in front of the honor guard battalion and leads
him to the dais, meets the honoree.

a) The HGC faces about and commands

TANGHAL, TA then faces about and presents sword together with his
staff, while the honoree and military host execute hand salute.
b) Appropriate number of ruffles and
flourishes shall be played by the band to be followed by an appropriate
music, General’s March or National Anthem as the case maybe. Gun
salute, if any, shall commence with the first note of the ruffles and shall
be evenly distributed until the last note of the music.
c) After the last note of the music, the HGC
carries sword with the staff then faces about and commands BABA, TA.
He faces about and salutes the honoree, saying “Handa na po and tanod
pandangal upang libutin”.
d) The honoree acknowledges the salute
and the HGC carries his sword and escorts him and the military host for
the inspection of the honor guards. As they approach the Colors, six
paces before it, the HGC commands TANGHAL, TA. The HGC presents
sword while honoree and military host execute hand salute for the
Colors. Three steps after the Colors, HGC commands BABA, TA. The
HGC executes carry sword while the honoree and the military host drop
their hand salute. They continue marching toward the last elements. The
HGC continues marching with the honoree and host up to the point
where he reels off from the two personages and proceeds to his position
in front of his staff. The honoree and military host march directly back to
their original positions at the dais.
e) At this point, the HGC faces the honor
guard battalion and commands TANGHAL, TA. He then faces about and
executes present sword together with his staff. The honoree
acknowledges the salute and HGC and staff execute carry sword. The
HGC faces about and commands BABA, TA. The HGC executes about
face and salutes the honoree, saying “Tapos na po ang parangal”.
f) In case the honoree is more than one,
the most senior honoree will be the one at the dais. In case all are of the
same rank or category, one will occupy the dais and the rest will align
beside the honoree to be bestowed with honors. During the inspection
they can join the inspection of the troops. They will follow at the back of
the main honoree for the period of the inspection.
g) During inclement weather, arrival and
departure honors will be waived, except honors to be accorded for the
President and Head of State. They will be accorded with cordon honors,
if practicable.

b. Cordon Honors /Honor Guard

1) In addition to a scheduled honor guard

ceremony, a honor cordon ceremonies will be used during the arrival or
departure of the President and certain dignitaries: welcoming or bidding
farewell to distinguished visitors and visiting military camps. The
ceremony consists of a select group of soldiers with characteristics
associated with honor guards, designated to honor and provide security
at the immediate arrival and departure site. This type of honors may also
be used for other government and military officials, and foreign
dignitaries, if practicable.
2) The honor cordon normally consists of two
squads, a cordon commander and a host. The size of the squad is equal
to the number of gun salute the honoree is entitled to. When deemed
appropriate, the commander may designate a band, colors and
distinguishing flags.

Honor Cordon (ARRIVAL AND DEPATURE FORMATION).

POINT OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE

BAND IS OPTIONAL AND ITS

LOCATION WILL BE DICTATED
BY SPACE
 8. Honor Cordon Formations.

a. Arrival Honors (Honor Cordon)

1) Arrival. Upon arrival of the craft or vehicle, the

cordon is marched at a position near the exit (ramp) in two columns,
centered to the exit, faced to the center and dressed with about three
steps distance between the ranks. As the honored guest and greeting
party depart the immediate vicinity of the exit, and approach within three
steps of the host, the cordon commander commands TANGHAL, TA (if
with arms) or PUGAY KAMAY, NA (if with arms) and the cordon members
salute simultaneously. After the honored guest and all greeting party
members have cleared the formation, the cordon commander
commands BABA, TA (if with arms) or BABA KAMAY, NA (if without
arms) and the cordon members come to order arms simultaneously.
2) Departure. The formation for the honor cordon
upon departure is basically the same as that described during arrival. At
the approach (about three steps) of the honored guest and host, the
cordon commander commands TANGHAL, TA and the cordon executes
present arms. When the honored guest has entered the conveyance, the
cordon commander commands BABA, TA and remains in place until the
conveyance has departed. If it is an aircraft, the honor cordon exits as
soon as the honoree has boarded the aircraft.
3) When a band and Colors are part of the arrival
or departure ceremonies, they are positioned accordingly. The band
plays appropriate music during the ceremony. The organizational color
is dipped in salute when the honored guest approaches to within six
steps. After he passes, it is returned to the carry positions. As soon as
the guest enters the conveyance ceremony, the colors and
distinguishing flags depart the area with the honor cordon.

9. Arrival and Departure Honors (Unit). Initially, the unit is

formed in mass in front of the grandstand. When the Guest of Honor /
Speaker (GOH) or his designated representative arrives at the
grandstand, the Unit Commander (UC) brings his troops to attention.
When the GOH has taken his seat, the UC brings his troops to present
arms and present his troops to the GOH. The GOH acknowledges the
presentation. At this point, the band plays appropriate march music
(everybody in the grandstand should likewise stand). After the last note
of the March music, the UC brings back his troops to attention. The
Chaplain proceeds to the lectern to lead the invocation, afterwards, he
returns to his position (everybody takes his seat after the invocation).
 a. Awarding. The emcee formally announces the start of
the awarding. The UC and unit colors move forward at a predetermined
point and halt while the GOH goes down the grandstand assisted by the
host to present the award. The adjutant reads the citation of the award
before it is presented to the UC. The GOH and the host return to the
grandstand after the presentation of award. The UC and unit color
proceed back to their former positions.
b. Speeches. The host introduces the GOH before he
proceeds to the lectern to deliver a welcome address. If previously
ordered to bring his troop to parade rest, the UC brings his unit to
attention after the address of the GOH.
c. Recessional. The UC and his troops sing Pilipinas
Kong Mahal. The band thereafter for the recessional shall play
appropriate music. At this juncture, the spouses/parents proceed toward
the troops to present leis to the officers and enlisted men of the unit.
Parent/spouses join their respective relatives for the dismissal.

Note: Procedures for the send-off ceremony of unit departing for

overseas deployment/duty shall be the same as the welcome ceremony
except that the awarding and presentation of leis are omitted in the
program. Likewise, the band instead of March music plays the National
Anthem during the presentation of troops.
 CHAPTER 7

MANDATORY READINGS

A. INTRODUCTION TO FIELD ARTILLERY OPERATIONS

Mission of Field Artillery (FA)

The mission of filed artillery is to destroy, neutralize, or suppress

the enemy with timely and accurate field artillery fires in support of the
ground forces and to assist in the integration of all fire support assets
into combined arms operations.

Capabilities and Limitations

Capabilities - Maneuver and FA commanders must capitalize on

the following FA capabilities in order to optimize its employment and
combat power:

1. FA can provide fires under all conditions of weather and in

all types of terrain. The field artillery can provide fires in support of
maneuver forces during the most adverse weather conditions and in all
types of terrain: during day, night, and periods of extremely thick fog; in
jungles; behind hill masses; and in mountains.
2. FA can shift and mass fires rapidly without requirement to
displace. The greatest effect of FA is achieved by maneuvering (shifting)
the fires of widely dispersed FA units onto a target in a surprise attack
(massing). Successive volleys from the same weapon or unit give the
enemy time to react and seek protection, but the simultaneous impact of
a heavy volume of fires from several FA units is devastating. Maneuver
and FA commanders must consider employing massed fires by multiple
units of field artillery to generate maximum combat power.
3. FA can add depth to the battle. The extended ranges of FA
provide the maneuver commander the ability to influence battles with
firepower without moving the maneuver forces to the area of contact. It
also provides the necessary deep harassment and interdiction of the
enemy second echelons and supply routes.
4. FA can fire a variety of shell and /or fuze combinations. One
of the greatest capabilities of FA is its flexibility in providing a variety of
munitions. The FA illuminating shell is one of the primary means of
battlefield illumination. Smoke rounds can be employed to suppress
hostile observers that require line of sight and weapons, such as tanks
and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM’s). External fuel containers on
enemy tanks can be punctured with airbursts of high explosive (HE) and
set fire by white phosphorous, improved conventional munitions (ICM)
are particularly effective against personnel. The anti-personnel
(Flachette) munitions can provide excellent close-in defense. Dual
purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM) are effective against
lightly armored vehicles and personnel targets. SADARM or copperhead
is for armored targets.
5. FA can deliver chemical fires.
6. FA can provide continuous support by judicious
displacement.

Limitations - The FA has limitations that must be recognized and

considered when planning for its use.
 1. FA has limited self-defense capability against ground or air
attack. A field artillery battery lacks the weapons and personnel to
adequately defend itself. FA units are particularly vulnerable to enemy
mechanized units. This can be offset by concealment and the ability of
the artillery to displace rapidly.
2. FA has limited capability to destroy point targets without
considerable ammunition expenditure. FA weapons generally are area
fire weapons. The inherent probable error and large number of
uncontrollable variables ( such as weather, propellant temperature,
projectile, etc) preclude FA weapons from being able to hit a specified
point repeatedly.
3. FA has a firing signature that makes it vulnerable to
detection by enemy target acquisition assets. FA firing units are
extremely lucrative targets, and their distinctly audible, visible, and
electromagnetic signatures makes them highly vulnerable to enemy
detection and attack. To offset this vulnerability and ensure their
survival, friendly FA units must employ active and passive defense
measures.

B. FORWARD OBSERVER

1. Definition of Terms

a. Target Acquisition - involves detecting suitable

targets and determine their ground location.
b. Adjustment of Fires - Necessary to obtain effective
fire on the target when the accuracy of the battle or target location data
is questionable.
c. Surveillance of the Fire Effect - Since the observer
can see the target, he can direct fire and report its effect to the Fire
Direction Center.
d. Battlefield Surveillance - is a very important by
product of artillery observation. Observation must report all information
about the enemy activity and must use the following acronym; SALUTE

S-ize A-ctivity L-ocation U-nit T-ime E-quipment

2. Observed Fire Procedure

It is the method of requesting and adjusting observed

indirect fires such that it will hit the target.

3. The Fire Support Gunnery Team

The fire support gunnery team consists of three sub-teams

which are of equal importance:

a. The Forward Observer. This team may be composed

of trained forward observers or the subordinate leaders themselves. It
serves as the eyes and ears of the gunnery team.

1) He locates the target.

2) He makes the call for fire to the FDC.
3) He adjusts fire, if necessary.
4) He conducts surveillance of fire for effect.
 b. The Fire Direction Center. This sub-team serves as
the nerve and brain of the gunnery team. They receive the fire request,
make necessary computations and give orders to the firing element.
c. The Firing Element. This acts as the muscles, the
arms and legs of the gunnery team. The firing elements receive orders
from the fire direction center and carry out necessary corrections on the
support weapons as directed.

4. Methods of Locating Targets

a. Grid Coordinates Method - The Observer gives the

grid coordinate location of the target to the nearest ten meters (eight
digits) and the direction (azimuth) of the target as viewed from his
position.

Example: Grid TT 13452879

Direction 1500 mils

** Mil - A unit of angular measurement that divides a circle

into 6,400 units. A unit of mil subtends a width of one meter at a distance
of 1,000 meters.

1 degree = 17.77777 mils

b. Polar Plot Method - is used when the observer and

the target are on different elevation. The observer in locating the target
gives the three elements of distance (from his position to the target),
direction (azimuth of the target as viewed from his position) and the
vertical interval (difference in elevation between his position and that of
the target)

Example: Distance - 1000 meters

Direction - 2000 mils
Vertical Interval - Down 150

c. Shift from a Known Point - In this method, the

observer gives the location of the target based from a known point. This
could be a prominent terrain feature, previous targets or anything
identifiable both on the man and ground. This method involves the
following elements: direction (azimuth of the target from his position),
lateral shift ( linear shift as whether left or right), range shift ( whether
add or drop) and vertical interval ( difference in the elevation between
the known point and the target whether up or down.

Example: From Hill 148

Direction - 2900 mils
Right 400
Add 200
Down 40

5. Accuracies and Announcement of Data:

The observer will normally round off and announce his data
as follows:
 a. Direction - to the nearest 10 mils
b. Deviation - to the nearest 10 meters
c. Vertical Change - to the nearest 5 meters
d. Grid Coordinates - to the nearest 10 meters

6. Determination of Distance:

a. Estimate of distance:

1) Ranging rounds method

2) Flash and sound method

b. Computation of distance Mil Relation Formula:

M = angle of mils
W = lateral distance
R = range

7. Measurement of Angle

a. Use of angle - measuring devices

b. Aiming circle
c. BS's Scope
d. Use of hand and fingers.

1) One finger (pointer) - 30m

2) Two fingers (pointer & middle) - 70m
3) Three fingers (pointer, middle & ring) - 100m
4) Four fingers (excluding thumb) - 125m
5) Close fist - 180m

8. Call for Fire

Call for fire is a clear, concise, formatted message sent by

the observer to the FDC that includes all of the information the FDC
needs to engage the target. It is a request not an order. It must be
understood, recorded and read back without error by the FDC. The
normal call for fire has six elements and is transmitted in maximum of
three parts with a break and a read back after each part.

a. Identification - This is the most important element in

a request for fire. This establishes first contact with the Fire direction
Center.
b. Warning - This gives notice that all transmission
should be given priority. It is preliminary order send by the observer to
alert the FDC that he is requesting for Artillery fires.
c. Target Location - Location of the target in any
manner described earlier.
d. Target Description - Nature of the Target.
e. Type of Engagement- This may or may not be
omitted. This includes the fuse setting desired, type of projectile to be
used and the special way to engage the target.
f. Method of Fire and Control - In this last element, the
observer must decide whether to Adjust Fire of Fire for Effect.
 Example of Call for Fire:

Blaster this is Capricorn

Fire Mission, Battery Over
Direction 1300 mils
Distance 800 meters
Up 100, Over
Enemy Machine Gun Nest
HE, Fuze Quick Adjust Fire, Fire when Ready, Over

Adjustment phase:

First Correction: Correction, Left 90, Drop 400, Over

2nd Correction: Correction, Right 45, Up 200,Over
3rd Correction: Correction, Right 10, Down 100, Over
4th Correction: Correction, Up 50, Battery 10 rounds, FFE,
Over

End of Fire Mission, Enemy Position Completely destroyed, Out.

C. INTRODUCTION TO ARMOR OPERATIONS

1. Definition of Armor

Armor is combined arms force designed to conduct

mounted combat employing armor-protected vehicles as principal
means of accomplishing a ground combat mission. Armor operates
normally within a force structure that may include tanks, mechanized
infantry, artillery, engineers, armored cavalry and army aviation, support
on the battlefield by a flexible and rapid communication system and a
mobile logistics system.

2. The Role of Armor

Armor conducts decisive highly mobile, ground

environment warfare, primarily offensive in nature and characterized by
a predominance of mounted combat through the use of both ground
and air vehicles.

Armor units fight normally as combined arms forces of two

or more arms, each complimenting the other and aiding the forward
movement of the force by employing its own special capabilities. The
organization of these combined arms forces is tailored by cross-
attachment to use favorable characteristics of each type unit to
compliment the strength and compensate for the weakness of other
units. Commensurate with its intended employment, the resulting force
varies in degree of armor protection, mobility and ability to deliver fire.

3. Definition of Terms

a. Armored Vehicle – any vehicle, wheeled or tracked,

designed especially for use in combat, integrating mobility, firepower
and armor protection.
 b. Armor Commander – the most senior officer or Non-
commissioned officer (NCO) of an armor unit, detachment platoon or
section.
c. Force Element Commander – the most senior officer
or NCO of an operating unit. A force may include elements of other units
under or OPCON to it.
d. Unit Commander – designated commander of a PA
unit, either infantry battalion, rifle company or light armored company.
e. Ambush Site – any portion of a route that affords
advantages to a waiting enemy such as, a concealment or cover, fields
of fire, observation and avenues of approach and withdrawals.
f. Critical Area – any area where there is a majority of
enemy influenced barangays or where the NPA is actively present.

4. Characteristics of the Armor

a. Armor Protection – Armor is the tank reason for

being, not mobility or big gun, although both are desirable and will
compete with armor or a tank design. Armor is designed to keep the
crew, and the weapons capable of inflicting punishment upon the enemy
safe.

Three (3) ingredients determine just how effective a

tank’s armor protection system or package will be. They are:

1) The thickness of the armor package.

2) The material and composition of the armor
package.
3) The slope/angle of the armor package relative
to an incoming weapon.

b. Firepower – Armor units contains machine-guns,

mortars, howitzers and tank guns. These are particularly suited for:

1) Destructive fire against hard and pinpoint

targets
2) Quick fire at particular target
3) Firing on fixed line during darkness

c. Mobility – Tracked vehicles enable armor units to

move at high speed on roads and trail and have excellent cross country
mobility. However, obstacles can restrict their mobility. With engineer
assistance, some of these restrictions can be overcome.
d. Flexibility – It is complimented by mobility which
enables a commander to concentrate and to switch fire power on the
battlefield. It results from the ability to reach immediately to orders
passed by ratio.
e. Intensive and Flexible Communications – The entire
communication structure is designed to facilitate command and control.
f. Shock Action – Shock action is provided by the
tanks. The shock effect of the tanks depends upon surprise achieved by
speed and mobility, upon use of tank guns at effective ranges, and upon
closing with the enemy.

5. Types of Armor Units and Mission

 a. Tank Units – To close with and destroy enemy forces
by means of fire, maneuver and shock effect in coordination with other
arms.
b. Mechanized Infantry – To close with the enemy using
fire maneuver, to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by close
combat fire or counter attack.
c. Cavalry / Light Armor Units – To provide security,
perform reconnaissance and to engage in offensive defensive and delay
operations as an economy of force unit.

6. Capabilities and Limitations

a. Capabilities:

1) Conduct operations requiring a high degree of

firepower, mobility armor protection and shock effect.
2) Attack or depend under hostile fire and during
limited visibility conditions.
3) Destroy enemy mounted or dismounted.
4) Command and control attached mechanized
infantry.
5) Participate in amphibious operations.

b. Limitations:

1) Limited maneuverability in built-up areas,

wooded and rugged terrain.
2) Vulnerable to anti-tank weapons
3) Slow speed in crossing water obstacles
4) Difficulty identifying enemy infantry and AT
gunners in close terrain
5) Limited fuel supply in extended operations

7. Armored Vehicles of the Philippine Army

a. ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER (APC)

GENERAL DATA:

Crew: 1 - Commander
1 - Driver
11 - Passengers

ARMAMENTS:

Primary 1 Cal. 50 M2 Mounted

(Range 1,830 Meters)
Secondary Two (2) 7.62 mm M60 Mounted
(at Cargo Hatch)
Max. Eff Range - 1,100 Meters
Max. Range - 3,725 Meters

COMMUNICATION: (Anyone)

AN / VRC Series 25 Miles

UK / VRQ 301 9.7 ML (LOW), 13 ML (HIGH)
 PERFORMANCE:

Speed Forward 42.5 MPH

Speed Reverse 9.2 MPH
Cruising Range 300 Miles
Fuel Consumption 3.2 MPG
Max. Grade Ascending 60% Slope
Speed in Water 3 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Weight (Cbt Load) 24,238 Lbs

NET Weight 21,027 Lbs
Fuel Capacity 420 L ADF2
Engine 191 ½ inch
Length 191 ½ inch
Width 106 inch
Height 98 ¼ inch.
Ground Clearance 16 inch.

b. COMBAT VEHICLE RECONNAISSANCE TRACKS

SCORPION TANK (CVR (T) Scorpion Tank)

GENERAL DATA :

Crew - Three (3) :

1 - Commander, 1 - Gunner / Radio Operator, 1 - Driver

ARMAMENTS :

Main gun 76mm cannon

Eff Range (Direct fire) 2,200 Meters
Max. Range (Semi direct fire) 5,000 Meters
Co- Axial gun 7.62 mm
MG
Max. Eff Range 1,100 Meters
Max. Range 3,725 Meters
6 – Smoke Greande Discharger

COMMUNICATION:

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Forward / Reverse

(Max. Allowed) 72.4 KPH (45
MPH)
Cruising Range (Approx.) 640 Km (400
Miles) Fuel Consumption Road (Approx.) 1.6 Km /
Lit
Max Grade Ascending 60% Slope
Speed in Water 6 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:
 Battle Weight (Max.) 17,500 Lbs.
Fuel Capacity 423 Lit (V-95)
Engine Jaguar XK 4.2 Reien OHC
Length Overall (Gun Frwrd) 4.55 Mtr (14 ft – 11 in)
Width Overall 2.18 Mtr (7 ft 2 in)
Height 2.10 Mtr (6 ft 11 in)
Ground Clearance 0.35 cm (1 ft 2 in)

c. COMMANDO V-150S

GENERAL DATA:

Crew - Five (5)

1 - Commander
1 - Driver
` 1 - Gunner
1 - Rear gunner
1 - Radio operator

ARMAMENTS:

1 Cal 50 MG
Eff Range 1,830 Mtrs
Max. Range 6,800 Mtrs
2 – 7,62 mm MG (Co-axial)
12 – 12.76 mm tubes – Smokes

COMMUNICATION:

UK/VRC - 64 9.7 ML (Low), 1.3 ML (HIGH)

PERFORMANCE:

Max. Speed 56 MPH

Max. Gradient Climbable 60%
Cruising Tange (Road) 500 Miles
Fuel Consumption 2.5 km/lit
Fule Consumption (cross-country) 2.1 km/lit

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Battle Weight 24,000 lbs

Length Overall 6.15 Mtrs (242 in)
Width Overall 2.26 Mtrs (89 in)
Height Overall 1.98 Mtrs (78 in)
Ground Clearance 64.7 cm (25.5 in)
Fuel Tank Capacity (2) 300 Ltrs ADF2
Engine Cummins 4 cycle Diesel V-8

d. SIMBA ARMORED FIGHTING VEHICLE (AFV)

GENERAL DATA;

2 - Crew
1 - Commander / Gunner
 1 - Driver
8/10 - Riders

ARMAMENTS:

1 - Browning M@ QCB 0.50 inch MG

2 - Twin Barrel 6 mm Grenade Launchers

COMMUNICATION:

AN / VRC - 64 - 5 miles

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Max. 100 km/hr

Vertical Obstacle Climb 0.45 m
Tilt Angle 35 Degrees
Max. Gradient 60%
Hill Climb (33%)- 9 kph
Range (On roads) 660 km (412.5 miles)
Approach Angle (Hill) 45 Degrees

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Length 5.35 m
Widht 2.50 m
Height 2.57 m
Ground Clearance (Hill) 0.45 m
Ground Clearance (Axle) 0.33 m
Payload 1600 kg.
Engine - Perkins Phaser TV
Turbocharger TV8 540
Fuel Tank (Max.) 296 Ltrs Diesel ADF2

D. INTRODUCTION TO UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE

1. Definition of Terms:

a. Unconventional Warfare (UW) – a quasi-military

activity describe by commonly used but seldom defined terms such as
economic, political, psychological, guerilla warfare, underground
escape/evasion activities.
b. Guerilla Warfare – comprises combat operations in
enemy controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly
indigenous forces of a military or paramilitary nature to achieve limited
activities.
c. Escape and Evasion – is the part of unconventional
warfare whereby friendly military personnel and other selected
individuals are enable to emerged from enemy held or hostile areas to
areas under friendly control.
d. Subversion – consist of covert and clandestine
action by resistance group to reduce the military economic,
psychological and political potential of the enemy.

2. General Classification
 a. UW includes the three (3) interrelated fields of
guerilla warfare, escape & evasion, and subversion.
b. UW maybe either strategic or tactical in nature are
normally under a unified command for the purpose of assisting and
supporting conventional military effort.

3. Conduct of Operation

a. UW is conducted by organizations trained and equip

to operate directly against enemy target in hostile areas.
b. UW must closely be coordinated to civilian agencies
that have responsibilities in economic, political and psychological
operation.

4. Coordination of Operations

a. UW are planned and coordinated at a national level

and may require the participation of several agencies of the
government.
b. To discharge this responsibility, the theater
commander develop, organize, plan and support UW operation.

1. Related Activities

a. To produce the desired effect, UW operation must be

supported by psychological operation designed to influence the target
population and by civil affairs operation designed to reinforce
government capabilities.
b. UW produces intelligence to support conventional
forces.

6. UW in Support to Conventional Operations

a. Commanders in the field should ensure that UW

operations support conventional military operations.
b. The nature of a particular operation in a target area
will be influenced by many factors such as ideological matters and the
effectiveness of mass media communication.
c. UW is particularly useful when application of force is
limited or discrete or when a commitment of a conventional force is not
practical.

7. Psychological, Political & Economic Influence

a. Psychological, political and economic influence

effect of other military operation may have immediate or long term
impact on UW operation.
b. Close coordination of conventional, psychological,
civil affairs and UW operations is required to obtain the necessary
support of the local population.
c. The political consequences of sponsoring guerilla
and other resistance forces must be carefully considered, support of
political groups that are unpopular with the local population or
incompatible with friendly national interest maybe detrimental to long
term objective
 d. Guerilla forces may developed diverse political
objective, rivalries among leaders may result from personal ambition.

9. Influence of Conventional Operations

a. Conventional operations may affect the attitudes of

the local population in a manner that influences the effectiveness of UW
operations, for example destruction of religious facilities.
b. PSYOPS directed at the enemy civilian population
can contribute to popular acceptance and influence the people to
cooperate with the military operations in the area.

10. Effect of Conventional Operations

a. UW forces can directly support conventional military

operation in destroying enemy rear facilities and desolation of his
strength and resources.
b. Enemy of UW operations must be countered. Counter
measures include the use of consolidated psyops in conjunction with
civil affairs and the use of combat troops or irregular para-military units
in counter guerilla role.

11. Guerilla Warfare

a. Guerilla warfare comprises combat operations in

enemy controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly
indigenous forces of a military or paramilitary nature to achieved limited
objectives
b. Normally, the primary mission of guerilla forces is to
penetrate enemy lines of communication and conduct attacks against
critical enemy installation as prescribed by commander.
c. Guerilla warfare is characterized by offensive action
carried out by relatively small unit with emphasis on mobility,
elusiveness and surprise.
d. Tactical guerilla operation is closely coordinated with
and can support the tactical operation of conventional military.
e. In nuclear war, the fluidity of operation, the disruption
of communication, the dispersion of units and the mass movement of
people would lead the opportunities for the development of guerilla
forces.

12. Guerilla Missions

a. Guerilla forces provide maximum assistance in

support of advancing ground forces by attacking targets in enemy rear
areas at decisive times or over a prolonged area.
b. Guerilla operation should be coordinated with the
overall interdiction program.
c. Mission assigned guerilla forces must be within their
capabilities.
d. Guerilla forces maybe used to assist airborne and
airmobile operation by occupying key terrain such as drop and landing
zone.
e. Guerilla forces can furnish target information and
exploit the effect of nuclear and other fire.
 13. Reinforcement of Guerilla Forces

Maybe reinforced by fire support, aircraft and other combat

support element.

14. Communication

Special Forces operating in enemy controlled areas must

be provided with communication equipment, those which are normally
non electronics such as messenger a visual signs.

15. Combat Service Support Considerations

a. Guerilla forces make maximum use of supplies

obtained from civilian sources and those acquired from enemy in the
area.
b. Combat support for the guerilla is usually provided
through the special forces units.
c. Initial combat service support consists of minimum
essential supplies and equipment commensurate with the size of
guerilla forces and its intended for operations.
d. Normally air transport is the most effective method of
delivering supplies to the guerilla forces.

16. Demobilization

As friendly conventional forces uncover the areas of

guerilla operations, the ability of guerilla force to support operation
effectively diminished, guerilla units retained beyond their period of
usefulness may become a liability.

17. Evasion and Escape (E&E)

a. E&E is the part of unconventional warfare where by

friendly military personnel and other selected individuals are able to
emerged from enemy held or hostile areas to areas under friendly
control.
b. The objectives of E&E are to provide allied military
forces personnel and other selected individual means to avoid capture,
to escape or be removed from enemy held or hostile territory.
c. E&E system move independently as guerilla forces.
d. Provide detail guidance concerning the principles
and techniques of E&E..

18. SUBVERSION

Subversion consists of covert and clandestine action by

resistance group to reduce the military economic, psychological and
political potential of the enemy. It includes such activities as infiltration,
espionage, propaganda, sabotage or terrorism.

Employment of Subversion

a. Subversion is used to determine confidence and

disrupt social institution to achieve a desired political objective.
 b. Subversion is designed to exploit such potential
vulnerabilities as widespread popular grievances and dissatisfaction
corrupt, oppressive, premature, nationalistic ambition of the people or
their leader.

19. 7 PHASES OF UNCONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS

a. Phase I – Psychological Operations

Prepare how the resistance movement and the local
population will accept the presence of forces.
b. Phase II – Initial Contact
Some form of contact prior to infiltration to
somehow have an accurate assessment of the resistance and
arrange for the reception.
c. Phase III - Infiltration
Movement to Guerilla base is accomplished and area
assessment begins.
d. Phase IV - Organization
Rapport is established with the resistance force; the
command structure and command and control relationships are defined.
e. Phase V – Build-Up
Characterized by a expansion of the resistance
elements and their activities including supplies and armaments.
f. Phase VI – Combat operation
Numerous and wide scale operations are executed
accompanied by continues psychological operations and expansions.
g. Phase VII - Demobilization
It comes once the overall mission has been
accomplished. Arms and ammunitions are brought under control and
resistance forces are assisted by the government to achieve their
economic stability.

E. THE INFANTRY PLATOON TACTICS

1. Definition of Terms

a) Platoon – is a tactical infantry unit normally

composed of three squads and under the command of a lieutenant.
b) Squad – is small number of men organized to act
together in work or in a military maneuver and under the command of a
corporal.
c) Tactics – is the science and art of using a fighting
force to the best advantage having regard to the immediate situation of
combat.

2. Characteristics

The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion.

It is consisted with three rifle squads with a platoon leader and a
platoon sergeant. Each rifle squad is composed of nine men per squad
leader. The platoon can operate as a single unit under the platoon
leader. The squad is also designed and trained to conduct decentralized
independent operation when required.
 3. Tactics

PLATOON OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Units undertake offensive operations to destroy the enemy

and his will to fight; to seize terrain; to learn the enemy strength and
disposition, divert, or fix the enemy. Infantry platoons and squads
normally conduct offensive operations independently. The company
commander’s application of combat power at the decisive point
determines the outcome of the battle. Offensive operations include
movements to contact, raids, reconnaissance and security operations
and ambushes.

a. Movement to Contact. A movement to contact is an

offensive action that seeks to gain or regain contact with the enemy.
Usually a unit moving to contact lacks detailed information about the
enemy. Upon making contact, a unit identifies the enemy strengths and
weaknesses as it develops the situation.

1) Make enemy contact with the smallest element

possible.
2) Prevent detection of element not in contact
until they are in the assault.
3) Maintain 360 degree security at all time.
4) Report all information quickly and accurately.
5) Generate combat power rapidly upon contact.
6) Fight though at all lowest level possible.

b. Infiltration – Infiltration is a form of maneuver in the

offense. It is a means of reaching the enemy’s rear without fighting
through prepared defense. Infantry platoons infiltrate to move into or
through an area without being seen or heard. An infiltration is not an
end in itself but a means to an end. Its purposes are:

1) To gather information
2) To attack the enemy position from the rear
areas.
3) To conduct raids or ambush in enemy rear
areas.
4) To captured prisoners.
5) To seize the terrain in support of the
operations.
6) To aid a main attack.

An infiltration has five phases:

1) Patrol – Find gaps, weak areas in enemy

defense and enemy positions.
2) Prepare – Make plans, give orders, coordinate
with order and flanks unit, and rehearse.
3) Infiltrate – Use the specified infiltration
method. A void contact and ignore ineffective enemy fire. Three methods
of infiltrations are:
 a) Multiple Lane – When many gaps exist
and the terrain can support a large number of lanes, each squad uses its
own lane.
b) Single Lane – Staggered squad, unit
move along a single lane at staggered times. This method can be used
when gaps exist or when the ground restricts the number of lanes.
c) Single Lane One Squad – A single gap
exist on which the whole squad can move at the same time.

4) Consolidate – Done in enemy rear or along

final linkup point, then, move to an assault position or an objective rally
point to continue mission.
5) Execute – Carry out the assign mission. The
mission can be to destroy enemy forces or equipment, seize key terrain
or an area, capture prisoners or gather information.

c. Types of Attack. An attack is an offensive action

characterized by movement supported by fire. There are two types of
attack: hasty and deliberate. They are distinguished chiefly by the time
available for preparation. Additionally, special – purpose attacks include
raids and ambushes. Successful attacks depend on concentrating the
maximum possible shock and violence with surprise. The objective is to
shatter the enemy’s nerve, ruin his synchronization, unravel his plan,
and destroy his units, cohesion and the willingness of his soldiers to
fight. A successful attack combines scheme of maneuver with a
coordinated plan of direct and indirect fire support. The focus of an
attacking platoons fire and maneuver is the weak point, vulnerable flank,
or rear of an enemy. Once he has identified the point attack, the leader
establishes a base of fire to kill, fix, and suppress the enemy at the
point. He then maneuvers the rest of his force to a position from which it
can assault.

1) Hasty Attack. A hasty attack is conducted with

the forces immediately available to maintain momentum or to take
advantage of the enemy situation. It does not normally allow for
extensive preparation.
2) Deliberate Attack. A deliberate attack is
carefully planned and coordinated. More time is available to perform
through reconnaissance evaluation of all available intelligence and
relative combat strength, analysis of various courses of action, and
other factors affecting the situation. It is generally conducted against a
well organized defense when a hasty attack is not possible or has been
conducted and failed.
3) Raid. A raid is an operation involving a swift
penetration of hostile territory to secure information, to confuse the
enemy, or to destroy his installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal
after completion of the assigned mission.
4) Ambush. An ambush is a surprise attack by
fire from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy
unit. It combines the advantages and characteristics of the offensive
with those of the defense.

d. Initiative in the attack. Seizing and retaining the

initiative involves more that just achieving tactical surprise ,it involves a
process of planning and preparing for combat operations, finding the
enemy first, avoiding detection, fixing the enemy, locating of creating a
weakness, and maneuvering to exploit that weakness with a quick and
violent assault.

1) Plan and Prepare. Leaders used the troop-

leading procedure to make sure that all necessary steps are taken to
prepare an operation, Leaders use the estimate of the situation to
analyze the factors of METT-T and to determine the best course of action
and to ensure that leaders, soldiers, and their equipment can perform
the task necessary to accomplish the mission.
2) Find the Enemy. Platoon leaders find the
enemy by knowing he fights, by analyzing the terrain in light of his
knowledge, and by actively reconnoitering to locate him.
3) Avoid detection. Platoons avoid detection by
moving along the least expected, generally the most difficult, route.
They use the terrain to mask their movements. They use proper
camouflage techniques and move with stealth. This allows the platoon
to capitalize on surprise.
4) Fix the Enemy. Platoons and squads fix enemy
forces by employing suppressive fires that kill exposed enemy soldiers
and destroy their weapons. As a minimum, they render the volume and
accuracy of the enemies’ fire ineffective.
5) Find and create a weakness. Leaders look for
vulnerable flanks, gaps in lines, or lulls in enemy fire. When they cannot
readily find a weakness, they create one with suppressive fire and the
surprise effect of its suddenly coming from an unexpected direction.
6) Maneuver to exploit the weakness. Leaders
must exploit this weakness by moving to the best covered and
concealed position and then assaulting to destroy, defeat, or capture the
enemy.
7) Consolidate and reorganize. Finally, platoons
and squads must quickly consolidate the position to defend it against
an enemy counter attack. Units then reorganize themselves and prepare
to continue the mission.

e. Control Measures. Leaders utilize control measures

to regulate or direct the platoons movement, position, and fire.

1) Control Measures are not intended to restrict

the exercise of initiative (the function of command). Leaders use control
measures to clarify their intent, focus the platoon or squad effort and
ensure synchronization. Each control measure should have a specific
purpose that contributes to mission accomplishment.
2) Control measures can be drawn on a map,
overlay, sketch, or terrain model. Control measures should be easily
identifiable and simple. Graphic control measures in the offense include
assembly area, attack position, line departures boundaries, route,
release point, start point, axis of advance, direction of attack, phase line,
checkpoint, assault position, objective, contact point, linkup point,
infiltration lane probable line of deployment and limit of advance.

f. Attack During Limited Visibility. Attacks during

limited visibility achieve surprise, avoid heavy loses, cause panic in a
weak and disorganized enemy, exploit success, maintain momentum,
and keep pressure on the enemy. Platoons and squads attack whenever
possible during limited visibility. Darkness, fog, heavy rains, falling
snow, and the smoke and dust of combat create limited visibility
conditions that allow infantry platoons and squad to move undetected.

1) Fundamentals. The fundamentals of the

daylight attack apply to limited visibility attacks. Limited visibility
attacks require:

a) Well-trained squads.
b) Natural light sufficient to employ night
vision devices.
c) A simple concept with sufficient control
measures.
d) Detailed, successful reconnaissance on
the objective, routes, points support-by-fire positions and other key
locations.

2) Considerations. Leaders must consider the

increase difficulty during limited visibility operations in performing the
following:

a) Controlling the movement of individuals

and squad.
b) Identifying targets and controlling direct
and indirect fires.
c) Navigating and moving.
d) Identifying friendly and enemy soldiers.
e) Locating, treating, and evacuating
casualties.
f) Locating and bypassing enemy
obstacles.

PLATOON DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

The immediate purpose of defensive operation is to cause

an enemy attack to fail. However, a defense may be conducted for any
of the following reasons.

a. To cause an enemy attack to fail

b. To gain time
c. To concentrate forces elsewhere
d. To control essential terrain
e. To wear down enemy forces as a prelude to offensive
operations
f. To retain tactical, strategic, or political objective

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DEFENSE

Regardless of why the defense is undertaken or how it is

described, several fundamentals govern its conduct. The following are
five (5) fundamentals of the defense;

a. Understands the enemy – The defenders must be

thoroughly familiar with the capabilities and limitations of the enemy,
including the enemy’s weapon systems and equipment. He must know
the organization of the enemy units and how they are deployed to the
attacks. It is normally the responsibility of the battalion S2 to provide
this information.

b. See the Battle – Before the enemy attacks the

commander’s familiarity with how the enemy fights and with the terrain
on which the battle will be fought allows him to visualize these things.
The commander must clearly communicate to his subordinates how he
“sees the battle”. His visualization of the battle is the basis of his
concept of operation. As the battle begins, the Commander positions
himself where he can best observe his sector for the most critical part of
his sector. He uses all available surveillance measures.

c. Fight as a Combined Arms Team – Field artillery,

engineers,
Infantry, air defense, artillery, tank, tactical aircraft, attack/assault
helicopters, and electronic warfare elements all contribute to mission
success. The commander integrates available assets so that their
combined effect on the enemy is far greater than the sum of their
individual effects. Each asset in given circumstances can be the arm
most critical to the defense. The commander must insure that each
member arm is integrated So that the strengths of each are maximized
and their vulnerabilities reduced.

d. Exploit The Advantages Of The Defender – The

defender has a
number of advantages that allow him to defeat an attacking force much
larger than his own. The defender can analyze the terrain in detail and
note every feature that increases his chances of success. The attacker,
on the other hand, must feel his way over the terrain, seeing each new
compartment for the first time. The defender can prepare positions,
construct obstacles, and conceal his efforts advance. The attacker must
guess where the defender is located or spend considerable effort
finding his exact positions. The defender can initiate the fight from
stationary positions, which are difficult to detect and which provide
cover from enemy fire. The attacker must react to the defender and
must either fire while moving or loss momentum by seeing covered
positions. The defender can develop flexible plans for control of fire,
movement, communication, and logistics to fit any predictable situation.
The attacker must adhere to a more rigid scheme that risks destruction,
or he must alter his plan and risk, an uncoordinated effort. The attacker
also may have to re-supply his units while they are on the move. The
defender can use his hardened positions to shield himself from the
effects of nuclear weapons.

e. Concentrate Combat Power At Critical Times and

Places – in developing his defense, the commander may identify a
sector that is critical to the overall success of his defense. To maintain
the integrity of his defense, the commander may identify that sector for
his main effort and give it additional combat power.

DEFENSIVE FRAMEWORK

In the defense, the battlefield is organized into four areas,

namely;
 a. The Deep Battle – The deep battle is normally the
primary concern of corps, and division commanders. However,
battalions may participate in the deep battle as maneuver elements of a
larger force. Initially, the deep battle includes all the defenders actions
to destroy or disrupt the enemy’s attack beyond the CFA in the corps
and division areas of influence. Normally, this includes action against
enemy forces within 72 hours of the corps FLOT. For example, it
includes such actions as battlefield air interdiction, tactical air
reconnaissance, electronic warfare, tactical nuclear fires, chemical fires,
long range field and missile artillery fires, and deep spoiling attacks by
maneuver units. These deep attacks may initially be directed at the
threat’s first echelon forces. However, as the advancing first echelon’s
attack forces confront the covering force (CF), the deep battle will
continue against second echelon elements. The idea is to fight the
enemy throughout the depth of his formations and destroy his ability to
concentrate his combat power against forces in the MBA.

b. Covering Force Area (CFA) – The CFA begins forward

of the Main Battle Area (MBA) at the line of contact or the Forward Line
of Own Troops (FLOI) and ends at the Forward Edge of the Battle Area
(FEBA). The objective of a covering force is to provide security, delay
the enemy’s attack while engaging him, and force the enemy to reveal
the location and direction of movement of his man thrust. CF
Commander is charged with gaining and maintaining contact with the
enemy, slowing the enemy’s advance, reducing the enemy’s strength
and reporting the enemy’s movements. This must be done far enough
forward to allow time for forces in the MBA to concentrate and prepare
positions. The CF strips away enemy reconnaissance units, forces the
enemy to maneuver to bypass, and defeats the enemy when he launches
hasty attacks. As he moves, brings up artillery and masses for a
deliberate attack, the enemy will reveal his composition, strength, and
intended direction of attack.. As the enemy deploys, the defending
commander should be alert to developing opportunities to seize the
initiative. CF also seeks to deceive the enemy as to the actual location
of the MBA. The CF battle is normally fought by the most mobile units
available. When infantry elements fight in the CFA, they should be
augmented with more firepower and mobility assets if the threat is
motorized or armored. Infantry may contribute significantly to the CF
battle in restrictive terrain where it can fight or more without being
exposed to the full firepower and mobility of armored elements. When
operating as part of the CF, the infantry battalion may be ordered to
defend, delay or counterattack. It must be able to withdraw from its
initial positions when ordered to do so.

c. Main Battle Area – The decisive battle for main effort

is fought in the MBA. Here, forces will be positioned to stop enemy
attacks. Counterattacks will be launched to destroy or capture the
attacking forces, and the defender will seize the initiative from the
attacker. The bulk of the division’s combat and combat support forces
will be in the MBA. For example, a division may have most of its
battalions in the MBA, but some battalions may initially be under
operational control of a corps covering force. The division or brigade
MBA is bounded by lateral sector boundaries, the FEBA, and the rear
area.
 d. `Rear Area – The division controls the area behind
brigade rear Boundaries. Division command control, and support
activities are located there. Battalions retained as division reserve may
also be in the rear area. The rear area must be protected since the
facilities there are critical to the overall defense and are vulnerable to
armor thrusts and to airborne and airmobile attacks. Therefore, a
battalion in the rear area may be given the role of providing security in
the rear area.

TYPES OF DEFENSE

Army doctrine prescribes many techniques for defense.

These techniques range from a static defense designed to retain terrain
to a dynamic defense focused only on the destruction of the enemy.
Defenses are predominantly static or dynamic, based upon the mission,
the enemy, the terrain and the troops available. There are three types of
defensive missions; defend in sector, defend from a battle position and
defend in strongpoint.

a. Defend in Sector

The most frequent and least restrictive defensive

mission eceive is to defend in sector. It requires the defense of an area
defined by two lateral boundaries, a rear boundary and the forward edge
of the battle area. Coordination is made to insure that overlapping
fields of observation and fire exist and that there are no gaps in the
defense.

b. Defend in Battle Position

This requires the defense of an area on the ground.

The symbol that designates the size of the force that is to occupy that
battle position also indicates the orientation of the force on the ground.

c. Defend in a Strongpoint

The defense in a strong point is essentially an

antitank battle position which physically cannot be overrun or bypassed
by tanks and can be reduced by infantry only with the expenditure of
much time and overwhelming forces. It requires considerable time,
engineer effort, and barrier material to construct. The terrain on the
flanks of the strongpoint must restrict the advance of the attacker, or
else the battalion faces an increased risk of isolation and destruction.

TYPES OF FORMATION:

a. Squad in Line -- This formation has the following

characteristics:

1) Cover maximum frontage

2) Provides little security to the flanks and rear
3) Allows for speed amount of immediate fire
forward.
.
 b. Squad in Column -- This is the traveling formation.
It has the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
2) Provide good all around security
3) Make the best used of the movement
techniques

c. Squad in File -- Where not traveling in column or

line, squads travel in file, it has the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
2) Facilitate speed of movement
3) Provide maximum frontage
4) Flexible in nature

F. CREW SERVED WEAPONS TRAINING

1. 60MM MORTAR
 60mm M2 Mortar
For mobile platoon and company level action, an easily portable
weapon for use between the effective ranges of hand grenades and the
81mm mortar was needed. Hence, the 60mm M2. The bipod was often
left attached to the tube for speed in bringing the mortar into action, and
the combination was readily carried by two men, with ammunition in
complete rounds being carried by supporting troops.

Infantry mortars are normally employed in defiladed positions,

such as the reverse slope of a hill or ridge, so as not to be vulnerable to
enemy direct fire positions. Hence direction and altitude settings are
normally controlled indirectly by a forward observer, or an aiming stake
about 10-25 yards forward of the gunner, and the rounds are normally
dropped down the barrel. The 60mm M19 could be used as a direct fire
weapon by attaching the small M1 base plate to the barrel. This reduced
the mortar weight substantially, and greatly lowered the weapon profile
in the open during fluid engagements where targets were close and in
direct view. In such situations, however, the recoilless rifle or bazooka
were usually more effective.

Comparing weight of material to destruction delivered at the

target, mortars are very efficient. "The infantry's artillery", they provide
small infantry units artillery-like fire support when artillery either was
not available, or could not be moved forward fast enough. The initial
Chinese Communist assaults of November and December 1950, did not
bring artillery, but they did bring mortars, and used them with great
effectiveness.

General Data

a. Weight: 42 lbs assembled; barrel 12.8 lbs;

bipod 16.4 lbs; base
plate 12.8 lbs.

b. Length: 28.6 in.

c. Muzzle Velocity (HE): 535 fps

d. Max Range (HE): 1000 yds effective (1985 yds max)

e. Rate of Fire: 18 rpm normal; 30-35 rpm max

f. Sight: 4 collimator

Ammunition

a. M49A2 HE: most widely used, 3.07 lbs, range max

2,000 yds; effective range up to about 1,000 yds due to dispersion,
produces over 200 fragments, with an effective bursting radius of 17
yards.

b. M302 WP: weight : 4.02 lbs, muzzle velocity 439 fps,

both a smoke producer and a casualty-inducing weapon.

c. M83 illuminating round: weight 3.7 lbs; length 14.28

in; range max 1,000 yards; height about 800 feet; parachute attached,
falling about 10 feet/sec; illuminate burned about 25 seconds, producing
110,000 candlepower, illuminating an area of about 100 yards diameter.

Propelling charges for mortar ammunition:

Consist of square powder increments and an ignition

charge. The full charge consists of an ignition cartridge and four equal
propellant increments (bundles of sheet powder, in waterproof
cellophane bags) assembled to the base of the round as issued. The
increments are fitted into slots of the fin blades. To prepare the charge
for firing, it is only necessary to remove any increments not required for
the range desired.

The mortar is then fired by removing the safety wire and

inserting a complete round in the muzzle. The elevation of the barrel
allows the round to slide towards the base, where the ignition cartridge
strikes the firing pin located inside the base cap. The flame from the
exploding cartridge ignites the propelling charge, the gas pressure
drives the round up and out, arming the fuze. (The M19 may be set either
to DROP fire, as just described, or to LEVER fire, where the ignition
cartridge is actuated manually by triggering a lever.)

2. 81MM MORTAR
 a. CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS:

1) Smooth Bore
2) Muzzle loading
3) High angle - of - fire
4) Single Shot - drop fire

b. TABULATED DATA:

1) Weight of barrel or cannon - 28 lbs

2) Weight of base plate (M3) - 25 lbs
3) Weight of base plate (M23A1) - 48 lbs
4) Weight of bipod or amount - 40 lbs
5) Elevation (Approx) - 800 mils to 1500 mils
6) Per turn of elevating crank (approx) - 10 mils
7) Traverse:

Right or left from center (approx) 95 mils (9½ turns)

Total turns of hand wheel for full traverse (approx 190 mils (
19 turns)
8) Bursting radius - 34 meters
9) Rate of fire:

Rds/ min. Period

Sustained 3 (charge 8) indefinitely

5 (charge 6) indefinitely
Maximum 12 (charge 8) 2 minutes
12 (charge 6) 5 minutes

10) Range (approx) 4,737 meters

14, 803.12 ft
4,934.376 yards

c. PARTS OF MORTARS:

1) Barrel
2) Bipod
3) Base Plate:

d. POSITION AND DUTIES OF MORTAR CREW:

1) Squad Leader - behind the mortar, where he

can command and control the squad
2) Gunner No. 1 - On the left side of the
mortar, where he can manipulate the sight and elevation and the
traversing assy.
3) Assistant Gunner No. 2 - on the right side of
the mortar and ready to load.
4) First Ammo Handler No. 3 - to the right rear of
the mortar, prepares the ammo and pass it to the assistant gunner.
5) Second ammo handler No. 4 - behind the
mortar, maintaining ammo for firing. Provide security of the mortar
position.
 e. MISFIRE:

Misfire - occurs when a cartridge is loaded into the

barrel but fails to fire, usually, the cartridge strike the primer but fails to
function.

f. CAUSES OF MISFIRE

1) Defective primer or ignition cartridge

2) Defective or damage firing or other parts of
firing mechanism.
3) Loose firing pin bushing
4) Firing pin fouled or obstructed by remnants
from previous cartridge.
5) Excess oil or water in bore.
6) Cartridge not fully inserted in fin assembly
7) Mis-aligned stabilizing fin
8) Foreign matter or excess paint on the gas
check band.

g. TYPES OF AMMUNITION USED

1) High Explosive, HE - for use against personnel

and light materials.
2) White Phosphorous, WP - for screening,
producing casualty, incendiary action and signaling.
3) Illumination, Ill - for battle field illumination and
signaling.
4) Target Practice, TP - for training.

h. COLOR OF CARTRIDGE:

1) HE - olive drab (marking in yellow)

2) WP - smoke, gray with yellow hand (marking
in yellow)
3) ILL - gray (marking in yellow)
4) TP - blue (marking in white)
C. CAL .50 MACHINE GUN

M2 .50 Caliber [12.7mm] Machine "Ma Duce"Gun

The Browning M2 .50 caliber (12.7mm) Machine Gun, is a

World War II era automatic, belt-fed,
recoil operated, air-cooled, crew-
operated machine gun. The M2 is crew
transportable with limited amounts of
ammunition over short distances. This
gun has a back plate with spade grips,
trigger, and bolt latch release. The gun is
equipped with leaf-type rear sight, flash
suppressor and a spare barrel assembly.
By repositioning some of the component parts, ammunition may be fed
from either the left or right side. A disintegrating metallic link-belt is
used to feed the ammunition into the weapon. The gun is capable of
single-shot (ground M2), as well as automatic fire.
 John Moses Browning (1855-1926) of Ogden, Utah, is considered by
many to be the greatest firearms designer ever to live. He invented many innovative
and popular sporting and military weapons produced by his own company, as well as
Winchester, Colt, and other domestic and foreign manufacturers. His military arms are
credited-even by the enemy-with giving the United States and its allies weapons
superiority in every conflict of the 20th century. Of the .50-caliber machine gun,
German Field Marshal Herman Göring said, "If the German Air Force had had the
Browning .50-caliber, the Battle of Britain would have turned out differently
TECHNICAL DATA

M2HB

Country of Origin USA – (Saco Defense)

Date Of Introduction 1938

1-4 (crew leader, gunner, assistant gunner,

Crew
ammunition bearer)

Caliber 0.50 in (12.7 mm)

Cartridge .50 Caliber Browning (12.7 x 99 mm)

System of Operation Recoil

Cooling Air

Weight 84 lb (38.1 kg)

Length 65.13 in (1,654.3 mm)

Barrel Weight 24 lb (10.9 kg)

Barrel Length 45 in (1,143.0 mm)

R.H., eight grooves, pitch 1 in 15 inches

Barrel Rifling
(381 mm)

Basic Load (vehicle mount) 400 rounds

Ammunition Weight 100 rounds in ammo can: 35 lb (16 kg)

Performance

Single shot
Sustained: Less than 40 rds/min, in bursts of
five to seven rounds
Rate of Fire
Rapid: More than 40 rds/min, fired in bursts
of five to seven rounds
Cyclic: 450-550 rds/min

Maximum Range 7,440 yd (6,800 m)

Area Target: 2,000 yd (1,830 m)

Maximum Effective Range Point Target (single shot): 1,640 yd (1,500
m)

M3 Tripod

Weight With T&E Mechanism 44 lb (20 kg)

 and Pintle

Height of M2 on Tripod 12 in (304 mm)

M63 Anti-aircraft Mount

Weight 144 lb (65 kg)

Height 42 in (1,067 mm)

Maximum Elevation 85°

Maximum Depression 29°

Maximum Traverse 360°

a. DESCRIPTION

The M2 .50 caliber machine gun is an automatic, belt-

fed, recoil-operated, air-cooled, crew-operated machine gun. This gun
may be mounted on ground mounts and most vehicles as an anti-
personnel and anti-aircraft weapon. The gun is capable of single-shot
(ground version M2), as well as automatic fire and was used to a very
limited degree as a sniper weapon during the Vietnam war. The weapon
provides automatic weapon suppressive fire for offensive and defensive
purposes. This weapon can be used effectively against personnel, light
armored vehicles; low, slow flying aircraft; and small boats. The M2
machine gun uses the M3 Tripod. The principal night vision sight used
with the M2 is the AN/TVS-5.

By repositioning some of the components, the M2 is

capable of alternate feed. Ammunition can be fed into the weapon from
the right or left side of the receiver; however the U.S. Army uses only
left-hand feed.

b. OPERATION

The cycle of functioning is broken down into basic

steps: feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting,
ejecting, and cocking. Some of these steps may occur at the same time.

Cycle of functioning

(1) Feeding. Feeding is the act of placing a

cartridge in the receiver, approximately in back of the barrel, ready for
chambering. When the bolt is fully forward and the top is closed, the
ammunition belt is held in the feedway by the belt-holding pawl.
 (a) As the bolt is moved to the rear, the
belted ammunition is moved over and then held in a stationary position
by the belt-holding pawl. At the same time, the belt-feed pawl rides up
and over the link, holding the first round in place. When the bolt is all
the way to the rear, the belt-feed slide moves out far enough to allow the
belt-feed pawl spring to force the pawl up between the first and second
rounds.

(b) As the bolt moves forward, the belt-feed

slide is moved back into the receiver, pulling with it the next linked
cartridge. When the bolt reaches the fully forward position, the belt-
holding pawl will snap into place behind the second linked cartridge,
holding it in place. The extractor will then grasp the rim of the first
cartridge, preparing to release it from the belt on the next rearward
motion.

(c) As the bolt then moves to the rear, the

extractor will pull the cartridge with it, releasing it from the belt. As it
moves to the rear, the extractor is forced down by the extractor cam,
causing the cartridge to be moved into the T-slot in the bolt face,
preparing the cartridge to be chambered. It is connected under the
extractor switch on the side of the receiver until it is repositioned by the
forward movement of the bolt, and pressure of the cover extractor
spring forces it over the next round.

(2) Chambering. Chambering is placing the

cartridge into the chamber of the weapon. During this cycle, the bolt
moves forward, carrying the cartridge in the T-slot in a direct route to
the chamber of the weapon. At the same time, the extractor rides up the
extractor cam and when the bolt is fully forward, the extractor grasps
the next linked cartridge

(3) Locking. The bolt is locked to the barrel and

barrel extension.

(a) Initially, the bolt is forced forward in

counter-recoil by the energy stored in the driving spring assembly and
the compressed buffer disks. At the start of counter-recoil, the barrel
buffer body tube lock keeps the accelerator tips from bounding up too
soon and catching in the breech lock recess in the bolt. After the bolt
travels forward about 5 inches, the lower rear projection of the bolt
strikes the tips of the accelerator, turning the accelerator forward. This
unlocks the barrel extension from the barrel buffer body group and
releases the barrel buffer spring. The barrel buffer spring expands,
forcing the piston rod forward.

(b) Since the cross groove in the piston rod

engages the notch on the barrel extension shank, the barrel extension
and barrel are also forced forward by the action of the barrel buffer
spring. Some of the forward motion of the bolt is transmitted to the
barrel extension through the accelerator. As the accelerator rotates
forward, the front of the accelerator speeds up the barrel extension; at
the same time, the accelerator tips slow down the bolt.

(c) Locking begins 1 1/8 inches before the

recoiling groups (bolt, barrel extension, and barrel) are fully forward.
The breech lock in the barrel extension rides up the breech lock cam in
the bottom of the receiver into the breech lock recess in the bottom of
the bolt, locking the recoiling groups together. The recoiling groups are
completely locked together three-fourths of an inch before the groups
are fully forward

(4) Firing. The firing pin is released, igniting the

primer of the cartridge.

(a) As the trigger impressed down, it pivots

on the trigger pin, so that the trigger cam on the inside of the backplate
engages and raises the rear end of the trigger lever. This in turn pivots
on the trigger lever pin assembly, causing the front end of the trigger
lever to press down on the top of the sear stud. The sear is forced down
until the hooked notch of the firing pin extension is disengaged from the
sear notch. The firing pin and firing pin extension are driven forward by
the firing pin spring; the striker of the firing pin hits the primer of the
cartridge, firing the round.

(b) For automatic firing, the bolt-latch

release must be locked or held depressed, so that the bolt latch will not
engage the notches in top of the bolt, holding the bolt to the rear as in
single-shot firing. The trigger is pressed and held down. Each time the
bolt travels forward in counter-recoil, the trigger lever depresses the
sear, releasing the firing pin extension assembly and the firing pin. This
automatically fires the next round when the forward movement of the
recoiling groups is nearly completed. The gun should fire about one-
sixteenth of an inch before the recoiling groups are fully forward. Only
the first round should be fired with the parts fully forward. The gun fires
automatically as long as the trigger and bolt latch are held down and
ammunition is fed into the gun.
 (5) Unlocking. The bolt is unlocked from the barrel
and barrel extension.

a) At the instant of firing, the bolt is locked

to the barrel extension and against the rear end of the barrel by the
breech lock, which is on top of the breech lock cam and in the breech
lock recess in the bottom of the bolt. When the cartridge explodes, the
bullet travels out of the barrel; the force of recoil drives the recoiling
groups rearward. During the first three-fourths of an inch, the recoiling
groups are locked together. As this movement takes place, the breech
lock is moved off the breech lock cam stop, allowing the breech lock
depressors (acting on the breech lock pin) to force the breech lock
down, out of its recess from the bottom of the bolt. At the end of the first
three-fourths of an inch of recoil, the bolt is unlocked, free to move to
the rear independent of the barrel and barrel extension.

(b) As the recoiling groups move to the rear,

the barrel extension causes the tips of the accelerator to rotate
rearward. The accelerator tips strike the lower rear projection of the bolt,
accelerating the movement of the bolt to the rear. The barrel and barrel
extension continue to travel to the rear an additional three-eighths of an
inch, or an approximate total distance of 1 1/8 inches until they are
stopped by the barrel buffer assembly.

(c) During the recoil of 1 1/8 inches, the

barrel buffer spring is compressed by the barrel extension shank, since
the notch on the shank is engaged in the cross groove in the piston rod
head. The spring is locked in the compressed position by the claws of
the accelerator, which engage the shoulders of the barrel extension
shank. After its initial travel of three-fourths of an inch, the bolt travels
an additional 6 3/8 inches to the rear, after it is unlocked from the barrel
and barrel extension, for a total of 7 1/8 inches. During this movement,
the driving springs are compressed. The rearward movement of the bolt
is stopped as the bolt strikes the buffer plate. Part of the recoil energy of
the bolt is stored by the driving spring rod assembly, and part is
absorbed by the buffer disks in the backplate.

(6) Extracting. The empty cartridge case is pulled

from the chamber.

(a) The empty case, held by the T-slot, has

been expanded by the force of the explosion; therefore, it fits snugly in
the chamber. If the case is withdrawn from the chamber too rapidly, it
may be torn. To prevent this, and to ensure slow initial extraction of the
case, the top forward edge of the breech lock and the forward edge of
the lock recess in the bolt are beveled. As the breech lock is unlocked,
the initial movement of the bolt away from the barrel and barrel
extension is gradual.
 (b) The slope of the locking faces facilitates
locking and unlocking and prevents sticking. The leverage of the
accelerator tips on the bolt speeds extraction after it is started by
kicking the bolt to the rear to extract the empty case from the chamber.

(7) Ejecting. The empty cartridge case is expelled

from the receiver.

(a) As the bolt starts its forward movement

(counter-recoil), the extractor lug rides below the extractor switch,
forcing the extractor assembly farther down until the round is in the
center of the T-slot of the bolt.

(b) The round, still gripped by the extractor,

ejects the empty case from the T-slot. The last empty case of an
ammunition belt is pushed out by the ejector.

(8) Cocking. The firing pin is withdrawn into the

cocked position.

(a) When the recoiling groups are fully

forward, the top of the cocking lever rests on the rear half of the V-slot in
the top plate bracket. As the bolt moves to the rear, the top of the
cocking lever is forced forward. The lower end pivots to the rear on the
cocking lever pin. The rounded nose of the cocking lever, which fits
through the slot in the firing pin extension, forces the extension to the
rear, compressing the firing pin spring against the sear stop pin
(accelerator stop). As the firing pin extension is pressed to the rear, the
hooked notch of the extension rides over the sear notch, forcing the
sear down. The sear spring forces the sear back up after the hooked
notch of the firing pin extension has entered the sear notch.

(b) The pressure of the sear and firing pin

springs holds the two notches locked together. There is a slight
overtravel of the firing pin extension in its movement to the rear to
ensure proper engagement with the sear. As the bolt starts forward, the
overtravel is taken up and completed when the cocking lever enters the
V-slot of the top plate bracket, and is caromed toward the rear; pressure
on the cocking lever is relieved as the bolt starts forward.

c. AMMUNITION

Ammunition is issued in a disintegrating metallic

split-linked belt (M2 or M9 links). The preferred combat ammunition mix
for the M2 machine gun is four API (M8) to one API-T (M20) with M9 link.
M2 ammunition is packaged in a metal box containing 100 linked
rounds. Each box of 100 rounds weighs approximately 35 pounds (16
kg).
  M1 High Pressure Test.
 M1, M10, M17, M21 Tracer.
 M1, M23 Incendiary.
 M1A1 Blank.
 M2 Dummy.
 M2, M33 Ball.
 M2 Armor-Piercing (AP).
 M8 Armor-Piercing Incendiary (API).
 M20 Armor-Piercing Incendiary Tracer (API-T).
 M903 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP). Lined barrel only.
 M962 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator Tracer (SLAP-T). Lined
barrel only.

d. FIRING POSITIONS

The tripod firing positions are prone, sitting, and

standing. They are assumed in the following manner:

(1) The prone position is used when firing from

the tripod that is set in a low position. It is assumed by lying on the
ground directly behind the gun. The gunner then spreads his legs a
comfortable distance apart with his toes turned outward. His left elbow
rests on the ground, and his left hand grasps the elevating handwheel of
the T&E. His right hand lightly grasps the right spade grip with his right
thumb in a position to press the trigger. The position of his body can
then be adjusted to position his firing eye in alignment with the sights of
the weapon.

(2) The sitting position can be used when the

tripod is set in a high or low position. The gunner sits directly behind
the gun between the legs of the tripod. He may extend his legs under the
tripod or cross them, depending on his physique. The gunner then
places both elbows on the inside of his thighs to get the best support.
He grasps the elevating handwheel of the T&E with the left hand, and
lightly grasps the right spade grip with his right hand. He must ensure
that the right thumb is in position to press the trigger

(3) The standing position is used when the gunner

is firing from a fighting position. This position is assumed by standing
directly behind the gun with the feet spread a comfortable distance
apart. The gunner grasps the elevating handwheel of the T&E with the
left hand. He lightly grasps the right spade grip with the right hand,
ensuring that the right thumb is in a position to press the trigger.
Adjustment of the body is allowed in order to align the firing eye with
the sights on the weapon

The vehicular firing position for the M2 is

standing. It is assumed by constructing a solid platform to stand on,
using sandbags or ammunition boxes; or, in the case of the M113 APC,
using the commander's seat. The gunner must then ensure that his
platform is high enough to place the spade grips of the gun about chest
high. He grasps the spade grips with both hands and places both
thumbs in a position to press the trigger. The gunner holds the gun
tightly to his chest for stabilization; his elbows should be locked tightly
to his sides. He sights over the weapon and adjusts his position by
flexing his knees and leaning forward to absorb any recoil.

The anti-aircraft firing position uses a standing

position when firing from the M63 mount. To assume the position, the
gunner stands with his feet spread comfortably apart with his shoulders
squarely behind the gun. When the gunner is engaging aerial targets, he
grasps the upper extension handles with both hands. When engaging
low-level aircraft or ground targets, he grasps the lower extension
handles with both hands.

The kneeling position may be used; it has the

advantage of presenting a lower profile of the gunner and also aligns the
gunner's eye closer to the axis of the barrel.
 e. WEAPON CAPABILITIES

In the urban environment, the M2 machine gun

provides high-volume, long-range, automatic fires for the suppression
or destruction of targets. The M2 provides final protective fire along
fixed lines and can be used to penetrate light structures. Tracers are
likely to start fires.

The M2 machine gun is often employed on its

vehicular mount during both offensive and defensive operations. If
necessary, it can be mounted on the M3 tripod for use in the ground role
or in the upper levels of buildings. When mounted on a tripod, the M2
machine gun can be used as an accurate, long-range weapon and can
supplement sniper fires.

When shooting at ground targets from a stationary

position, the gun is fired in bursts of 9 to 15 rounds. When firing at
aircraft, a continuous burst is used rather than several short bursts.
When firing on the move, long bursts of fire are walked into the target.
Enemy ATGM gunners, lightly-armored vehicles, and troops can be
suppressed with a heavy volume of fire until a force can destroy or
bypass the opposition.

D. 7.62MM M60 GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE GUN

1. Roles of the Machinegun

The machinegun supports the rifleman in both the attack

and defense. The machinegun is capable of engaging distant targets
with a heavy volume of controlled and accurate fire that is beyond the
capability of individual weapons. It provides the rifleman with the heavy
volume of close and continuous fire necessary to accomplish his
mission in the attack.

2. Description

a. General. The M60 machinegun is an air cooled, belt-

fed, gas-operated automatic weapon. The weapon fires from the open-
bolt position. Ammunition is fed into the gun by a disintegrating metallic
split-link belt. Two barrels are issued with each weapon. The weapon
features fixed head space which permits rapid changing of barrels.

b. Sights. The M60 has front sight permanently affixed

to the barrel. The rear sight leaf is mounted on a spring-type dovetail
base. It can be folded forward to the horizontal when the gun is to be
moved. The range plate on the sight leaf is marked for each 100 meters,
from 300 meters, to the maximum effective range of 1,100 meters. Range
changes may be made by using either the slide release or the elevating
knob. The slide release is used for making major changes in elevation.
The elevating knob is used for fine adjustments, such as during zeroing.
Four clicks on the elevating knob equal a 1-mil change of elevation. The
sight is adjustable for windage knob is located on the left side of the
sight. One click on the windage knob equals a 1-mil change of
deflection.

c. Safety. A safety lever is located on the left side of the

trigger housing. It has an S (SAFE) and F (FIRE) position. On the SAFE
position the bolt cannot be pulled to the rear or released to go forward.
The cocking handle, on the right side of the gun, is used to pull the bolt
to the rear. IT MUST BE RETURNED MANUALLY TO ITS FORWARD
POSITION EACH TIME THE BOLT IS MANUALLY PULLED TO THE REAR.

d. Flash Suppressor. A flash suppressor is affixed to the

muzzle of the barrel. The ribs of this suppressor vibrate during firing
and dissipate flash and smoke.

e. Bipod Mount. The M60 can be effectively fired from

the integral bipod mount. The hinged shoulder rest provides support for
the rear of the gun. The movable carrying handle provides a method for
carrying the gun short distances and can be positioned out the gunner's
line of sight.

f. Tripod Mount. The M122 tripod mount provides a

stable and durable mount for the M60 machinegun. Firing the gun from a
tripod permits a high degree of accuracy and control.

3. General Data.

Ammunition ......................7.62mm ball, tracer, armor

piercing, armor piercing incendiary, blank, dummy. Armor piercing and
armor piercing incendiary are not authorized for training.

Length of gun ............................ ......... 43 1/2 inches

Weight of gun ..................................... 23 pounds
Weight of tripod mount M122 with
traversing and elevating mechanism
and pintle and platform group ........ 19.5 pounds
Maximum range .......................................... 3,725 meters
Maximum effective range ........................... 1,100 meters
Height of gun on tripod
mount M122 ................................................. 16 1/2 inches
Rates of fire:
Sustained .......................................... 100 rounds per
minute
(Change barrel every 10 minutes)
Rapid ...................................................... 200 rounds per
minute
(Change barrel every two minutes)
Cyclic ............................. Approximately 550 rounds\per minute
(Change barrel every one minute)
Basic load of ammunition (on crew) ............. 600 to 900 rounds
 Gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers (one attached to
the weapon).
Assistant gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers
Ammunition bearer, when present, carries three 100-round
bandoleers per gun.
Maximum extent of grazing fire obtainable
over level or uniformly sloping terrain.. 600 meters
Elevation, tripod controlled ........................ +200 mils
Elevation, tripod free .................................. +445 mils
Depression, tripod controlled ..................... -200 mils
Depression, tripod free .............................. -445 mils
Traverse, controlled by traversing
and elevating mechanism ……….............. 100 mils
Normal sector of fire ................................. 875 mils (with tripod).
Tracer burnout.................. Approximately 900 meters

ANNEX - RA 7077

Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila

A. Fourth Regular Session

Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty third day of July,
nineteen hundred and ninety

______________

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT,

ADMINISTRATION,ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, MAINTENANCE AND
UTILIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCES OF THE ARMED
FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
Philippines in Congress assembled:

ARTICLE I

TITLE

Sec 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Citizen Armed

Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act."

ARTICLE II

DECLARATION OF POLICY

Sec. 2. The Regular Force. - It is the policy of the State to

maintain a standing or regular military force in times of peace
consonant to its adequate and actual needs for the security of the State
but which can be rapidly expanded by the well-disciplined Citizen
Forces in the event of war, invasion or rebellion.
Sec 3. The Security and Socioeconomic Development of the State.
The Citizen Armed Force shall be provided maximum opportunity to
participate in safeguarding the security of the State and in assisting in
socioeconomic development.

Sec. 4. The Call to Personal Military and Civil Service. – The

Citizen Armed Force shall be so organized, trained, developed and
maintained as to ensure their readiness to immediately respond to the
call to service.

Sec. 5. The Public Awareness. - The State shall promote and

develop public support to and awareness of the important role of the
Citizen Armed Force as protector of the people and the State.

Sec. 6. The Manpower of the Citizen Armed Force. – The

manpower objective of the Citizen Armed Force shall conform to
projected and actual needs. It is not envisioned by the State to have a
nation under arms, unless extremely necessary.

ARTICLE III

MISSION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCE

Sec. 7. Mission. - The mission of the Citizen Armed Force,

alternately referred to as the Reserve Force, is to provide the base for
the expansion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of war,
invasion or rebellion; to assist in relief and rescue during disaster or
calamities; to assist in socio economic development; and to assist in
the operation and maintenance of essential government or private
utilities in the furtherance of overall mission.

Sec. 8. Organization. - The Reserve Force shall be organized

into five (5) components, namely:

(1) The Army Reserve Component;

(2) The Air Force Reserve Component;
 (3) The Navy Reserve Component;
(4) The AFP-Wide Technical Reserve Component; and
(5) The Affiliated Reserves.

Sec. 9. Organization of Reserve Components. – The

organization of each component of the Reserve Force and the
manpower objective of each component shall be as prescribed by the
Secretary of National Defense and approved by the President of the
Philippines. The organization, structure, manning and equipment of
reserve units shall conform to the organization of the regular force.
Reserve units of a battalion type or equivalent shall be organized on a
provincial basis, and reserve units of a brigade and division type or
equivalent, on a regional basis. The organizational structure and
manning of the affiliated reserve units shall be prescribed by the
Secretary of National Defense and shall as much as possible conform to
their existing civilian organization.

Sec. 10. Affiliated Reserves. - As the President shall approved

upon recommendation of the Secretary of National Defense, certain
private and government entities, corporations, establishments and
organizations at the national, provincial and municipal levels which
provide essential public services such as water, light, transportation and
communications which are necessary to support the prosecution of
national defense plans or to meet an emergency shall be organized as
affiliated units of the Reserve Force. These affiliated units shall be
constituted by appropriate orders to be issued by the Secretary of
National Defense, given unit designations and assigned to the
appropriate reserve components of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP). The roster of the officials and employees of these affiliated units
shall be included in the orders of constituting the units. These units
shall be so utilized in times of war or emergency to ensure the
continuous and uninterrupted provision of the essential services they
are rendering.

ARTICLE IV

DEFINITION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 11. Citizen Soldiers. - The citizen soldiers, alternately

referred to as reservists, who compose the Reserve Force are those
reservists of the Armed Forces of the Philippines who are incorporated
into the Reserve Force, as follows:

(1) Graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) basic and advance courses who were issued orders as enlisted
reservists or reserve officers or the AFP;
(2) Graduates of authorized basic military training
instructions who, as a result thereof, were issued orders as enlisted
reservists or reserve officers;
(3) Ex-servicemen and retired officers of the AFP and other
armed forces that have diplomatic relations with the Philippines who
were honorably discharged or retired from the service and who are
Filipino citizens upon their applications;
(4) Recognized World War II guerillas who were honorably
discharged from the service;
 (5) Commissioned and noncommissioned officers under
the Affiliated Reserves category and graduates of the National Defense
College of the Philippines (NDCP); and
(6) Commissioned, non-commissioned officers and
privates under the existing laws including those procured under project
36-70 and included in the present AFP roster before the enactment of
this Act and those to be commissioned or enlisted after the enactment
of this Act.

ARTICLE V

CATEGORIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 12. Categorization of Citizen Soldiers. - There shall be

three (3) categories of citizen soldiers of AFP reservists: the First
Category Reserve, the Second Category Reserve, and the Third
Category Reserve based on age.

(1) First Category Reserve - The First Category Reserve

shall be composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are between
eighteen (18) years and thirty-five (35) years, inclusive.
(2) Second Category Reserve. - The Second Category
Reserve shall be composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are
between thirty-six (36) years and fifty-one (51) years, inclusive.
(3) Third Category Reserve. - The Third Category Reserve
shall be composed of the able-bodied reservists who are above fifty one
(51) years of age.

Sec. 13. Classification of Reserve Force Units. - Based on the

categorization provided in Section 12 above, the Reserve Force units
shall further be classified into the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve
and the Retired Reserve based in their operational readiness for
immediate deployment/utilization.

(1) Ready Reserve. - The Ready Reserve shall be composed

of citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the First Category Reserve and
others as provided in this Act who shall be organized, trained and
maintained as mobilizable ready reserve subject to call at any time to
augment the regular armed force of the AFP not only in times of war or
national emergency but also to meet local emergencies arising from
calamities, disasters and threats to peace, order, security and stability in
any locality, including the need to provide assistance in relief and
rescue work and other civil assistance activities.

Any reservist or citizen soldiers belonging to the Second

Category Reserve and/or the Third Category Reserve, particularly the
commissioned and noncommissioned officers, who will volunteer to
serve with the Ready Reserve shall be allowed, if qualified and fit for
duty, to join and actively participate as part of the Ready Reserve and
shall serve with an appropriate Ready Reserve unit.

Furthermore, members of the AFP Affiliated Reserved units

of various government and private utilities and services considered
essential for the preservation of the economic stability of the country or
particular locality, such as power and electricity, water supply,
transportation and communications, among others, regardless of their
categorization shall be classified as Ready Reserve.

All citizen soldiers belonging to the First Category Reserve,

except those exempted under this Act, shall be required to serve with
Ready Reserve units and will have assignments and promotions in
accordance with existing policies of the AFP until transferred to the
Standby Reserve by virtue of their age.

The following citizen soldiers may be exempted from

rendering service with said reserve units:

(a) Active members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

and the Philippine National Police;
(b) Those who are residing abroad but only during the
duration of their absence from the Philippines;
(c) Those who are physically and mentally unfit to serve
their tour of duty;
(d) Those who are convicted of crimes involving moral
turpitude; and
(e) Those who may be exempted from duty for valid
reasons which may be authorized on a case-to-case basis by
appropriate and competent authority. For this purpose, the AFP shall
issue such appropriate guidelines, rules and regulations as may be
necessary.

(2) Standby Reserve - The Standby Reserve shall be

composed of citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the Second Category
Reserve and the Third Category Reserve, except as provided in this Act.
The members of the Standby Reserve shall be organized and assigned
to specified reserve units and shall be maintained through annual
assembly tests to update their records and their present addresses,
among others. The Standby Reserve may be mobilized or ordered to
active duty only in times of national emergency or war. The ranks of the
members of the Standby Reserve may be upgraded if they voluntarily
participate in training or serve with the Ready Reserve units in their
areas or if their Standby Reserve units undergo retraining. They will
however be encouraged to upgrade their military knowledge and skills
by taking up nonresident or resident courses which shall be set up for
the purpose.

(3) Retired Reserve - The Retired Reserve shall be

composed of citizen soldiers who have qualified for retirement through
length of service, old age or disability. For this purpose, sixty-five (65)
years shall be considered as the retirement age. However, if qualified
and fit for duty, a member of the Retired Reserve may be ordered to
active duty in times o local or national emergencies if he volunteers for
active duty and when the Secretary of National Defense determines that
there are not enough qualified citizen soldiers with his special skills and
qualifications in the Ready Reserve or the Standby Reserve in his
particular area of residence.
ARTICLE VI

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT
 Sec. 14. Compulsory Military Registration and Training. - All
male citizens between the ages of eighteen (18) and twenty-five (25)
years who are not reservists shall be required to register for military
instruction. Registration shall take place in suitable registration places
to be prescribed by the city or municipal government between the dates
of April First and Seventh commencing one (1) year after the effectivity
of this Act. Biennial registrations shall be held during the same period in
succeeding years.

Sec. 15. Exemption from Compulsory Military Training. – The

following are exempted from military training:

(1) Members of the clergy of any religious order or sect,

except if they volunteer;
(2) Those in the active service of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines and police members of the Philippine National Police;
(3) Superintendent and uniformed members of the
National Penitentiary, corrective institutions, and insane asylums; and
(4) Licensed air and maritime pilots, navigators and
merchant marine officers.

Sec. 16. Registering Officer. - For the purpose of registration

as provided for in Section 14 hereof, the city/municipal treasurers of
chartered cities and municipalities are hereby designated as registering
officers. The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe and provide
the forms to be used in registration and prescribe the procedures for the
conduct and reporting of the results of the registration.

Sec. 17. Persons Disqualified or Exempted from Registration.

The following persons are disqualified by law from employment in
government service;

(1) Persons who are disqualified by law from

employment in government service;
(2) Those who are physically or mentally unfit as
certified by and AFP medical officer;
(3) Those suffering incarceration awaiting trial by a court
of law: Provided, That upon their release from custody they shall
without delay register;
(4) Those convicted by final judgment of criminal
offenses involving moral turpitude;
(5) Students of colleges, universities and similar
institutions who are undergoing ROTC training during the pendency of
their training recognized by the military authorities as among those
undergoing training to qualify as reservists; and
(6) Those persons who are constituted as members of
affiliated units for the duration of time that they hold such membership:
Provided, That upon the termination of their membership, they shall be
subject to military training.

Sec. 18. Selection of Registrants for Compulsory Training.

Registrants who are to undergo compulsory training as provided for in
this Act shall be selected in the month of May every year by drawing of
lots by a board of canvassers. The Secretary of National Defense shall
prescribe the procedure for the selection of registrants.
 Sec. 19. Board of Canvassers. - There is hereby created a board of
canvassers, one (1) for each province and chartered city, for the
purpose of selecting the registrants who will undergo compulsory
military training as provided for in Section 18 hereof. The board shall be
composed of the following:

(1) IN PROVINCES

Division Superintendent of Schools............................Chairman

Provincial Prosecutors….............................................. Member
The appropriate military commander as the
Secretary of National Defense may designate ...........Member

(2) IN CHARTERED CITIES

City Superintendent of Schools ..................................Chairman

City Fiscal ..................................................................…Member
Chief of Police................................................................Member

Sec. 20. Quota for Compulsory Training. - The Secretary of

National Defense shall furnish each provincial governor and city mayor
with the quota of registrants for compulsory military training to be
drawn from their respective province or chartered city. The quota for the
province shall be broken down into municipal quotas.

Sec. 21. Acceptance of Registrants Volunteering for Military

Training. - Registrants who are not selected for compulsory military
training but who volunteer for such training may be accepted and
allowed to undergo military training: Provided, That said volunteers
shall physically qualify for fitness after examination for training and
shall be made to execute a written statement that they volunteered for
training at their own will.

Sec. 22. Registration of Citizens Residing or Working Abroad.

-Filipino citizens residing or working abroad, when they become liable to
register for reservists' training under this Act, shall register with the
nearest diplomatic or consular office of the Republic of the Philippines
which shall transmit the registrants' data to the Secretary of National
Defense.

Sec. 23. Notice to Selected Registrants. - The board of

canvassers shall cause the immediate and adequate publication of the
names of the registrants who have been selected in accordance with
Section 18 hereof and at once notify the registrants concerned to report
to the acceptance board of the city or municipality where they reside.
The board of canvassers shall furnish each acceptance board with the
list of the registrants whose names were drawn.

Sec. 24. Acceptance Board. - There is hereby created an

acceptance board in each municipality and chartered city which shall
examine and classify registrants whose names have been referred to it
by the board of canvassers and pass upon the registrants' fitness for
training and application for deferment, if any. The decision of the board
shall be by majority vote. The Secretary of National Defense shall
prescribe the procedure for the operation of the acceptance board.
 Sec. 25. Composition of the Acceptance Board. - The board
shall be composed as follows:

(1) IN CHARTERED CITIES

Local Civil Registrar ...............................…….....…… Chairman

City Health Officer ..................................…........…… Member
Chief of Police .............................................. ..….…….Member
One Civic Leader .............................................….…….Member
(to be chosen by local civic organizations)

(2) IN MUNICIPALITIES

Local Civil Registrar/ Municipal Treasurer ………….…Chairman

Municipal Health Officer .................................…………. Member
Chief of Police ................................................… ………. Member
One Civic Leader (to be chosen by local civic
organizations)…………………………………..…………...Member

Sec. 26. Classification of Selected Registrants. - Registrants

shall undergo physical examination to be conducted by the health
officer. The acceptance board shall then classify them into the following
categories:

(1) Class A -- Fit for unlimited service;

(2) Class B -- Fit for limited service only;
(3) Class C -- Deferred until later date; and
(4) Class D -- Exempted for mental/physical reasons.

Sec. 27. Deferment from Training. - The acceptance board,

upon evaluation of the evidence to support application for deferment,
may grant deferment on the following grounds and conditions:

(1) Individuals who are indispensable to the support of their

dependent families may be granted deferments not exceeding two (2)
years after which they shall be subject to training;

(2) Students enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training

Corps (ROTC) in colleges and universities are automatically granted
deferment which shall not extend beyond the period they are to
complete their basic ROTC training. Students who successfully
completed such training shall be exempted. Those who fail to complete,
or discontinue the training, shall be subject to training;

(3) Seminary students of any religious sect shall be granted

deferments for not exceeding the prescribed course in the seminary.
Those who complete the course shall be exempted from training. Those
who fail to complete shall be subject to training;

(4) Cadets of the Philippine Military Academy and of other

military or police service academies, local or foreign to include cadets of
the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy and other similar local
merchant marine academies duly recognized by the Government for the
training of officer candidates, including those selected for cadetship in
such academies, shall be granted deferments for not exceeding two (2)
years. Those who successfully completed at least one-half (1/2) of the
prescribed period of the course shall be exempted from training. Those
who fail to complete one-half (1/2) of the prescribed period shall, upon
their discharge from their courses, be subject to training;

(5) High school students who are in their last year of

schooling may be granted deferment for not more than one (1) year;

(6) Selected registrants residing or working abroad shall be

granted deferment for the duration of their stay abroad; and

(7) Elected officials and presidential appointees whose

appointments are passed upon by the Commission on Appointments,
during their incumbency.

Sec. 28. Appeal from Decision of the Acceptance Board. –

When the acceptance board denies the claim of an individual for
deferment, he may within thirty (30) days after receipt of written
notification by the board appeal his case in writing directly to the
Secretary of National Defense. The Secretary of National Defense shall
be accorded the right to enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel and to present evidence in his behalf. The decision of the
Secretary of National Defense or his duly authorized representative shall
be final.

Sec. 29. Expenses of the Acceptance Board. - The expenses

incident to the operation of the acceptance board shall be borne by the
Department of National Defense which shall include the funds therefore
in its annual appropriations. The nature and amount of such expenses
shall be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. The members
of the acceptance board shall not receive any salary or compensation
for their services in the board. They shall be entitled to receive
allowances as the Secretary of National Defense shall prescribed.

Sec. 30. Final Acceptance by the Board. - The registrants who

shall have been finally qualified and selected by the acceptance board
shall be reported to the Secretary of National Defense. Those selected
shall upon instruction report to the designated military camp of unit for
training.

Sec. 31. Procurement of Reservist Officers and

Noncommissioned Officers for Affiliated Reserve Units. – Key officers
and employees of government of private entities, corporations,
establishment and organizations which have affiliated units shall be
encouraged to undergo military training to qualify them as reserve
officers or noncommissioned officers. As such, they shall be assigned
to key positions in the affiliated units where they are employed and
called to active service with these units once they are activated.

Sec. 32. Security of Tenure in Government or Private

Employment While on Military Training. - An employee in the
Government including one in a government-owned or controlled
corporation or private employment with monthly operating volume of
not less then Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) and not less
than twenty (20) employees who undergoes military training shall not be
separated or terminated from such employment, shall not be considered
as having forfeited his seniority status, if any, and shall continue to
receive the salary he was receiving prior to his call to military training. In
the case of private employment, payment of basic salary during such
military training. In the case of private employment, payment of basic
salary during such military training shall be in accordance with existing
laws or with his company's policies on its employees on leave from his
employment. Upon termination of his military training, he shall resume
his former position or, if not practicable, he shall be assigned to a new
position without diminution of his pay and allowances, provided he is
honorably terminated or discharged from such training or service;
otherwise, his record of dishonorable discharge from military training or
service shall be taken into account as to whether or not he should be
reinstated to his former employment.

Sec. 33. Draftee Training and Service. - As may be ordered by

the President, male citizen between the ages of eighteen (18) and thirty-
five (35) shall be called to training and active service for a period not to
exceed twenty-four (24) months, broken down into training period of not
more than six (6) months and an active service period of not more than
eighteen (18) months. Registrants will be selected for draftee training
and service in accordance with Sections 14 to 26 hereof. A draftee may
volunteer and be accepted for an extension of active service of not more
than twelve (12) consecutive months, after which his services as draftee
shall be terminated. A draftee during the period of his active duty service
to include the extension of such service is entitled to receive all the pay
and allowances due his grade as received by any member of the regular
force: Provided, That, upon termination of his draftee service, he shall
receive a separation gratuity of not less than one (1) month salary for
every year of his service to include the period of six (6) months shall be
considered a complete year for purposes of this gratuity.

Sec. 34 Retention for Maximum Hospitalization. – A

reservist/draftee who is injured or contracts a disease or sickness while
undergoing training and service, not due to his intentional misconduct,
willful failure or neglect, or vicious or immoral habits, shall be retained
beyond the period of his reservist/draftee service with his consent for
the necessary hospitalization and medical care until such time that he
recovers, or is determined that further hospitalization will not improve
his condition. During the period of hospitalization, he shall be entitled to
subsistence allowances and hospitalization benefits as are available to
the members of the regular force who are patients in armed forces
hospitals.

ARTICLE VII

CITIZEN MILITARY TRAINING

Sec. 35 Basic Citizen Military Training. - Registrants finally

selected for military training pursuant to Section 30 shall undergo a
basic military training for a period of not more than six (6) months. The
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the course of instruction.

The course of instruction shall include, among

others, subject on moral virtues, patriotism, discipline, support for and
adherence to the Constitution, and respect for the right of civilians.
 Sec. 36 Citizen Military Training. - There shall be established
in every province at least one (1) training center for the conduct of
citizen military and reservist training with a minimum training capacity
of one (1) infantry rifle company at a time. These training centers shall
form part of the reserve component organization of the major services
and shall be referred to as citizen military training centers.

Sec. 37. Incorporation into Training. - Upon reporting to their

assigned training centers, the selected registrants shall be physically
examined and if found fit for the service shall be inducted into service.
Where a change of training center is necessary to provide the requisite
training, the commanding officer of the training center shall be
authorized to issue the necessary orders covering his transportation
and provide the funds for the purpose: Provided, That no registrant shall
be transferred to a training center outside his province or designated
training center except in the case of Philippine Navy and Philippine Air
Force registrants if there are no air or naval training centers thereat.

Sec. 38. Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) – Military

training for students enrolled in colleges, universities and similar
institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the
National Defense Act and the 1987 Constitution.

Sec. 39. Establishment of ROTC Units in Schools. - At such

colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning that request for
the conduct of military training in their institutions, there shall be
established and maintained Reserve Officers" Training Corps units as
the Secretary of National Defense may approve, which shall conduct
military training for the students of such institutions for the purpose of
producing enlisted and officer reservists. The program of instruction
shall be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and may
include instruction to prepare female students for military service:
Provided, That, such course of instruction shall not exceed two (2)
academic years in the case of enlisted reservists, and four (4) academic
years in the case of officer reservists which shall include as necessary
summer or probationary training of not more than sixty (60) consecutive
days, The first two (2) years ROTC training, which is mandatory, shall
hereafter be referred to as basic ROTC while the second (2) years after
said basic ROTC, which is voluntary, shall hereafter be referred to as
advance ROTC. The allocation of ROTC units to the various major
services of the AFP shall conform to the projected manpower needs of
their respective reserve components.

Sec. 40. Acceptance for Advance ROTC. - Students who

volunteer for advance ROTC shall be screened by an ROTC acceptance
board which is hereby created for the purpose, composed of the
commandant of the ROTC unit, a representative of the school nominated
by the school authorities, and a military physician. The student
volunteer shall be physically examined for fitness for training and shall
further be made to execute in writing a testament that he volunteered for
training of his own volition. Where the student is below eighteen (18)
years of age, he shall be required to obtain his parent's or guardian's
consent. In the case of student volunteering for reserve officers'
training, they shall further be subject to competitive examination in
order to select the best material. The students undergoing advance
ROTC shall be referred to as advance ROTC cadets.
 Sec. 41. Organization and staffing of ROTC Units. – The
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the organization and
staffing of ROTC units. Reserve officers in the active service as well as
qualified enlisted and officer reservists in the inactive status shall be
given priority to handle training instruction and to assist in the
administration and shall be entitled to receive honoraria and other
allowances as the Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe.

Sec. 42. Funds for Maintenance and Operation of school

ROTC Units.- The funds for the establishment, maintenance and
operation of ROTC units shall be provided for in the regular annual
appropriations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Such
appropriations shall provide for the full funding support for advance
ROTC only. The school of the student may not be required to spend any
amount for the establishment, operation and maintenance of ROTC
training: Provided, that the school requesting for such establishment
shall provide the training ground and office facilities free of charge. The
advance ROTC cadets shall each be provided free two (2) suits of
fatigue uniform with headgear, belt and one (1) pair of combat boots for
the duration of the training. However, those taking the basic ROTC are
required to pay a reasonable ROTC fee, the amount to be determined by
the Secretary of National Defense in coordination with the school official
concerned.

Sec. 43. Scholarship Incentive for Advance ROTC Training. -

Students undergoing advance ROTC who belong to the upper five
percent (5%) of their academic class shall be provided a tuition subsidy
of fifty percent (50%) of their annual tuition for the period of their
advance ROTC. The funds for this purpose shall be carried in the annual
appropriations of the AFP. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall promulgate the
guidelines for the implementation of this provision.

ARTICLE VIII

INCORPORATION INTO RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 44. Elected Officials and Presidential Appointees.-

Elected official appointees may be commissioned in the Reserve Force
subject to the existing AFP rules and regulations.

Sec. 45. Award of Ranks and Assignments to Reserve Units

of Graduates of ROTC. - Graduates of basic ROTC shall be given a
reserve enlisted rank and serial number and assigned to reserve units
and mobilization centers in their provinces. The ranks to be awarded
shall be from private to sergeant or its equivalent: Provided, That the
quota for noncommissioned officers shall not exceed five percent (5%)
of the authorized strength of the unit to which the reservists shall be
assigned after graduation: Provided, further, That those to be awarded
rank above private shall be chosen based on merit. Those who continue
to the advance ROTC course shall continue to carry their enlisted rank
until after their successful completion of advance ROTC.

Sec. 46. Disposition of Graduates of Advance ROTC. – Those

who successfully completed the advance ROTC course shall be
recommended for commission in the reserve force as second
lieutenants and assigned to the reserve units and mobilization centers
in their provinces. Those with manifest potential may be commissioned
in the regular force as second lieutenants subject of the criteria for
regular officers of this rank for that particular service. Those who fail to
complete the course shall be conferred the enlisted rank of sergeant or
its equivalent and similarly assigned to reserve units and mobilization
centers. Probationary training as a requisite before commissionship
shall be determined by the major service concerned based on technical
skills, experiences or qualifications of the applicants.

Sec. 47. Notification of reserve assignment. - The reservists

shall be notified in writing of his assignment to a reserve unit and a
mobilization center. He shall be made to acknowledge receipt in writing
of such notification.

Sec. 48. Reservists Registry. - The Armed Forces of the

Philippines shall provide all city/municipal treasurers of chartered cities
and municipalities of the list of those who have successfully completed
military training, indicating therein, among others, the rank, serial
number, reserve unit assignment and mobilization center. It shall be the
duty of the local civil registrar to maintain and update the reservist
registry.

ARTICLE IX

MAINTENANCE, TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATION OF RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 49. Accounting of Reservists. - All reservists, particularly

those belonging to the Ready and Standby Reserves, shall be accounted
for, their records and status updated and present whereabouts
ascertained in order to ensure their readiness to the call to duty. As far
as practicable, the services of the national and local reservists and
veterans organizations will be tapped to assist in the accounting of
reservists.

Sec. 50. Organization for Maintenance and Administration of

the Reserve Force. - The major services shall be responsible for the
administration, training, equipage and maintenance of their respective
reserve components subject to the regulations to be prescribed by the
Secretary of National Defense. In the General Headquarters, AFP and in
each Major Service Headquarters, there shall be a staff division of the
level of the principal coordinating staff which shall be dedicated to
planning and policy formulation for the administration, development,
organization, training, equipage, maintenance and utilization of their
respective Reserve Force component. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall
create an AFP Reserve Command within one (1) year from the effectivity
of this Act. In the case of the major services, there shall further be a
separate unit dedicated to the implementation of such plans and
policies. In staffing the command structure of these units, preference
shall be given to qualified reserve officers in the active service and
integrates.

Sec. 51. Training of Individual Reservists and Reserve Units. -

Maximum opportunity shall be afforded the reservists to update their
skills through compulsory or voluntary training. Such training shall have
for its principal purpose the enhancement of the readiness of the
individual reservists and reserve units to respond to the call to service.
To this end, there shall be two (2) types of trainings :

(1) Compulsory training of not less than thirty (30) days

but not more than sixty (60) days for reserve units and/or individual
reservists in a given year preferably to First Category Reservists; and

(2) Voluntary training subject to the capability of the AFP

to provide training. Individual reservists, commissioned and non-
commissioned officers shall be encouraged to undergo training on a
voluntary basis to upgrade their proficiency with priority to the officers
of the Standby Reserve units. The Secretary of National Defense shall
prescribe the course of instruction for the aforementioned training. The
services of qualified individual enlisted and officer reservists shall be
utilized to the maximum in the conduct of ROTC and reservists' training.

Sec. 52. Reserve Officers' Nonresident Instruction. - Each

major service shall conduct on a continuing basis non-resident
instruction for the purpose of maintaining and updating the proficiency
of its reservist officers, particularly key officers of Ready Reserve units.
Such instruction shall prepare these reserve officers to assume duties
up to brigade command and staff or equivalent. The reserve officers
undertaking such course shall be given priority for call to annual duty
training or service with their units or with other AFP units. Successful
completion of the nonresident course will be equivalent to having
undertaken one (1) annual active duty training tour.

Sec. 53. Active Duty Tour for Training of Reserve Officers. – In

order to improve their professional competence and leadership qualities
reserve officers in the inactive status shall be called active duty for a
period not exceeding two (2) years without extension: Provided, that the
quota for such active duty shall as far as practicable be proportionately
distributed to the provinces and cities based on their reserve units, with
priority to units of Ready Reserve I: Provided, further, that ;the reserve
officers called to active duty shall as far as practicable serve in the
province of their reserve unit assignment. A reserve officer who has
served his tour shall not be called again to active duty until after five (5)
years, except in case of mobilization.

Sec. 54. Classification and Maintenance of Readiness of

Reserve Units. - Units which are composed of reservists of the Ready
Reserve shall be classified as to degree of readiness to respond the call
to the service, as follows:

(1) Ready Reserve I - Units classified as Ready Reserve I

shall be maintained in a high degree of readiness as to be ready for
operational employment in not more than seven (7) days after activation.
The individual and crew served weapons and individual clothing and
equipment shall be ready for distribution upon their activation. The
whereabouts of their reservists shall be constantly ascertained. As
necessary, these units shall carry an excess of twenty percent (20%) of
their authorized personnel strength to compensate for those who may
fail to report or be late in reporting for duty.
 (2) Ready Reserve II - Units classified as Ready Reserve II
shall be maintained in a degree of readiness as to be ready for
operational employment in not more than fifteen (15) days.

The Chief of Staff, AFP shall select and recommend to the

Secretary of National Defense the reserve units under Ready Reserve I
and Ready Reserve II: Provided, That in areas threatened by insurgency,
there shall be at least one (1) unit of infantry battalion strength under
readiness status of Ready Reserve I.

Sec. 55. Mobilization Stock. - The minimum essential

individual and organizational equipment and supplies shall be procured,
stored and maintained for selected Ready Reserve units to enhance
rapid transition to readiness required for employment in the shortest
possible time.

Sec. 56. Training as Requisite for Promotion. – Successful

completion of training pursuant to Sections 51 and 52 hereof shall be a
requisite for promotion in rank in the inactive status.

Sec. 57. Classification of Reserve Officers in the Inactive

Status. -There shall be only one (1) classification of reserve officers in
the inactive status regardless of their source or nature of commission.
Likewise, There shall be only one (1) seniority and lineal list for all
reservist officers in the inactive status regardless of their source of
commission, subject to the rules and regulations to be prescribed by the
Secretary of National Defense.

Sec. 58. Status of Reservist on Training. - Reservist on

compulsory training shall be subject to military law. They shall not
receive pay but shall be entitled to allowances and burial benefits as
provided by law. Reservists on voluntary training are also subject to
military law but shall be entitled to allowances.

ARTICLE X

UTILIZATION OF THE RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 59 Mobilization. - The utilization of the Reserve Force in

times of emergency to meet threats to national security shall be through
mobilization:

(1) Full Mobilization. - Full mobilization shall be through the

joint act of Congress and the President. When full mobilization is
ordered, all units of the Ready and Standby Reserves will be activated,
the reservists constituting them are called to active duty, and the units
activated are placed on operational readiness. All other reservist not
assigned to any unit or those assigned to reserve pools shall be
organized into replacement units;

(2) Partial Mobilization. - Partial Mobilization shall be

through the joint act of Congress and the President. When partial
mobilization is ordered, only the units of the Ready Reserve are
necessary to meet the threat will be activated, the reservists assigned to
these units are called to active duty and the activated units are placed
on operational readiness. The President will specify the units to be
activated; and

(3) Selective Mobilization. – Selective mobilization shall

be by authority of the President. Selective mobilization may be ordered
to meet a local threat or emergency situation. When so ordered, only
selected units of the Ready Reserve of the localities involved are
activated and the reservist assigned to them are called to active duty; or
active auxiliary units are organized and volunteer reservists are called to
active auxiliary service for the purpose, under such rules and
regulations as the Secretary of national Defense may prescribed.

Sec. 60. Status of Reservists under Mobilization. - An enlisted

or officer reservist when called to active duty by virtue of mobilization
shall receive all the pay and allowances, medical care, hospitalization
and other privileges and benefits prescribed by law or regulations for
officers and enlisted personnel of the regular force.

Sec. 61. Mobilization Centers. - There shall be established in

each province as many mobilization centers as needed corresponding
to the number and distribution of reservists in the province to which
reservists will report when mobilization is ordered. The citizen military
training center in the provinces established under this Act may also be
used as mobilization centers. The location of these centers shall be
given the widest public information by the local executives.

Sec. 62 Demobilization. - When the threat or emergency for

which demobilization had been ordered has passed, the President shall
order the demobilization of the reserve units activated and the reservists
of such deactivated units shall be reverted to inactive status.

Sec. 63. Auxiliary Service. - For the purpose of helping

maintain local peace and order, meeting local insurgency threat,
assisting in rescue and relief operations during disasters and
calamities, health welfare activities and participating in local
socioeconomic development projects, the President may call upon the
reservists in the affected or concerned localities to volunteer their
services. Such volunteer services shall be referred to as auxiliary
service and shall be two (2) types:

(1) Civil Auxiliary Service. - Civil auxiliary service covers

service rendered in helping maintain law and order, assisting in rescue
operations, participating in socioeconomic development projects,
delivery of health services and any other nonmilitary activity. Female
reservists shall be given greater participation in this regard. Reservists
serving under this category shall not be armed. Those who have
licensed firearms may be granted permit to carry firearms only when
they are actually performing duties in maintaining peace and order,
provided adequate control measures are instituted by the proper
authorities concerning the carrying and use of firearms. In no case shall
the reservists be vested with police powers.

(2) Military Auxiliary Service. - Military Auxiliary Service

covers service rendered in meeting local insurgency threat. Reservists
serving under this category will be organized into Ready Reserve Units.
They must be issued and allowed to carry firearms: Provided, that these
reservists will be utilized only for the defense of their localities and will
not be employed outside their localities. Elected / appointed local
government officials are expected to perform their duties and
responsibilities in their respective peace and order council levels or
similar organizations efficiently and effectively to enhance a total
integrated system approach against threats to national security.

The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe rules

and regulations to implement this section in coordination with the
Secretary of the Interior and Local Government.

Sec. 64. Status of Reservists on Auxiliary Service. - A

reservist performing auxiliary service shall not receive payment but
shall be entitled to receive allowances and burial benefits as provided
by law. With this consent, a reservist may continue to render such
services without receiving the allowances due him. A reservist serving
military auxiliary services is subject to military law; whereas, a reservist
serving civil auxiliary service is not.

Sec. 65. Women Reservists. - Women shall have the right and
duty to serve in the AFP. The relevant standards for admission, training
and commissioning of women shall be the same as those required for
men, except for those essential adjustment in such standards required
because of physiological differences between men and women.

ARTICLE XI

FUNDING

Sec. 66. Funding. - All funds previously appropriated for the

administration, development and training of the reserve component of
the AFP and which will subsequently and hereafter be appropriated for
the purpose shall be used exclusively for the purpose of implementing
the provisions of this Act.

To sustain the efficient and effective administration,

organization, training, maintenance and utilization of Ready Reserve
units and keep them appropriately and adequately equipped and in a
state of readiness, as well as provide for the adequate training of citizen
soldiers or reservists, adequate funds for this purpose, as may be
requested or recommended by the AFP, shall be appropriated and made
available on a continuing basis.

The President shall utilize a portion of the Military

Assistance Fund available from any source to augment the
appropriation for the Reserve Force.

ARTICLE XII

TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

Sec. 67. Retention of ROTC Units in Colleges and

Universities. -ROTC units in college and universities shall continue with
ROTC training in accordance with this Act.

ARTICLE XIII
 Penalties

Sec. 68. Penalties. - Failure of reservists to respond to the call

to compulsory training or service shall be punishable in accordance
with the Articles of War, and those convicted by a court martial shall be
liable for imprisonment of not less than two (2) months to not more than
twelve (12) months. Citizen who fail to register for compulsory military
training or who after having selected to undergo such training or who
after having selected to undergo such training and had been notified
thereof fail to report for training shall, upon conviction by the civil court,
be punishable and liable for imprisonment of not less than one (1)
month to not more than three (3) months.

Sec. 69. Failure to Provide Updated List of Registrants. –

Failure of registrars and canvassers to provide an updated listing of
registrants under their responsibility shall, upon conviction by civil
court, be punishable and liable for imprisonment of not less than one (1)
month to not more than three (3) months under Sections16 and 19 of
this Act.

ARTICLE XIV

RESCISSION AND EFFECTIVITY

Sec. 70. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive

orders, rules and regulations which are inconsistent or in conflict with
any provision of this Act are hereby repealed or amended.

Sec. 71. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.

Approved,

SGD SGD
JOVITO R SALONGA RAMON V MITRA
President of the Senate Speaker of the House
of Representative

This act which originated in the House of Representatives was

finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on April
22, 1991 and March 19, 1991, respectively.

SGD SGD
EDWIN P ACOBA CAMILO L SABIO
Secretary of the Senate Secretary General
House of Representative

Approved: June 27, 1991

 SGD
CORAZON C AQUINO
President of the Philippines

BASIC ROTC PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION

PURPOSE:

To teach students the values of citizenship, leadership, service to the community,

personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment while instilling in them self-esteem,
teamwork, and self-discipline. It prepares students for responsible leadership roles while
making them aware of their rights, responsibilities, and privileges as Filipino citizens. It
provides instruction and rewarding opportunities that will benefit the student, community, and
nation.

OBJECTIVES:

a. The objectives of the ROTC program are:

1. To attract, motivate, and prepare selected students to serve as

commissioned Officers in the Active or Reserve Force of the Philippine Army.

2. To provide ROTC cadets with the fundamental concepts and

principles of military art and science to develop leadership and managerial potential.

3. To develop strong sense of personal integrity, honor, responsibility,

and good citizenship.

b. Attainment of the ROTC objectives prepares students for a sound foundation

for their future professional development and effective performance essential to success in
any career.

A. TITLE: Basic ROTC POI for 2nd Semester (MS 2)

B. DURATION: Sixty (60) Periods or 15 Training Weeks

NR OF PERIODS
Lecture (L) &
SUBJECT SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION Practical
References
Exercises
(PE)
1. PHYSICAL Organizing the cadets by Squad / platoon / 1
ORGANIZATION OF Company and its equivalent of the Cadet Corps. (1PE)
THE CADET CORPS Course orientation (General Provisions, Attendance,
AND COURSE Grading System, Merits System, Conditions of the
ORIENTATION Service).
2. GENERAL 7
MILITARY SUBJECT
a. PA Organization Combat Units, Combat Support Units and Combat
Service Support Units (all units of PA) 1L
b. Troop Leading Steps in TLP
Procedure 1L
c. Problem solving Problem identification, courses of actions and
Process adoption of best course of action. 2L
d. Reservist and Sources, Classification, organization, Category, 2L
Reserve Force Benefits System of Reservist. Orientation on
Development Reservist Administration, Manpower Development,
Reserve Force Development, Retiree and Public
Affairs.
e. Introduction to Five (5) basic pillars of logistics: supply, 1L
Logistics transportation, maintenance, facilities and
installations and other logistics services
3. SMALL UNIT
7
TACTICS
a. Patrolling Definition of terms; types and organization of patrol; 1L, 3DPE
Fire and maneuver; Field demonstration, SF & SR
organization and capability demonstration
b. Raids Definition of terms, Types and technique purpose 1L
c. Ambuscades Different types of ambush 1L
d. Rifle Squad Tactics Movement techniques / Formations used; Fire Team 1L
Formations (Infantry)
4. INDIVIDUAL / UNIT 16
TRAINING
a. Visual Tracking Memory training, reading of trail signs. 1L, 1PE
b. Military Ropes and knot tying, rappelling techniques, river
1L, 1PE
Mountaineering crossing techniques
c. Jungle Base Site selection, Jungle base activities and survival
1L, 3PE
Operation techniques
d. Marches and Definition of terms; Classification of troop
Bivouacs and Land movements; (Tactical and Admin); Control measures
Navigation in the proper conduct of foot and vehicular marches; 1L, 3PE
selection and occupation of bivouac area. Day
Navigation
e. Military Stakes Map Reading, Assembly / Disassembly of weapons,
4PE
signal communication, first aid, Small Unit Tactics
5. MARKSMANSHIP Fundamental of firing, types of firing positions 2 (1L, 1D)
TRAINING (prone, sitting, kneeling, standing to prone and
standing to sitting). Correct sight picture,
Triangulation and coach and pupil techniques,
Familiarization firing
6. INDIVIDUAL 4
PROTECTIVE
MEASURES
a. Personal Hygiene & Health maintenance and sanitary practice, types
Sanitation and treatment of communicable diseases, Measures
1L
to protect and improve health responsibility for
military sanitation.
b. 1st Aid/Basic Life Types of wounds and treatment, Application of
Support 1 (AR-CPR) tourniquet and casualty, Intro to Basic Life Support, 1L, 2PE
ABC BLS, Respiratory and Cardiovascular System,
Technique of Basic CPR, Evacuation Procedure.
7. FAMILIARIZATION Actual firing of rifles 4PE
FIRING
8. Basic Obstacle Obstacle courses in various camps 4
Course (1D/3PE)
9. EDUCATIONAL Tour on military historical sites, Museum, Military 4PE
TOUR camps / installation.
10. DRILLS AND 10
CEREMONIES
a. Drills Conduct of dismounted drills, school of soldiers w/o
1L 7PE
arms
b. Ceremonies Ceremonies; parades; inspections; honors 1L 1PE
11. TEST & Graded Examination 1
EVALUATION
 TOTAL 60 Hrs
* MANDATORY SCOPE
READINGS
a Intro to Artillery Classification, Capabilities and Limitations of FA
Operations weapons; Field Artillery Organizations; Missions;
fundamentals and Employment
b. Forward Observer Intro; Purpose of Employment of FO; Methods of
Locating Targets (Grid coordinate, Polar coordinates
and shift from a known point); Elements of call for
fire.
c. Intro to Armor Classification of Armor Vehicles; Capabilities and
Operations Limitations of Armor; Armor organizations; Mission
d. Intro to Definition of terms; concepts in unconventional
Unconventional warfare 7 phases of UW (Psychological operations,
Warfare Infiltration, Initial contact, Organization,
Development, Training, Combat employment and
Demobilization
e. Platoon Tactics Definition of terms, characteristics and tactics;
Platoon formation (Infantry)
. f. Crew Served
Weapons Training
a. 60mm Mortar / 81 Nomenclature, Characteristics; General data;
mm Mortar Ammunition; Functioning; Assembly/Disassembly
b. Cal 50 MG Nomenclature, Characteristics; General data;
Ammunition; Functioning; Assembly/Disassembly

* - To be provided through instructional handouts / handbook or on-line in the PA Website.

Module/Subject Lecture Practical TOTAL

I. Physical Orgn / Orientation 1 1
II. General Military Subjects 7 7
III. Small Unit Tactics 4 3 7
IV. Individual / Unit Training 4 12 16
V. Marksmanship 1 1 2
VI. Individual Protective Measures 2 2 4
VII. Familiarization Firing 4 4
VIII. Basic Obstacle Course 1 3 4
IX Educational Tour 4 4
X. Drills and Ceremonies 2 8 10
XI. Test & Evaluation 1 1
Total Periods/Hours 22 38 60