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HYDROPOWER

ENERGY
LITERATO, KARL JOSEPH

MIGUEL, NORUEL JAN

OCAMPO, RENZ MARC

OLAIVAR, CARLO

ORNOPIA, JUVY ANN ROSE F.


PROCESSES OF HYDROPOWERPLANT

Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate


electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy
from the turbine into electrical energy. Typically, an automatic controller
operates the turbine inlet valve to maintain constant speed (and
frequency) when the load changes on the generator. In a system
connected to a grid with multiple sources, the turbine control ensures that
power always flows out from the generator to the system. The frequency of
the alternating current generated needs to match the local standard utility
frequency. In some systems, if the useful load on the generator is not high
enough, a load bank may be automatically connected to the generator
to dissipate energy not required by the load; while this wastes energy, it
may be required if it's not possible to control the water flow through the
turbine.

An induction generator always operates at the grid frequency irrespective


of its rotation speed; all that is necessary is to ensure that it is driven by the
turbine faster than the synchronous speed so that it generates power rather
than consuming it. Other types of generator can use a speed control
systems for frequency matching.

With the availability of modern power electronics it is often easier to


operate the generator at an arbitrary frequency and feed its output
through an inverter which produces output at grid frequency. Power
electronics now allow the use of permanent magnet alternators that
produce wild AC to be stabilized. This approach allows low speed / low
head water turbines to be competitive; they can run at the best speed for
extraction of energy, and the power frequency is controlled by the
electronics instead of the generator.

Very small installations (pico hydro), a few kilowatts or smaller, may


generate direct current and charge batteries for peak use times.
Large power plant - 100MW and above

Medium Hydro Power Plant - 25-100MW

Small Hydro Power Plant - 1-25MW

Mini Hydro Power plant - 1-25MW

Micro Hydro Power plant- 5-100 KW

Pico Hydro Power Plant - <5 KW

PARTS OF A HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

Dam. Raises the water level of the river to create falling water. Also controls
the flow of water. The reservoir that is formed is, in effect, stored energy.

Turbine. The force of falling water pushing against the turbine's blades
causes the turbine to spin. A water turbine is much like a windmill, except
the energy is provided by falling water instead of wind. The turbine converts
the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy.

Generator. Connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so when


the turbine spins it causes the generator to spin also. Converts the
mechanical energy from the turbine into electric energy. Generators in
hydropower plants work just like the generators in other types of power
plants.

Transmission lines. Conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes


and business.

Water turbines can be used in micro hydro installations, selection


depending on the head of water, the volume of flow, and such factors as
availability of local maintenance and transport of equipment to the site.
For mountainous regions where a waterfall of 50 meters or more may be
available, a Pelton wheel can be used. For low head
installations, Francis or propeller-type turbines are used

TURBINE TYPES

Pelton wheel- is an impulse type water turbine. It was invented by Lester


Allan Pelton in the 1870s

Francis turbine- The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was
developed by James B. Francis in Lowel MassachusettsIt is an inward-
flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.

ECONOMICS OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS


The installed capacity worldwide is estimated at 630,000 MW, producing
over 20 percent of the world’s electricity.

About one third of all countries in the world depend on hydropower for over
50% of their electricity generation (in 2001).

In the European Union, hydro power contributes at least 17 percent to its


electricity supply.
Hydro power is considered the largest and most mature application of
renewable energy. In the European Union, hydro power contributes at least
17 percent to its electricity supply. Translated in terms of environmental
costs, the hydro installations in the European Union are instrumental in
avoiding 67 million tons of CO2 emissions annually

More plants built, greater demand for Hydropower

Reduces dependency on other countries for conventional fuels

The largest producer, China, also has the single largest production unit; the
Three Gorge Dam completed in 2008. Hydro represents only 22 % of
electricity output of China. The smallest contribution of hydro is in USA where
hydroelectricity only accounts for 6 % of total electricity production, while
it counts for 98 % of the electricity production of Norway that is the sixth
largest hydropower producer. The different ratios of Country Annual
hydroelectric production (TWh) Installed capacity (GWh) % of total
capacity China 652 197 22 Canada 370 89 61 Brazil 364 69 86 United States
251 80 6 Russia 167 45 18 Norway 141 28 98 India 116 34 16 Venezuela 86 15
69 Japan 69 27 7 Sweden 66 16 44 2 capacity and energy production
between countries indicate different use of hydroplanes as base load and
peak load capacity, and differences in the relative availability of inflows.

THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY A POWER PLANT AS OF


2014-2015

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HYDROPOWER

Hydropower is nonpolluting, but does have environmental impacts.


However, hydro power facilities can have large environmental impacts by
changing the environment and affecting land use, homes, and natural
habitats in dam areas. Many of the negative impacts of hydropower center
on damming of rivers compared to run-of-river hydropower plants. Dams
failures are catastrophic claiming the lives of those living downstream.

a. Impacts of Size and Type of Hydropower Plant

Hydropower Plants damaged caused depends on the size and types of


dams. Generally, Run-of-River Hydropower plants are less damaging than
Damming. Run-of-River impacts causes river diversion over long stretches of
the river.

b. Impacts of the Reservoir

Dams have major environmental impact compare to Run-of-River. The free


flow of water stops and it threatened species which caused to the
extinction of species.
c. Impacts of the Reservoir

aa. SEDIMENTATION

Trapping of sediments behind the dam is a major problem, reservoir storage


capacity is lost, less power is generated as the reservoir’s capacity shrinks.

bb. DOWNSTREAM EROSION

Trapping of sediments at the dam also have downstream impacts.


Reducing the flux of sediments downstream leads to soil fertility in floodplain
soil.

cc. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM DAMS

Freshwater reservoirs can emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases


methane and Carbon Dioxide. Emissions from reservoirs in tropical and
temperate regions, may be equal to or greater than the greenhouse effect
of the carbon dioxide emissions from an equivalent amount of electricity
generated with fossil fuels.

dd. DAMS INCLUDING EARTHQUAKES

Dams have a big possibility of inducing earthquakes. Early research


indicates that the depth of the water column may be more important to
inducing earthquakes rather than total volume of water in the reservoir

d. Impacts on Fisheries

Dams and River diversion can impact freshwater and marine fisheries. It
prevents the migration of fish because of blocking of Dams. It causes lower
catch of fish.

e. Impacts of upgrading existing hydropower units

aa. Construction Impacts

Local erosion of banks and streambeds during construction, resulting in


increased sediment loads and potential deposition downstream.

bb. Air
Fugitive dust emissions and emissions from machinery and vehicle use.

cc. Aquatic Ecosystems

Lead to soil erosion and sedimentation, disturbance of contaminated


sediments, and spills of construction oils and chemicals, all of which could
have toxic effects on fish and other aquatic organisms.

MICRO-GRID FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Some of the Micro-grid Hydro in the Philippines


SMART GRID APPLICATIONS OF HYDROPOWER PLANT

Smart Grid generally is an automation system between utility and


consumers. The smart grid consist of advance digital system, automation,
computer and control which makes sure to perform a duplex “two way”
communication between the power provider and load consumer.

Fully automated and integrated two way communication between the


overall components of of an electric grid.

Automatic control of power distribution,faults and repairs.

Advance management panel, decision support software and mechanism

Accurate sensingand measurement technologies

Nowadays, engineers are working towards solving problem through


modification of the grid into Smart Grid. A Smart Grid allows users to send
their real time usage data to energy producers so that energy demand
can be met in real time – output is varied, and electricity is produced at its
demand.

Rather than peaker plants, a smart grid utilizes electric storage


technology, uses renewable energy like hydropower to provide the extra
power at times of high demand. A smart grid has a similar physical
infrastructure as the current grid, except for the absence of peaker plants
and the addition of power storage and wireless communication systems.

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