Review

A review of herbal medicines in wound healing

Tina Maver1, MPharm, Uro
s Maver2, PhD, MPharm, Karin Stana Kleinschek1, PhD,
Dragica M. Smrke3, PhD, MD, and Samo Kreft4, PhD, MPharm

1
Laboratory for Characterisation and Abstract
Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Herbs have been integral to both traditional and non-traditional forms of medicine dating
Mechanical Engineering, University of
back at least 5000 years. The enduring popularity of herbal medicines may be explained
Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia, 2Faculty of
Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor,
by the perception that herbs cause minimal unwanted side effects. More recently, scientists
Slovenia, 3University Medical Centre increasingly rely on modern scientific methods and evidence-based medicine to prove
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, and 4Faculty efficacy of herbal medicines and focus on better understanding of mechanisms of their
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, action. However, information concerning quantitative human health benefits of herbal
Ljubljana, Slovenia
medicines is still rare or dispersed, limiting their proper valuation. Preparations from
traditional medicinal plants are often used for wound healing purposes covering a broad
Correspondence
Uro
s Maver, PHD, MPHARM area of different skin-related diseases. Herbal medicines in wound management involve
University of Maribor disinfection, debridement, and provision of a suitable environment for aiding the natural
Faculty of Medicine course of healing. Here we report on 22 plants used as wound healing agents in traditional
Taborska ulica 8
medicine around the world. The aim of this review is therefore to review herbal medicines,
SI-2000 Maribor
Slovenia
which pose great potential for effective treatment of minor wounds.
E-mail: uros.maver@um.si

Conflicts of interest: None.

doi: 10.1111/ijd.12766

physical, chemical, thermal, microbial, or immunological

Introduction
The human skin is the largest organ in the body and rep-
resents its first line of defense.1 Besides protection, the
skin has two other main functions: regulation and sensa-
tion. More specifically, it provides protection from
mechanical impacts and pressure, limits the influence of
variations in temperature, fights micro-organism infec-
tions, restricts radiation effects, and prevents the entrance
of chemicals. As the largest organ in the body, the skin
also plays an important role in several physiological pro-
cesses, including regulation of body temperature (via
sweat and hair) and changes in peripheral circulation and
fluid balance. It is also involved in the synthesis of vita-
min D, for which it acts as a reservoir. With an extensive
network of nerve cells, the skin enables detection and
relaying of changes in the environment (heat, cold, touch,
and pain). Damage to these nerve cells is known as neu-
ropathy and results in the loss of sensation in affected
areas. Because of all the aforementioned and other func-
tions, the preservation of skin quality is of prime impor-
tance to maintain a healthy body.2,3
A wound is defined as the disruption of the cellular
and anatomic continuity of a tissue and may occur due to
tissue trauma.4 Wounds can compromise patients’
well-being, self-image, working capacity, and indepen-
dence. Effective wound management is therefore neces-
sary not only on the individual but also on the
community level.5
The process of wound healing
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process of
replacing devitalized and missing cellular structures and
tissue layers. It is reflected in a set of biochemical events
in a closely organized cascade to repair damaged tissue.6
In the human adult, wound healing is often divided into
three phases, i.e., inflammatory, proliferative, and
remodeling phases. The inflammatory phase starts imme-
diately after injury with the launch of hemostatic mecha-
nisms to stop bleeding straight away.7 It is characterized
by vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation to induce
vasodilatation and phagocytosis, hence inflammation of
the wound site. The proliferative phase is characterized
by granulation, wound contraction, and epithelialization.
During granulation, fibroblasts form a bed of collagen,
followed by the production of new capillaries.7 During 1

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2 Review Herbal medicines in wound healing
wound contraction, myofibroblasts decrease the size of
the wound by gripping the wound edges and contracting
using a mechanism that resembles that of smooth muscle
cells. When the cells’ roles are close to complete,
unneeded cells undergo apoptosis.8 Epithelialization
involves proliferation of epithelial cells, which then
crawl atop the wound bed, covering the new tissue.
Finally, the remodeling phase takes place over a period
of several months, during which the dermis responds to
injury with the production of collagen and matrix pro-
teins in an attempt to return to its pre-injury pheno-
type.9
The aim of wound treatment is to either shorten the
time required for healing or to minimize the undesired
consequences, hence scarring.10
Important activities in wound healing
management
Various physiological events can significantly affect the
course of wound healing. Among the most important are
the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, and anti-
oxidant activities, regardless of the underlying mecha-
nism.
The acute inflammatory response during the early
stages of injury generates factors (cytokines and chemo-
kines) essential for appropriate tissue growth and
repair.11 Prolonged inflammation can prevent the wound
from reaching the remodeling phase, as well as matrix
synthesis. As a result, delays in wound closure and an
increase in pain sensation in and beside the wound com-
monly appear, leading to even more hindered healing.12
Considering the aforementioned, the anti-inflammatory
therapeutic interventions in wound care have been the
subject of extensive research, particularly in relation to
wound healing and improved patient comfort.13
Infections are known as one of the most important
factors influencing efficiency of wound healing. It is
reported that a high percentage of wound-related compli-
cations and hence costs in wound care can be directly
linked to infected wounds.14 Reducing the bacterial load
may be one of the most important necessary requirements
for better wound healing, as wound infection (either
secondary or primary by opportunistic microorganisms)
can lead to reduction of local inflammation and conse-
quentially avoid tissue destruction.15 An ideal treatment
for the prevention of wound infection should act antimi-
crobially and at the same time stimulate the body’s natu-
ral immune activity without damage to surrounding
healthy tissue.16
Most wounds induce a sensation of pain. Pain relates to
patient discomfort, release of stress factors, and often
reduces the patient’s quality of life. Hindered mobility,
International Journal of Dermatology 2015
Maver et al.
psychological issues connected with pain-induced stress,
and the financial burden caused by prolonged therapy all
contribute to less effective wound healing. According to
McGuire et al.,17 chronic pain lowers the patient’s capabil-
ity of healing, prolonging the overall recovery process.17,18
Suitable and effective pain management can lead to an ear-
lier ambulation, adequate oxygenation, nutrition, and
stress reduction. All studies mentioned results in the facili-
tation of wound healing, while minimizing risk for the
development of chronic pain, as well as finally in lowered
treatment costs.19
Inflammation also causes a coordinated influx of neu-
trophils to the wound site. Neutrophils activate their so-
called respiratory burst and produce free radicals.20,21
The presence of free radicals results in oxidative stress
leading to lipid peroxidation, DNA breakage, and enzyme
inactivation, including free-radical scavenger enzymes,
which are known to limit the effects of reactive oxygen
species. Evidence for the role of oxidants in the pathogen-
esis of many diseases suggests that antioxidants may be
of therapeutic use in these conditions and hence improve
efficiency of wound healing.22
Important characteristics to be considered in wound
healing are the wound contraction rate, granulation tissue
breaking strength, as well as the collagen content.23 Apart
from the above-mentioned wound healing aiding activi-
ties, others are also reported in the literature, i.e., astrin-
gent activity, stimulated epithelization, and effective
hydration of the wound site.24
Medical plants traditionally used in wound
healing
Nature has been a source of medicinal treatments for
thousands of years, and plant-based systems continue to
play an essential role in the primary healthcare of 80% of
the world’s underdeveloped and developing countries.
Many plants and their extracts have been used tradition-
ally due to their great potential for management and
treatment of wounds. Natural agents induce healing and
tissue regeneration through multiple connected mecha-
nisms. The so-called phytomedicines are affordable, and
they mostly cause minimal unwanted side effects. How-
ever, increasing awareness of their activities, and potential
and possible safety concerns, point out the need for their
scientific standardization, validation, and systematic
safety evaluation before efficient introduction to wound
care.25 In recent years, extensive research has been carried
out in the area of wound healing and management
through medicinal plants.25–28
Table 1 provides an overview of the most important
medicinal plants and their properties, with a known or
proven effect on wound healing.
ª 2015 The International Society of Dermatology
 Table 1 Overview of the most important traditionally used medicinal plants and their properties, with a known or proven effect on wound healing
Maver et al.

Scheme Name Used parts Formulations Unwanted side effects Clinical evidence Commercial products

Achillea Whole plant, flower Liquid dosage forms for Allergic reactions and Animal and case studies29 Extracts (in polypropylene glycol) used in
cutaneous use photosensitivity after skin cosmetic products
exposure29
Description: Achillea (Family: Asteraceae). Yarrow has been used as a medicine by many cultures for hundreds of years.30 Good antibacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae,31
moderate activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens and Candida albicans, and weak activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Acinetobacter lwoffii and
Candida krusei was reported.32 Yarrow was also proven to have a significant anti-inflammatory effect (most likely through protease inhibition)33,34

Aloe vera Mucilage from innerleaf Gels and ointments for Hypersensitivity to aloe35 Animal studies and case Aloe extracts, gels and ointments for

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parts cutaneous use studies35 cutaneous use
Description: Aloe vera (Family: Liliaceae). Aloe vera has been used for medicinal purposes in several cultures for centuries, especially in Greece, Egypt, India, Mexico, Japan and
China.36 Three thousand and five hundred years ago, Egyptians already used aloe extracts in treating burns, infections, and parasites.37 Aloe gel was proven to aid wound healing, in
treating ulcers and burns by forming a protective coating on the affected areas, hence speeding up the healing process. Various constituents of Aloe vera stimulate wound healing and
have anti-inflammatory activity (through different connected mechanisms, cytokine production and enzyme inhibition)38

Angelicasinensis Whole herb, roots Liquid extracts, dried liquid No specific unwanted side Animal studies and cell No commercially available products for
extracts and strips effects are reported for cultures39,40 cutaneous use
cutaneous use
Description:Angelica sinensis (Family: Apiaceae). Chinese angelica is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine. Its isolate has been found to stimulate wound healing through its
major active component, ferulic acid (acting proliferation-promoting)41,42 and increase the strength of the healed wounds.41 This effect is related to Angelica’s analgesic and
antimicrobial properties

Avena Fruits Dried comminuted fruits Skin reactions in patients with Animal trials, case studies Colloidal Avena extracts are common in
and liquid extracts contact dermatitis and clinical trials43 cosmetic formulations (shampoos, soap,
(aqueous and ethanol) creams, ointments, emulsions and gels)
since 1982
Description: Avena (Family: Poaceae). Oats have been known for more than 4000 years as food, while its use in traditional medicine dates back to the 12th century. For cutaneous use,
fruits of Avena are prepared as ‘colloidal oatmeal’ as described in USP (30th or later).43 In vitro investigations are indicative of anti-inflammatory activity of several oats preparations.43
Pasta made with oats flour mixed with beer yeast is used on infected ulcers and wounds to facilitate wound healing.44

Azadirachta Seed oil, bark Liquid extracts in organic Possibly allergic in high Animal studies and cell Neem extract AlignTM and neem fruits
indica solvents doses45 cultures46–48
Description: Azadirachta indica (Family: Meliaceae). Neem has been used in India for over two millennia due to many pharmacological activities, particularly for skin diseases. Liquid
neem extracts possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. Neem oil aids the building of collagen and maintains skin elasticity.46,49 It also keeps the
wound moist during the healing process. All mentioned mechanisms contribute to acceleration of wound healing27
Herbal medicines in wound healing

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Table 1 Continued

Scheme Name Used parts Formulations Unwanted side effects Clinical evidence Commercial products
Review

Calendula Flower Liquid extracts, ointments Hypersensitivity to members Animal studies and cell Oils, ointments and seeds are sold for
officinalis and comminuted herbal of the Asteraceae family50 cultures50 various purposes
substance
Description: Calendula officinalis (Family: Asteraceae). In vitro pharmacological studies have shown antiviral, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory properties of marigold.51 It also possesses
antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans,52 Sarcina lutea, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and
Candida monosa.53 In suspension or in tincture, it is used topically for reducing inflammation, control of bleeding,54 and to facilitate healing of poorly healing wounds55

Cedrus deodara Wood, leaves, sap, and Bark and twig oil and Essential oil is reported non- Animal studies and cell Various products from Cedrus oil are used
bark extracts toxic to mammals56 cultures57–59 as value added products

International Journal of Dermatology 2015

Description: Cedrus deodara (Family: Pinaceae). Deodar possesses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, astringent, and wound healing activities. It is particularly effective in treatment of
Herbal medicines in wound healing

infected wounds.60 Oil extracted from the bark and twigs has been used as astringent, while sap and oil are often used to treat psoriasis and eczema61

Centella asiatica Leaves Ointments, cutaneous Allergy to plants of the Animal studies, non- Centallase ointment for keloidal scars,
powder as an adjuvant Apiaceae family62 controlled case studies, Madecassol for treatment of systemic
and cream clinical studies on small and localized scleroderma
patient groups62
Description: Centella asiatica (Family: Mackinlayaceae). Brahmi is used extensively in the treatment of leprosy and a host of skin conditions, including different wounds. In experimentally
induced open wounds in rats, the aqueous extract of Centella asiatica increased collagen content and thickness of the epithelium.63 Topical administration of the aqueous extract
further increased cellular proliferation, promoted collagen synthesis at the wound site as evidenced by the increase in DNA, protein, collagen content of granulation tissue, and in tensile
strength.64 Through all mentioned mechanisms, Centella asiatica promotes wound healing and facilitates repair of the connective tissues.65,66 Ointments made from Centella leaves are
used to treat leg ulcers, decubitus scabs, gangrene, defective scars, fistula, traumatic and surgical wounds, burns, and skin grafts. Cutaneous powder is a common adjuvant on the
cicatrisation of skin injuries62

Chamomilla Flower Powdered form, liquid Hypersensitivity to the active Animal studies, case Kamillosan for wound healing and
recutita extracts (tinctures, oil substance and to other studies, and clinical eczema treatment
extracts, lotions and plants of the Asteraceae67 trials67
infusions)
Description: Chamomilla recutita (Family: Asteraceae). Chamomile has been used for centuries as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and as a mild astringent and
wound healing medicine.68 Chamomile contributes to wound drying and accelerates epithelization.69 It was shown that its extracts aid wound healing through other mechanisms as well,
i.e. through increasing the granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content, by enhancing the rate of wound contraction and wound-breaking strength70

Chromolaena Leaves Aqueous extracts and Not reported against Animal studies and cell Formulations prepared from the aqueous
odorata decoction from leaves, mammals, highly allelopathic cultures72–74 extract (Eupolin) of the leaves has been
comminuted leaves against other plants71 licensed for clinical use in Vietnam
ground into a paste
Description: Chromolaena odorata (Family: Asteraceae). Aqueous extracts and decoctions from Chromolaena leaves have been traditionally used throughout Vietnam in treatment of soft
tissue and burn wounds.75 This liquid preparation enhances hemostatic activity, inhibits wound contraction, stimulates granulation tissue and re-epithelization processes, and can
therefore aid wound healing, and minimize post-burn scar contracture as well as deformities76,77

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 Table 1 Continued

Scheme Name Used parts Formulations Unwanted side effects Clinical evidence Commercial products
Maver et al.

Commiphora Gummi-resina Tinctures Allergic contact dermatitis78 Case studies and animal Mirazid, marketed for treatment of
78
myrrha studies schistosomiasis
Description: Commiphora myrrha (Family: Burseraceae). Myrrh appears to be one of the oldest medicines, since its use was recorded in the recipes from ancient Rome and in the texts
of Hippocrates. Myrrh is also mentioned in both the Bible and the Koran.79 It has antibacterial and antifungal activities against several bacteria and funguses, as well as anti-
inflammatory, local anesthetic, and analgesic activities. The current reported cutaneous use of myrrh tincture is in topical application for treatment of minor wounds, abrasions, and to
treat skin inflammation80,81

Curcuma longa Rhizome Rhizome in the form of May enhance anti- Animal studies, case Whole rhizome, powder , and liquid
paste, ointment or inflammatory effects of other studies and clinical trials82 extracts thereof are commercially
powder medicines, leading to toxic available in different countries
effects82

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Description: Curcuma longa (Family: Zingiberaceae). Tumeric possesses antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities (curcuminoids decrease prostaglandin
formation and inhibit leukotriene biosynthesis via the lipoxygenase pathway).83 The anti-inflammatory activity and the presence of vitamin A and proteins in turmeric result in early
synthesis of collagen fibers by mimicking fibroblastic activity.84 Juice of the fresh rhizome is commonly applied to fresh wounds, bruises, and leech bites85,86

Echinacea Whole plant Herbal preparations in Hypersensitive reactions (local Animal studies, cell Echinacin, Madaus AG
semi-solid or liquid rash, contact dermatitis, cultures, case studies and
dosage form eczema and angioedema of clinical trials87
the lips)87
Description: Echinacea (Family: Asteraceae). Preparations from Echinacea species are listed among the medicines with the longest reported use in the American people’s medicine.88
The three most used species in phytotherapy of Echinacea are: E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. palida. Apart from these, there are some reports of use of E. simulata and
E. paradoxa89 in traditional medicine as well. Echinacea purpurea was first mentioned in 1787. Information about the plants’ use from traditional healers ranges from topical application
to heal wounds, burns, and insect bites to the chewing of roots for toothache and throat infections. Oral or other form of internal application is known to reduce pain, to diminish coughs
and stomach cramps, and to decrease the effects of snake bites.90 Different studies have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Vesicular Stomatitis virus, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,91 Encephalomyocarditis virus, Vesicular Stomatitis virus,92,93
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida shehata, Candida kefyr, Candida albicans, Candida steatulytica, and Candida tropicalis.94 Echinacea extracts inhibit cyclooxygenase-I,
cyclooxygenase-II,95 and 5-lipoxygenase96 and are therefore anti-inflammatory. All mentioned activities contribute to better wound healing95–97

Euphorbia hirta Roots, whole plant Aqueous and ethanol Hypersensitive reactions Animal studies,99 cell Naturtech Labs Inc. Euphorbia Hirta
extracts (photosensitive skin cultures98 and case (Tincture)
reactions, especially on studies100
contact with open cuts)98
Description: Euphorbia hirta (Family: Euphorbiaceae). The aqueous plant extract shows analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Ethanol extract of the
entire herb was found to possess significant wound healing activity26

Ginko biloba Green leaves Liquid extracts (tinctures, Hypersensitive skin Animal studies, cell Not in wound care
fluid extracts, glycerites) reactions101 cultures and case
studies101
Description: Ginko biloba (Family: Ginkgoaceae). Extracts of leaves have been used therapeutically for centuries.102 Ginkgo exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities, such as
Herbal medicines in wound healing

increase in blood fluidity, antioxidant, membrane stabilizing, improvement in cognition, and pro-healing. Its preparations increase granulation tissue breaking strength and promote
epithelization103

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Table 1 Continued

Scheme Name Used parts Formulations Unwanted side effects Clinical evidence Commercial products
Review

Helianthus Whole plant, leaves, Liquid extracts (tinctures, Possible mild irritation104 Animal studies,105 cell Oleozon for the treatment of tinea pedis
annuus flower fluid extracts) cultures and case
studies106
Description: Helianthus annuus (Family: Asteraceae). In traditional medicine, the sunflower herb is used by Indian tribes for treating inflammation of the eyes, sores, tiger bites, and to
treat bone fractures.107 The whole plant ethanol extract applied on the excised wounds of rats led to significantly reduce healing times, which was explained by faster and increased
accumulation of mucopolysaccharides108

Hydnocarpus Seeds Oil extracts, comminuted Hypersensitive skin reactions Animal studies and case Hydnocarpus seed oil
wightiana seeds in the form of if used as concentrated oil studies109–112

International Journal of Dermatology 2015

paste extracts109
Herbal medicines in wound healing

Description: Hydnocarpus wightiana (Family: Achariaceae). The oil from chaulmoogra seeds has been widely used in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine.110 The wound healing
effect is reportedly related to improved collagenation and strength of scar tissue, as well as through promoted epithelization109,111

Hypericum Whole plant Liquid extracts (for liquid Allergic skin reactions (fair- Cell cultures, animal St. John’s wort dry extract, quantified
perforatum and semi-solid dosage skinned individuals may react studies and case extract (Pharm. Eur. ref. 07/2008:1874)
forms) with intensified sunburn-like studies113
symptoms)113
Description: Hypericum perforatum (Family: Hypericaceae). St. John’s wort has a history of safe and effective usage in many folk and herbal remedies. It has anti-inflammatory,114,115
antiseptic,116 analgesic, astringent, and antibacterial activities.117 It also promotes healing when used externally on minor wounds.115 The pro-healing action of Hypericum perforatum
tincture is evidenced by the enhanced epithelization phase, with an increase in the wound contraction rate and the granulation tissue breaking strength. Due to the mentioned effects,
the tincture has a longstanding use as an aid in healing of minor wounds.118,119

Jasminum Leaves, flower Liquid extracts (ethanol) Hypersensitivity reactions after Animal studies121,122 Jasminum grandiflorum leaf extract
auriculatum prolonged use120
Description: Jasminum auriculatum (Family: Oleaceae). The juice of the leaves was found to promote wound healing through improved tensile strength in the early phases of healing123
and due to acceleration of mucopolysaccharide accumulation124

Pterocarpus Leaves, flower Liquid extracts (ethanol), Allergic dermatitis125 Animal studies and case Not in wound care
santalinus gels and ointments studies126–128
Description: Pterocarpus santalinus (Family: Fabaceae). The wood of the red sanders is traditionally used due to astringent and tonic properties. Ethanol extracts of the leaf and stem
bark of Pterocarpus santalinus has shown significant decrease in the period of epithelialization and an increase in the rate of wound contraction. Wound healing properties of the red
sanders are also related to improved collagenation and breaking strength, and increased granulation tissue dry weight and hydroxyproline content26

Rosmarinus Whole or cut dried leaves Liquid or semi-solid Hypersensitivity to the active Animal studies, case Herbor rosemary extract
officinalis dosage forms substance (possible contact studies, safe for food
dermatitis)129 applications (FDA)129
Description: Rosmarinus officinalis (Family: Lamiaceae). Rosemary is traditionally used for wound management and treatment. It reduces inflammation and enhances wound contraction,
re-epithelization, and regeneration of granulation tissue, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition130

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Maver et al.
Maver et al. Herbal medicines in wound healing Review 7

Conclusion
Many plants promote the skin’s natural repair mechanisms

Description: Tridax procumbens (Family: Asteraceae). The juice of Tridax procumbens accelerates two phases of wound healing: epithelization and collagenation, resulting in less
and therefore have a huge potential for therapeutic use in
wound care. As our familiarity with herbal extracts and iso-
lates increases and while we employ commonly used scien-
Commercial products tific methodology to study plants and their extracts from the
physiological and pharmacological point of view, the num-
Not in wound care
ber of herbal products for wound treatment is steadily
increasing. Clinical proof of the therapeutic effects of herbal
products has led to the study of many more herbs for their
therapeutic, either curative or preventative, roles. Further
studies should aim at the isolation and identification of spe-
cific active substances from plant extracts, which could also
disclose compounds with better therapeutic value. Such a
Animal studies131–133

combination of traditional and modern knowledge can pro-

Clinical evidence

duce novel drugs for wound healing with significantly

lowered unwanted side effects.

Acknowledgments
The paper was co-produced within the framework of the
Hypersensitivity to the active

operation entitled Centre of Open innovation and ResEarch

Unwanted side effects

UM (CORE@UM). The operation is co-funded by the Euro-

pean Regional Development Fund and conducted within the
framework of the Operational Programme for Strengthen-
substance

ing Regional Development Potentials for the period 2007–

2013, development priority 1: Competitiveness of compa-
nies and research excellence, priority axis 1.1: Encouraging
competitive potential of enterprises and research excellence,
Liquid extracts (aqueous

contact no. 3330-13-500032. The authors also acknowl-

edge the financial support from the Ministry of Higher Edu-
cation, Science, and Technology of the Republic of Slovenia.
Formulations

and ethanol)

Questions (See answers after references)

1 What are the functions of the human skin? (multiple
correct answers)
rigorous scar formation and granulation132

a First-line protection against infections

b Hormone secretion
Leaf juice, flower

c Body temperature regulation

Used parts

d Pain sensation
e Water reservoir
2 Is wound healing affected if the patient suffers from pain?
a True
b False
procumbens

3 Which are the main wound healing phases? (multiple

correct answers)
Table 1 Continued

Tridax
Name

a Infection prevention
b Inflammatory
c Proliferative
Scheme

d Scarring
e Remodeling

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8 Review Herbal medicines in wound healing Maver et al.

4 Does scarring occur in the inflammation phase of 6 Young A, McNaught C-E. The physiology of wound
wound healing? healing. Surgery 2011; 29: 475–479.
a True 7 Gantwerker EA, Hom DB. Skin: histology and
b False physiology of wound healing. Clin Plast Surg 2012; 39:
85–97.
5 What are the characteristics of an ideal medicine for pre-
8 Midwood KS, Williams LV, Schwarzbauer JE. Tissue
vention of wound infection? (multiple correct answers)
repair and the dynamics of the extracellular matrix. Int J
a Antimicrobial activity
Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36: 1031–1037.
b Moisture control 9 Kirsner RS, Eaglstein WH. The wound healing process.
c Stimulation of innate immunity Dermatol Clin 1993; 11: 629–640.
d Vasoconstriction 10 Myers KA, Marshall RD, Freidin J. Principles of
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treatment? (mutlitple correct answers) Scientific; St. Louis, MO: Blackwell Mosby Book
a Analgesics Distributors, 1980.
b Astringents 11 Thomson PD. Immunology, microbiology, and the
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77S–82S; quiz 83S–84S.
d Antimicrobials
12 Pierce GF. Inflammation in nonhealing diabetic wounds:
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the space-time continuum does matter. Am J Pathol
ity? (multiple correct answers)
2001; 159: 399–403.
a Achillea 13 Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Sosa S, et al. The role of
b Centella asiatica triterpenoids in the topical anti-inflammatory activity of
c Chamomilla recutita Calendula officinalis flowers. Planta Med 1994; 60:
d Ginko Biloba 516–520.
e Rosmarinus officinalis 14 Rijswik L, Harding K, Bacilious N. Issues and clinical
8 Can Angelica sinensis be used to lower the patients implications. Ostomy Wound Manage 2000; 46: 11.
sensation of pain? 15 Sibbald RG, Orsted H, Schultz GS, et al. Preparing the
a True wound bed 2003: focus on infection and inflammation.
Ostomy Wound Manage 2003; 49: 24–51.
b False
16 Faoagali J. Use of antiseptics in managing difficult
9 Can Echinacea be used to treat Candida infections?
wounds. Primary Intent 1999; 7: 156–160.
a True
17 McGuire L, Heffner K, Glaser R, et al. Pain and wound
b False healing in surgical patients. Ann Behav Med 2006; 31:
10 Which plant has been approved by FDA for food 165–172.
applications? (one correct answer) 18 Price P, Fogh K, Glynn C, et al. Why combine a
a Rosmarinus officinalis foam dressing with ibuprofen for wound pain and
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c Commiphora myrrha 1–3.
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