Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering

Lecture 8
Deflection and Camber

Dr.
Dr Hazim Dwairi

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

Introduction

• Prestressed concrete beams are more slender

than R
R.C.
C beams
beams, high span/depth ratios; thus
thus,
more deflection.
• Camber may be important. Camber may
increase, with concrete creep and with time.
¾ Bridge camber may cause pavement to be uneven,
even dangerous.
¾ Excessive roof camber may create drainage
problems.
¾ Excessive floor camber → partition cracking and
other non-
non-structural cracking.
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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

Introduction

• The total deflection is a resultant of the upward

deflection due to prestressing force and
downward deflection due to the gravity loads.
• Only the flexural deformation is considered and
any shear deformation is neglected in the
calculation of deflection.
• The deflection of a member is calculated at least
for two cases:
¾ Short term deflection at transfer
¾ Long term at service loading
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

Introduction

• The short term deflection at transfer is due to the

initial prestressing force and self
self--weight without
the effect of creep and shrinkage of concrete.
• The long term deflection under service loads is
due to the effective prestressing force and the
total gravity loads.
• The deflection of a flexural member is calculated
to satisfy a limit state of serviceability.

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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

Deflection due to Gravity Loads

• The methods of calculation of deflection are

taught in structural analysis
analysis--I course.
course Such
methods used are:
¾ Double integration method
¾ Moment
Moment--area method
¾ Conjugate beam method
¾ Principle of virtual work
• Students are expected to review at least one of
the above mentioned methods.

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Deflection due to Gravity Loads

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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

Deflection due to Gravity Loads

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Deflection due to Prestressing Force

• The prestressing force causes a deflection only

if the CGS is eccentric to the CGC
CGC.
• Deflection due to prestressing force is calculated
by the load-
load-balancing method.

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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

Parabola
5 PeL2
Δ=
e 48 EI

1 PeL2
Δ=
e 12 EI

L/2 L/2

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( 3 − 4 a 2 ) PeL2
e Δ=
24 EI

aL (1-2a)L aL

1 PeL2
Δ=
e 8 EI

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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

e1 Parabola e2
e1+ e 2

1 Pe1 L2 5 Pe 2 L2
Δ= +
8 EI 48 EI

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Moment of Inertia

• Class U: f t ≤ 0.62 f c'

¾ Use gross section moment of inertia
inertia, Ig

• Class T: 0.62 f c' ≤ f t ≤ f c'

¾ Use effective moment of inertia, Ie

• Class C: f t > f c'

¾ Use effective moment of inertia, Ie

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Effective Moment of Inertia

3
⎛M ⎞
I e = I cr + ⎜ cr ⎟ (I g )
− I cr ≤ I g
⎝ Ma ⎠
M cr ⎛f −fr ⎞
= 1 − ⎜ tl ⎟
Ma ⎝ fL ⎠
M a ≡ Max. service unfactored live load moment
f tl ≡ total service load concrete stress
f r ≡ modulus of rupture
f L ≡ service live load concrete stress

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Cracked Moment of Inertia

The PCI Approach:

(
I cr = n p A ps d p2 + n s A s d 2 ) (1 − 1.6 n p ρ p + n s ρs )
E ps
np =
Ec
Es
ns =
Ec

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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

Long--term Deflection
Long
Approximate Method:
Due to prestress:
p
⎛ Δ + Δ pe ⎞
Δ Final = −Δ pe − ⎜ pi ⎟C u
⎝ 2 ⎠
To account for the
effect of creep on
P self weight
Δ pe = e Δ i
Pi
D tto prestress
Due t &S
Self
lf weight:
i ht
⎛ Δ + Δ pe ⎞
Δ Final = − Δ pe − ⎜ pi ⎟ C u + ( 1 + C u ) ΔD
⎝ 2 ⎠

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Long--term Deflection
Long
Due to prestress, Self weight , sustained
dead load & live load
⎛ Δ + Δ pe ⎞
Δ Final = − Δ pe − ⎜ pi ⎟ C u + ( 1 + C u )( ΔD + ΔSD )+ ΔL
⎝ 2 ⎠
Alternatively, use long-term multipliers
from PCI (Table 4.8.2)
Deflection limits in ACI (Table 9.5-b)
PCI design aids 11.1.3 and 11.1.4 for typical
elastic deflections
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Example

• The simply supported I-I-beam shown in cross

cross--
section and elevation is to carry a uniform
service live load totaling 8kN/m over 12m12m span,
in addition to its own weight. The beam will be
pretensioned using multiple seven-
seven-wire strands,
eccentricity is 130
130mm
mm and constant. The P/S
force immediately y after transfer is 750kN,
750kN,,
reducing to 530
530kNkN effective. The 28 day
compressive strength of concrete is 40 MPa.
Calculate deflections and check with allowable
values.
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8 kN/m

130mm

300mm

125mm Ac= 110,000 mm2

100mm
Ic = 4.685 x 109 mm4
S = 1.562 x 107 mm4
350mm
r2 = 42,595 mm2
130mm

125mm

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Compute Stresses at Transfer and

Service
-3.75MPa -12.80MPa

1 2

+3.16MPa -9.89MPa
1 Pi + MD
2 Pe + MD + ML
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Approximste Method:
f t = +3.16 MPa < f r = 0.62 40 = 3.92 MPa
∴ Class U: use I g
E c = 4700 40 = 29 ,725 MPa
Pi eL2 750 × 10 3 × 130 × 12000 2
Δ Pi = =
8 EI 8 × 29 ,725 × 4.685 × 10 9
Δ Pi = −12.6 mm ↑
⎛ 530 ⎞
Δ Pe = −12.6 ⎜ ⎟ = −8.9 mm ↑
⎝ 750 ⎠

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Long-term deflection at 360 days

Creep Coefficient at 360 days:
t 0.6 360 0.6
C t = 0.6 Cu = ( 2.35 )
t + 10 0 360 0.6 + 10
0
C t = 0.774 × 2.35 = 1.82
Δ Pi + Δ Pe
Δ360 = −Δ Pe − C
2 t

12.6 + 8.9
Δ360 = −8.9 − ( 1.82 ) = −28.5 mm ↑
2
Long-term deflection at full service load:
Δ Pi + Δ Pe
Δ Net = −Δ Pe − C t + ( Δ D + ΔSD )( 1 + C t ) + Δ L
2
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Instantaneuos deflection due to selfweight

5 w D L4 5 × 2.75 × 12000 4
ΔD = =
384 EI 384 × 29 ,725 × 4.685 × 10 9
Δ D = +5.3 mm ↓
Instantaneuos deflection due to Live load
5 w L L4 5 × 8 × 12000 4
ΔD = =
384 EI 384 × 29 ,725 × 4.685 × 10 9
Δ L = +15.5 mm ↓
There is no superimposed dead load, ∴ ΔSD = 0
Δ Net = −28.5 + 5.3 ( 1 + 1.82 ) + 15.5
Δ Net = +1.95 mm ↓
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PCI multipliers for long

long--term
deflection and camber
Without With
At Erection composite composite
topping deflection
Deflection (downward)
component – apply to the elastic
1.85 1.85
deflection due to the member
weight at release of prestress
Camber (upward) component –
apply to the elastic camber due
1.8 1.8
to prestress at the time of
release of prestress
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Final Without With

Deflection (downward) component –

apply to the elastic deflection due to the 2.70 2.40
member weight at release of prestress

Camber (upward) component – apply to

the elastic camber due to prestress at 2.45 2.20
the time of release of prestress
Deflection (downward) – apply to the
elastic deflection due to the 3.00 3.00
superimposed dead load only
Deflection (downward) – apply to the
elastic deflection caused by the --- 2.30
composite topping
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Use PCI multipliers in previous

example

Selfweight multiplier = 2.7

27
Camber due to Pi multiplier = 2.45

ΔNet = ( 2.45 )( −12.6 ) + ( 2.7 )( 5.3 ) + ( 15.5 )

ΔNet = −1.06
1 06 mm ↑

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ACI maximum permissible deflections

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AASHTO maximum permissible

deflections

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